3050. Eumenes sent his brother Attalus to Rome to let them know that Antiochus had crossed over the Hellespont with his army. The Etolians were ready to rise up in arms as soon as he landed. The senate thanked Attalus and his absent brother, Eumenes. Attalus was housed at the public expense and given presents. (Livy. l. 35.)
3813b AM, 4523 JP, 191 BC
3051. About the middle of winter, Antiochus consulted with Demetrias how to carry on the war. Hannibal gave sound advice if it had been followed. It was not except that Polyxenidas was sent to bring the rest of the fleet and army from Asia. (Livy l. 36. Justin, l. 31. c. 5, 6. Appian. p. 93, 94.)
3052. Antiochus fell in love with a young maiden of Chaleis, the daughter of Cleoptolemus, his host. Even though Antiochus was almost 50, he set aside the matters of the war and thought only of marrying her. He called her by the name of Eubaea and spent all the next winter in banqueting and revels. Likewise his army spent all that season in luxury and pleasure. (Polyb. l. 20. in Athenaus, l. 10. c. 12. Diodor. Sic. & Dio. in Excerpt, Vales. p. 296. and 609. Liv. l. 36. Appian. p. 96, 98.)
3053. M. Acilius Glabrio, the consul, left Rome in a rich coat of armour to go against Antiochus. This was on the 5th day before the Nones that is May 3rd. We deduce this year by an eclipse that happened the following January. (Livy l. 36.)
3054. About the same time, ambassadors came to Rome from two kings, Philippus of Macedonia and Ptolemy of Egypt. Both offered their help against Antiochus with money and grain. Ptolemy brought in ready money, 1000 pounds in gold and 20,000 pounds in silver. Nothing was taken and the senate thanked them for their good will. When both of them offered to come in person with their armies into Etolia, the senate answered that they would not trouble Ptolemy. The senate and people of Rome would be happy if Philippus would assist M. Acilius, their consul, in whatever he needed. (Livy l. 36.)
3813c AM, 4523 JP, 191 BC
3055. Antiochus was defeated at Thermopylae in a battle against M. Acilius the consul and Cato a general in that army. (This battle is described by Livy, l. 36. by Plut. in Cato, Major, by Appia. in Syriac. & Fron. l. 2. Stratag.) He was forced to flee back to Asia and came to Ephesus with his new wife. (Livy, Justin, Appian, and Polyb. in Athenaus l. 10. c. 12.) In Tully's book "De Senect. Cato", Cato speaking of himself, said that he fought at Thermopylae under M. Acilius Glabrio in the 4th year after he had been consul. Plutarch in his life and Livy (l. 36.) affirm this that he was sent by the consul Acilius to Rome with the news of that victory. Antisthenes the historian reports to have followed this account and been written by Buplagus the Syrian. That Publius a Roman captain after this battle at Thermopylae, is gathered from Phlegon of Tralles, in his book De Mirabilibus. (c. 3.)
3056. When Antiochus was at Ephesus, he became careless and not afraid of the Romans. He thought that they would never cross over into Asia. When Hannibal had roused him from those idle thoughts, he sent for his forces from the inland countries to come down quickly to the seaside. He prepared his navy and made Polyxenidas, an exile of Rhodes his admiral. He crossed over again into Chersonesus and fortified it. He put garrisons into Sestus and Abydus where he thought the Romans would try to cross over into Asia. (Livy. l. 36. & Appia. p. 99.)
3814a AM, 4523 JP, 191 BC
3057. C. Livius Salinator was sent to succeed Attalus in the navy. On his way to Asia, Eumenes routed Polyxenidas, Antiochus' admiral. He sank 10 of his ships and captured 30 more losing only one ship and that one was from Carthage! They pursued Polyxenidas as far as Ephesus. Then they sent back the Rhodian fleet of 25 ships which arrived after the battle. Eumenes with his ships, came to Canas, a town of Lycia. Because the winter was coming, they drew their ships to land and fortified the place where they stayed with works for their defence. (Livy l. 63. Appian. p. 99, 100.)
3058. When this naval battle was fought at Coricus, Antiochus was gone to Magnesia near the mountain of Sipylus to gather his land forces together. When he heard of his naval defeat, he began to prepare a new navy so that he might not appear to be vanquished from the sea. He sent Hannibal into Syria to get ships from the Phoenicians. He ordered Polyxenidas to repair his ships that were damaged in the battle and to build new ones to make up his fleet again. Meanwhile, he made his winter quarters in Phrygia. He sent for help from all parts, even from Gallograecia. (Livy l. 36, 37 Appian. p. 100.) Using fear and his money, he convinced them also to join in arms with him. He thought their height and courage would terrify the Romans. (Appian. p. 89.)
3059. Ambassadors arrived at Rome from Ptolemy and Cleopatra to congratulate them for driving Antiochus out of Europe. He persuaded them to cross into Asia even as far as Syria. He showed that they were ready to do, whatever the Romans would request. The senate sent thanks to the king and queen for their good will and gave each of the ambassadors, 4000 pieces of brass money. (Livy. l. 37.)
3060. Antiochus left his son Seleucus with the army in Eolia, to hold the sea coast there in order. The Romans on the one side and Eumenes on the other were meddling with them everywhere. Seleucus spent all that winter partly in helping his friends and partly in plundering those whom he could not draw over to his side. (Livy l. 37.)
3814b AM, 4524 JP, 190 BC
3061. About the middle of winter, Eumenes with a company of 2000 foot soldiers and 100 cavalry came to Canas where the Roman fleet wintered. There he told them that if they wanted to, they could get much spoil from the country around Thyatira. He did not leave until he had persuaded Livius the admiral, to let him have 5000 men. He went with these and in a short time brought them back again loaded with an enormous amount of booty. (Livy l. 37.)
3062. In the interim, a rebellion happened in Phocaea. There were some who tried to draw the common people to Antiochus. The wintering of the Roman navy there had taxed them very heavily. They were required to furnish them with 500 sea clothes and coats. Grain became scarce so that the ships and garrison were forced to move from there and quarter elsewhere. The faction who sided with Antiochus were no longer afraid after this. However, the elders and chief men of the city stood firmly for the Romans. The leaders of the faction for Antiochus prevailed with the common people. (Livy l. 37.)
3063. Therefore, the magistrates of Phocaea, feared the opinion of the common people. They wisely sent their agents to Seleucus to ask him not to come near their city because they were resolved to do nothing until they saw the outcome of the war. When Seleucus was told that the common people were wholly for his father and that they were short of grain, he did not reply. He immediately marched toward them with his army. (Polyb. Legat. 18.)
3064. At Rome, both the new consuls, Lu. Scipio and Ca. Laelius Nepos, were ambitious to go into Greece. P. Scipio, on the behalf of his brother Lusius said that if they wished to send his brother there, he would go with him as his lieutenant. His words carried the day. They said who was more befitting to fight against Hannibal, as Scipio Africanus who had already vanquished him? (Cic. Philip. 11. Livy l. 37. Valer. Max. l. 5. c. 5. Justin l. 31. c. 7.)
3065. In those days, when Lu. Scipio was on his way against Antiochus and while the anniversary games in honour of Apollo were being celebrated, on the 5th of the Ides or the 9th of June, an eclipse occurred. On a very clear day it grew suddenly dark by an eclipse of the sun. (Livy l. 37.) This eclipse of the sun at Rome is confirmed by the astronomical account. To which if 95. Idus Quintiles, that is the 9th of our July corresponds then it follows that the 1st of January of the next year started on the 29th day of our August. So great was the confusion of the Roman calendar in those days.
3814c AM, 4524 JP, 190 BC
3066. About the beginning of spring, Pausistratus with 36 Rhodian ships, Livius with 30 Roman ships and Eumenes with 7 of his, sailed to the Hellespont. Livius first sailed into the port which was called, Portus Achaorum. From there they went up to Ilium and sacrificed to Minerva. They made a good impression and speech to the ambassadors of some the neighbouring cities, Eleus, Dardanus and Rhetteus. These all came and voluntarily surrendered themselves to him. He left 10 ships to blockade Abydus and went with the rest to the other side to besiege Sestos. After they surrendered, he prepared to return to the Asian side to besiege Abydus. (Livy l. 37. Appian. p. 101.)
3067. While these things happened in the Hellespont, Polyxenidas, the admiral of king Antiochus, told Pausistatus, the admiral of Rhodes, that he would betray the entire of Antiochus' fleet or most of it into his hands. He believed him and went to Samos. He did not keep a proper watch as he should have done. He was killed and lost the 29 ships which he had under his command. There escaped of all his fleet, 5 ships of Rhodes and 2 of the Isle of Cos. (Livy l. 37. Appian. p. 101.)
3068. At the same time Seleucus recovered Phocaea after a gate of the city opened to him. He and his army got in that way. While these things were happening in Eolia, Abydus had endured the siege for a number of days and by the valour of the king's garrison continued to hold out. Finally all grew weary of the business and the chief magistrates of the city with the good consent of the captain of the garrison sent to Livius to ask for conditions of surrender. At that very time, Livius heard of the destruction of the Rhodian navy. Livius would no longer stay to take in Abydus and to keep Hellespont. He with all his fleet set sail for Phocaea. When he found it held by a strong garrison of the king and that Seleucus was not far off with his army, he started wasting the sea coast. He took what spoil he could find in the area. He stayed only until Eumenes could overtake him with his fleet. Then he planned to go to Samos. He finally arrived badly weather beaten. He joined his fleet with the Rhodians which consisted now of 20 ships under the command of Eudamus. (Livy l. 37.)
3069. After Livius had added the Rhodian ships to his fleet, he sailed immediately to Ephesus. He arranged his ships in order of battle before the very mouth of the port. When none came out against him, he divided his fleet into two parts. One part anchored in the very haven of the enemy and the other landed their men. They had ranged there far and near and gotten exceedingly much spoil. As they were returning with it to their ship, Andronicus a Macedonian, (Appian. calls him Nicander) captain of the garrison in Ephesus, sallied out against them and forced them to their ships. They abandoned most of their booty and returned immediately to Samos. L. Emilius Regillus the Praetor met them there. He was to succeed Livius in the charge of the navy. As Regillus was coming there from the Isle of Chios, Livius sent to meet him, 2 good ships of Rhodes of 4 tiers of oars a piece along with Eumenes himself in person with 2 more ships of 5 tiers of oars a piece. (Livy l. 37. & Appian. p. 102.)
3070. After sitting at Samos in council about naval matters, Emilius sailed with all his fleet to the very mouth of the port of Ephesus to terrify the enemy. Livius went to Patara in Lycia. Emilius was driven from Ephesus by a storm and so returned to Samos. The cities which Livius passed by Miletus, Myndus, Halicarnassus, Cnidus and Cos readily accepted him. Lycia did not welcomed him for he encountered both a storm at sea and the enemy at land. Therefore he returned to Greece again. After this, he spoke with the two Scipios who were at that time in Thessaly that he might then return to Italy. (Livy l. 37.)
3071. At Samos, Emilius the Praetor and Eumenes received letters from the Scipios. There was a truce with the Etolians and they were to march towards Hellespont. Also the Etolians said the same to Antiochus and his son Seleucus. (Polyb. Legat. 19.)
3072. Eumenes sent his agents into Achaia to make an association with them which the commons in a general assembly had ratified and sent to him a company of tall young men to assist him. (Polyb. Legat. 20.)
3073. L. Emilius with all his fleet passed by Miletus and the other cities of that coast and landed in the Bay of Bargillia. They went to Iassus, the city was held by a garrison of Antiochus' men. They sent to the magistrates and other chief men of the city to persuade them to surrender. They were told that they would do nothing. Therefore he drew up to the walls in order to besiege it. However, the exiles of Iassus who were among the Rhodians, prevailed with them and through Eumenes' mediation, they drew off and left the siege. (Livy l. 37.)
3074. Those of Heraclea in Pontus sent ambassadors to Emelius. He sent them a very kind and favourable answer in writing purporting that the senate of Rome would be their good friends. Further, neither their counsel nor concerns would be ignored whenever they should have an occasion to use them. (Memnon Excerpt. c. 28.)
3075. While Eumenes was away helping the Romans and Rhodians attack the sea towns of Lycia, Seleucus and his army invaded his country. They first came in an hostile manner to Elaea. When they were unable to take the city, they wasted all the country around it. From there he marched with all his forces to Pergamus itself, the capital city of this kingdom. Attalus, Eumenes' brother drew out and pitched his camp before the city walls. He had many skirmishes with the enemy. He was too weak to fight them so he stayed within the walls and the city was besieged. (Memnon Excerpt. c. 28.)
3076. About the same time, Antiochus went from Apamea and camped first at Sardis, not far from his son Seleucus near the head of the Caicus River. He had with him a huge army made up of various nations. In it, the strongest most frightening squadron was the Gallograecians who had 4000 soldiers. With these and a few others, he went to ravage and waste all the country about Pergamus from one end to the other. (Memnon Excerpt. c. 28.)
3077. At Samos, Eumenes heard this and he was called away to take care of his own affairs at home. He sailed ship and with all his men and came to Elaea. From there he went to Pergamus before the enemy heard of his arrival. He sailed out from there often and made some small skirmishes with the enemy. A few days later both the Roman and the Rhodian fleet came from Samos to Elaea to help him. (Memnon Excerpt. c. 28.)
3078. Antiochus heard that there were so many fleets come together into the same port. A consul with his army was all ready in Macedonia and making provisions at Hellespont for his crossing into Asia. Antiochus thought it a good time to try for a peace with the Romans, Eumenes and the Rhodians all at once. Therefore he moved his camp and came to Elaea. After taking a little hill opposite the city, he left all his foot soldiers and with his cavalry (who were about 6000 men) and went down into a plain close to the walls of the city. He sent some commissioners into the city to ask for peace. Thereupon L. Emilius sent for Eumenes from Pergamus to come there to him. He advised what was the best course of action. Eudamus and Pamphilidas, the commanders of the Rhodian fleet, were also there giving advice. They said the Rhodians were not against a peace. Eumenes said that it was not for their honour to make a peace treaty. However they could not settle the matter at that time. Therefore Emelius sent Antiochus word that before the coming of the consul no peace could be made. When he had this reply, Antiochus started wasting the country all about Elaea. He leaf Seleucus to continue the siege before Pergamus and marched away in a rage with the rest of his army. He did not stop until he came into that rich country which was called Thebe's Campus, that is, the plain of Thebes. He made all manner of havock there and greatly enriched all his army for that present time. (Polyb. Legat. 21. Livy l. 37.)
3079. At the same time, the Acheans sent Diophanes of Megalopolis with 1000 foot soldiers and 100 cavalry came to Elaea for Eumenes. (Livy l. 37. with Polyb. Legat. 20.) These were old veterans and their captain was trained under Philopoen, the most famous commander of all the Greeks in his time. (Livy l. 37. Appian. p. 201. with Polyb. Legat. 20. p. 810. & in Excerpt. Vales. p. 110.)
3080. As soon as they were landed, Attalus sent some to show them the way and brought them to Pergamus. As soon as these Achaeans arrived, they made continual sallies against Seleucus to make him withdraw and leave that country. (Livy l. 37. and Appian. p. 102, 103.) However, Seleucus stayed in the area and annoyed his foes and helped his friends in those parts. (Livy l. 37.)
3081. While Antiochus marched in an hostile manner to Adramyteum, Emilius and Eumenes came by sea to rescue it. Thereupon Antiochus did not attack the town, but started plundering the country around it. He captured Peraea, a colony of the Mitylenians. Likewise he took Cottos, Corylenus, Aphrodysians and Crene on the first assault. He then returned by Thyatira to Sardis. (Livy l. 37.)
3082. The Roman fleet with the Rhodians and Eumenes went first to Mitylene and from there returned to Elaea. They sailed to Phocaea and anchored at Baccius, an island very close to the city of Phocaea. They plundered their temples and monuments which they had spared before. When they came to the city, they found a company of 3000 of Antiochus' foot soldiers who had gotten in their before they came. Hence they did not besiege the place and returned again to the island where they were before. After they first ravaged the country around there, the Roman fleet returned to Elaea and Eumenes and the Rhodians to Samos. (Livy l. 37.)
3814b AM, 4524 JP, 190 BC
3083. About midsummer, the Rhodian fleet fought with Antiochus' navy. The Rhodian fleet had 32 ships of 4 tiers of oars and 4 others of 3 tiers of oars. Hannibal brought this fleet of 37 ships from Syria. Some were of an extraordinary size. The battle happened at Sida, a cape of Pamphylia. The Rhodians routed Hannibal but could not pursue him because their sailors were weak and sickly. However, to prevent him from joining with the old fleet, they sent Chariclitus with 20 ships to Patara and the port Megistus. A little after this, they sent Pamphyulidas with 4 more ships. (Livy. l. 37.) So Hannibal was blockaded in Pamphylia. (Appian. p. 104. see Emil. Prob. in Hannibal)
3084. When Antiochus came to Sardis, he sent ambassadors with letters to Prusias king of Bithynia who was surnamed Cynegus, that is the Hunter. He wanted Prusias to join with him against the Romans. This worried Prusias for the present. However, other letters came to him from the two brothers, Lu. and Pub. Scipio. These told him not to fear the Romans. This was especially true, when shortly after this, an embassy was sent to him from Rome. The leader of it was C. Livius, who recently commanded their fleet. When he spoke with them, he resolved to side with the Romans and to break off entirely with Antiochus. (Polyb. Legat, 22. p. 811, 812. Livy l. 37. Appian. p. 101.)
3085. When Antiochus saw no further hope of getting Prusias on his side, he moved from Sardis to Ephesus. There he viewed his fleet, which had been in preparation for a long time. He saw no other way to prevent the Romans from moving their land army into Asia. He had to make himself absolute master of the sea. He resolved to do what he could and to risk a naval battle. (Polyb. and Livy l. 37.)
3086. Therefore he immediately went to see whether he could take Notium, which was a town of the Cloephonians not far from Ephesus where he was. He hoped then when the Romans came to relieve their confederate town by land, admiral Polyxenidas would have an opportunity for a major naval victory. Polyxenidus had at that time under his command 89 or 90 good ships. Emilius and the Rhodians fought with him at Myonesus. Livy says that Emilius had 58 ships and the Rhodians, 22. Appianus says the Rhodians had 25. Polyxenidas was defeated and having a good wind on his back fled quickly back to Ephesus. He lost 42 ships (not 29 only, as Appian has it) of which 13 came quickly into the enemy hands with all the men in them. The Romans had only two leaking ships and a few others damaged. Polyxenidas captured a Rhodian ship and took it with him to Ephesus. This fight was made in December, (as the year went then at Rome). This appears by Macrobius, (l. 1. Saturnalium,) has written:
``that 11 Calend. January, &c. upon the 21st of December, was a feast dedicated to their Lares (i.e. their household gods). At this time, L. Emilius Regillus, praetor, in the war against Antiochus, vowed to build a temple in Campo Martio.''
3087. Livy (Livy l. 40.) tells us his vow was performed 11 years later. There is also a copy, (but most falsely written) of a table, containing the manner of this victory, hung up by him on the doors not only of his new temple but also in that of Jupiter's in the capitol.
3088. Antiochus was disturbed by the news of this defeat. He was poorly advised to withdraw his garrison from Lysimachia lest they should fall into Roman hands. He raised his siege from Colophos and retired to Sardis. He sent letters to Ariarathes, his son-in-law in Cappadocia, to bring him troops from there and everywhere else that he could find men. (Livy l. 40.) Meanwhile he lay idly at Sardis wasting his time which might have been better spent in ordering his affairs elsewhere. (Polyb. Legat. 23.)
3815a AM, 4524 JP, 190 BC
3089. After this naval victory, Emilius sailed straight to Ephesus and arranged his ships in battle formation before the very mouth of the port. This publicly showed that Antiochus had lost the mastery of the sea. Emilius sailed to Chios and repaired his ships damaged in the battle. He sailed to Phocaea which had recently revolted from the Romans. He tried first to take it directly, but it later surrendered to him. He could not prevent his soldiers from plundering it. He returned to them their city, lands and their laws. With the approach of winter, he stayed there because the place had two ports. (Livy l. 37.)
3090. About the same time Lysimachia, which was well supplied with all kinds of provisions, welcomed the Roman generals and the two Scipios when they came. The Romans continued through the Chersonde to the Hellespont. They found everything already prepared by Eumenes for their crossing. They crossed over as if into a friend's country. No man hindered their journey. (Livy l. 37.)
3091. Antiochus was at his wits end and did not know what to do. He sent Heraclides of Byzantium to sue for peace with the Romans. He had instructions both in general to the council of war there and in particular to P. Scipio Africanus. The council replied to him that he must pay the cost of this war and surrender all Asia on this side the Taurus Mountains to the Romans. Antiochus could not imagine anything worse than if he were utterly defeated. He abandoned any attempts for peace and prepared for war. (Polyb. Legat. 23. Diod. Sic. Legat. 6, 7. published by Fulvi. Ursinus, Livy l. 37. Appian. p. 105.)
3092. L. Scipio the consul, journeyed to the Hellespont or Dardanus and Rhetaeus. All the people of both places came joyfully from their cities to greet them. He went from there to Ilium and pitched his camp in the plain which lay beside the walls there. He went up into the city and the citadel. He sacrificed to Minerva as the president and protectrix of that place. There was much joy and mutual congratulations between the men of Ilium and the Romans. They recounted how Aeneas and his captains that went from Troy to eventually found Rome, were their country men. The Romans were just as proud that they were descended from them. They were like parents and children who had been separated by a long absence and now were joyfully reunited. (Livy l. 37. & Justin, l. 31. c. 8.) Demetrius Scepsius says of himself, that when he was a boy and came to Ilium, that he saw their houses lying in such a poor state that they had not so much as roof tiles to cover them with. (Strabo. l. 3. p. 594.)
3093. Scipio left there and after a 6 day march came to the head of the Caicus River. Eumenes met him with his forces. They made provision for food to carry with them for many days. They planned to attack Antiochus and settle the business before winter came. (Strabo. l. 3. p. 594.)
3094. P. Scipio Africanus became sick and was carried to Eleaea. He left his substitute, Cn. Domitius to take over his responsibilities. Antiochus intercepted Scipio in a plain near Thyatira not far from the enemy. He sent the young P. Scipio home to his father without a ransom. This was to ease his mind and to help him get well again. (See Polyb. Legat. 23. Livy l. 37. Justin, l. 31. c. 7. Appian. p. 105, 106. Aurel. Vict. de Vir. Illustr. p. 609.)
3095. The senate and people of Heraclea in Pontus sent an embassy to the Scipioes and desired that they would ratify and confirm that league which Emilius had previously made with them. This was done. They also prayed that Antiochus might be taken into the favour and friendship of the people of Rome. They drew up a general decree of the people at Heraclea and sent it to Antiochus. They advised him to abandon the war against the Romans. (Memnon, Excerpt. c. 28.)
3096. Florus, (Histor. Roman. l. 2. c. 8.) tells us that Antiochus had equipped his army with very large elephants all clad and glittering with gold, silver, scarlet and ivory from elephants. In /APC 1Ma 8:6 we read that he had 120 elephants. This is likely correct for he had 102 when he fought with Ptolemy and 150 later. (see notes on 3787 AM & 3799 AM from Polyb.) Livy says he had only 54 elephants, 70,000 foot soldiers and almost 12,000 cavalry. Appian tells us that he only had 70,000 troops in all. However, Florus greatly exaggerates when he says:
``He had 300,000 foot soldiers and as many cavalry and iron chariots in the field that day.''
3097. Appian affirms that the Romans had only 30,000 foot soldiers. Livy says that of these, about 2000 Macedonians and Thracians were left to defend the camp.
3098. This battle was fought near to Magnesia at the foot of the Sipylus Hill. Hannibal was not there since he was still bottled up in Pamphylia with his fleet which he brought from Syria. P. Scipio Africanus was not there either because he was sick and in the city of Elaea. The day of the battle was misty. Antiochus, with so large an army, could not see both wings of his army at once. The dampness ruined the strings of the bows and thongs which they threw their darts with. Nevertheless they forced the right wing of the Roman army to run and flee to the camp. When Emilius who was on the left wing, saw them coming, he sent out his men to meet them. They threatened to kill them with their swords unless they returned into the battle. Thereupon, they found themselves hemmed in with their friends ahead of them and the enemies behind. Emilius also offered himself and 2000 of his men to go with them. They turned around and ran desperately into the throng of the enemy and made a vast slaughter of them. This was the turning point in the battle. Antiochus lost 50,000 foot soldiers and 4000 cavalry. (Livy l. 37. Eutrop.) Livy says 1400 were taken prisoner, Justin says 11,000. A few of the elephants were killed and 15 were taken with their masters. A few of the Romans were wounded. They lost not more than 300 foot soldiers and 24 cavalry. Eumenes lost 25 men.
3099. Antiochus escaped with a few in his company. More joined him as he went and he came to Sardis with a reasonably sized army about next midnight. He heard that his son Seleucus and various of his friends fled to Celaenae near which there was a new city of Apamea built. Before day, he went by horse with his wife and daughter and came there to him. He left Zeno to hold Sardis. He made Timon the governor of the province of Lydia. The next day he went to Syria. He left some of his captains there to salvage what they could from this disaster. (Livy l. 37. Appian. p. 110. & Zonaras, from Dion.)
3100. When Polyxenidas, Antiochus' admiral, heard of this defeat he left Ephesus and sailed as far as Patara in Lycia. For fear of the Rhodian fleet which lay not far from Megistle, he went ashore with a few in his company and came by land to Syria. (Livy l. 37.)
3101. After this victory, ambassadors flocked in from all parts to Scipio. They firts came from Thyatira and Megnesia. then they came from Sardis, Trales, Magnesia upon the Maeander and Ephesus. They all surrendered themselves to him. After this all the cities of Asia did likewise. They submitted themselves wholly to his mercy and the sovereignty of the people of Rome. (Livy l. 37.)
3102. The consul then went to Sardis and his brother P. Scipio came from Elaea to meet him as soon as he was able to travel. About the same time Musaeus was sent as an herald from Antiochus. Through the mediation of P. Scipio, he obtained permission for him to send ambassadors to the consul to sue of peace. Shortly after this Antiochus sent ambassadors from Zeuxis the governor of Lydia and Antipater's brother's son came to him. They first talked with Eumenes who was not friendly toward them because of former quarrels between Antiochus and Eumenes. The ambassadors worked through P. Scipio to address the consul directly. The consul called a full council and listened to them. Thereupon, he offered the king the same conditions as he sent him from Hellespont before the battle at Magnesia. P. Scipio publicly proclaimed that the Roman custom was not to be humiliated by defeat nor become haughty in victory. Therefore, Antiochus must leave Europe and part with all Asia on this side of the Taurus Mountains. He must pay the cost of this war. He must pay 15,000 Euboic talents, 500 now 2500 when the senate and people of Rome had ratified the peace and 1000 talents a year in 12 instalments over 12 years. He must pay 400 talents to Eumenes for his damages and the surplus of grain which was owing to his father. He must surrender to the consul, Hannibal the Carthaginian and Thoas the Etolian and some others who had been the first instigators of this war. Lastly he must deliver 20 hostages to ensure compliance with these conditions. When Antipater and Zeuxis had accepted these conditions, it was unanimously agreed to send ambassadors to Rome for the ratification of this. The meeting adjourned. (Polyb. Legat. 24. Diod. Sic. Legat. 9. Livy l. 37. Justin, l. 31. c. 8. Appian. p. 111, 112.)
3103. After this, the consul divided his army and sent them away to their winter quarters. Some went to Magnesia, some to Tralles and Ephesus. (Polyb. & Livy. l. 37.)
3104. The consul went to Ephesus and Anitiochus sent him 500 talents as agreed as a down payment as well as the hostages whom he was to give. (Livy l. 37.) Among them was Antiochus, the king's youngest son. (Appian. p. 112, 113.) Although Zonaras (from Dion.) states that Manlius Vulso, who succeeded Scipio, was the first who demanded him for a hostage.
3815b AM, 4525 JP, 189 BC
3105. M. Aurelius Cotta was sent by the consul to Rome with the king's ambassadors. Eumenes with the ambassadors from Eumenes, Rhodes, Smyrna, and almost of all the cities and states on this side of the Taurus Mountains went too. (Livy l. 37.)
3106. Manius Acilius Glabrio entered Rome in a triumph over Antiochus and the Eolians. (Livy l. 37.)
3815c AM, 4525 JP, 189 BC
3107. Cn. Manlius Vulso went as the consul in Asia. He was to take over the army which L. Scipio had. He brought with him 4000 foot soldiers and 200 cavalry from Rome. The Latins sent 8000 foot soldiers and 400 cavalry. At almost the same time as Manlius the consul had landed in Asia, Q. Fabius Labro came as praetor to take charge of the fleet. (Livy. l. 37.) When the new consul arrived at Ephesus in the beginning of the spring, L. Scipio turned the army over to him. When he had reviewed the troops, he made a speech to incite them to prepare for a war against the Gauls or Gallograecians. (Livy l. 37.) Fabius with the fleet, set sail for Crete to liberate any Romans and other Italians who were slaves there. He returned from there to Ephesus and sent 3 ships to Thracia. He ordered Antiochus' garrisons to withdraw from Enus and Maronea and then they were restored to their original liberty. (Livy. l. 37. in fi.)
3108. About the beginning of summer, Eumenes with the ambassadors came to Rome. Cotta first told the senate and later the common people what had happened in Asia. Then Eumenes was asked to speak by the senate. He told them what he had done in their service and what his request was to them. He was very moderate in his presentation. However, the Rhodians opposed him because of their own interests and that they sought the liberty of the Greek cities and states there. After both parties were heard, the Senate decreed that all the regions on this side of the Taurus Mountains which belonged to Antiochus, should be given to Eumenes. However Lycia and Caria, as far as to the Maeander River was given to the Rhodians. The rest of the cities in Asia which had been tributaries to Attalus, should pay tribute to Eumenes. Those that were tributaries of Antiochus should be free, and pay no tribute at all. (Polyb. Legat. 25. & 36. Diod. Sic. Legat. 10. Livy l. 37. & 38. Appia. in Syriac. p. 116.)
3109. Antipater and Zeuxis, the ambassadors of Antiochus, had a session in the senate and obtained a confirmation of peace for Antiochus upon such conditions as Scipio had given him in Asia. A while later, the people also ratified the same. Then they made a solemn league with sacrifices made with Antipater, chief of the embassy for Antiochus in the capitol to confirm the agreement. (Polyb. Legat. 25. Livy l. 37.) This league was etched in brass and solemnly hung up in the Capitol as other leagues were. A copy of it was sent to Manlius Vulso, the consul, who succeeded Scipio in Asia. (Appian. p. 113.)
3110. We read /APC 1Ma 8:7 that among other things, in this treaty it was agreed, that Antiochus himself and his successors would pay a large tribute to the Romans. He would give hostages for security and a part of his kingdom. By this agreement, Antiochus was to pay 12,000 talents over 12 years. These were Euboic talents not Attic talents as Livy seems to have misunderstood from Polybius. These were of the purest Attic silver and weighted 80 Roman pounds each. In addition he had to give 540,000 bushels of grain and 20 hostages. The hostages would be changed every 3 years. Even though he lost part of the kingdom he still controlled Comagena, Syria and Judea, as in (Excerpt. Memnon.) In addition he had all the upper provinces beyond Euphrates, as Babylonia, Assyria, Susiana, and the rest. In the lower Asia he had Cilicia, although he was forbidden to come with his ships into the ports of Cilicia west of the Calycadnus River and the cape of Sarpedon. Also he could not wage war there. (Polyb. Legat. 27. & 35. Livy l. 37, 38. Appian. p. 112, 113.)
3815d AM, 4525 JP, 189 BC
3111. When the senate heard from the ambassadors of Smyrna and the other states of Asia, they sent 10 commissioners, as was their ancient custom, to settle all matters in Asia and to compose all differences between the states. (Polyb. Legat. 25. Diod. Sic. Legat. 10. Livy l. 37.)
3112. When there was peace between the Romans and Antiochus, there was a riot in Rome. Cn. Manlius in Asia did what he could to stir up trouble in Asia. He tried to get his hands on Antiochus if he could, but failed. Antiochus knew the consul's real intentions. Although he was often asked to come to a talk with the consul, he kept himself aloof and would not come to him. The consul was desirous to get him and came with his army to the divide on the top almost of the Taurus Mountains. He was unable to pick any quarrel against him or his allies. Therefore the consul attacked the Gallograecians, under the pretence that they had previously helped Antiochus in his war. There was no point driving Antiochus beyond the Taurus Mountains unless these fierce and warlike people were subdued also. Because Eumenes was at that time out of the country at Rome, the consul sent for Attalus, Eumenes' brother from Pergamus to come to him. The consul had moved from Ephesus to Magnesia. When Attalus received this summons, he came to him with 1000 foot soldiers and about 200 cavalry. They went together to the Harpalu River. Atheneus, another brother of Eumenes and Attalus, came to him with Leusus of Crete and Corragus, a Macedonian. Between them they brought an additional 1000 foot soldiers from various countries and 300 cavalry. (Livy. l. 38.)
3113. Ambassadors from the state of Alabanda came to the consul. They requested help in subduing a citadel that had recently revolted from them. The consul helped them recover the citadel. The consul continued on to the city of Antioch on the Meander River. Seleucus, the son of Antiochus, came there also as he might legally do by the articles with Scipio. He came to supply grain for the Roman army. The inhabitants of Taba, a city of Cilicia, bordering upon Pisidia, attacked the army of the Romans and paid for their pains 25 talents and 10,000 bushels of wheat. The inhabitants asked for mercy. The third day later they came to the back of the Chaus River and came to attack the city Eriza. They took it on the first assault. (Livy l. 38.)
3114. Moagetes the tyrant, who had under him three cities, Cybara, Syleum and Alymne or Alnida, was a cruel and subtle man. He could barely be made to purchase his peace at the price of 130 talents and 10,000 bushels of grain. (Livy l. 38. Polyb. Legat. 30,)
3115. When the consul had crossed the Colobatus River, ambassadors came to him from Isiodenes asking for help. The men of Termessa, a city in Pisidia, had joined with the inhabitants of Philomelia and plundered their country and city. They had besieged their citadel into which all their citizens with their wives and children had fled for safety. The consul took control of the situation and marched towards Pamphylia. He raised the siege from before Isiodenes and pardoned the men of Termessa after they paid 50 talents of silver. The people of Aspendus and of Pamphylia were treated likewise. (Polyb. Legat. 32. Livy l. 38.)
3816a AM, 4525 JP, 189 BC
3116. The consul returned from Pamphylia to start his war against Gallogrecia or Galatia. He captured the city Cormasa and found a great deal of booty there. He left and as he proceeded on his way by the marshes of that country, ambassadors came to him from the city of Lysinoe and submitted to him. When he granted them his mercy, he came to the plain of Salagessa, in Pisidia. From there he took away a rich prey of cattle. Ambassadors came to him and presented him with a crown of gold of 50 talents in weight and with 20,000 bushels of barley and as many in wheat. Therefore he made peace with them. (Polyb. Legat. 32. Livy l. 38.)
3117. He went from there to the source of the Obryma River and camped at a place called the Aporis-town. The next day Seleucus came to him from Apamea. The consul sent away his soldiers that were sick or otherwise unserviceable to Apamea. He was supplied with guides. He found the cities abandoned everywhere by the inhabitants for fear of his coming. His army had so much spoil that they were barely able to march 5 miles a day. At that rate they came to the old Bendos and on the 3rd day after that into the country of Galatia. (Livy l. 38.)
3118. He had his camp there for a few days. In that time he sent his ambassadors to Epossognatus, who alone of all the kings of that country had remained loyal to Eumenes and had never helped Antiochus against the Romans. Thereupon, Epossognatus went to the rest of the kings of that country and asked them to submit to the Romans on fair and reasonable terms. (Livy l. 38. with Polyb. Lega. 33.) There were at that time, three kings of these Gauls, still called by their old names of Tolistobogians, Tectosagians and Trochmians. There names were, Ortiagon, Combolomarus and Gaulotus. (Livy l. 38.) Of the three Ortiagon was a man of great reputation for his bounty, prudence and martial valour. He was thought at that time to be ambitious of controlling the whole country. (Polyb. in Excerpt. Vales. p. 114. & Suidas in Ortiagon.)
3119. Meanwhile, ambassadors came to the consul as he camped in a village called Tyscon from Oroanda. They wanted his friendship which he finally gave to them for 200 talents of ready money. (Livy l. 38.)
3120. While the Romans besieged the citadel of the Galatians, called Cuballus, the enemy's cavalry came and attacked in a disorganized manner, some of the Roman army and killed them. The consul repelled the attack and killed some of them in their flight. He came with his army, without stopping any where on the way to the Sangarius River or Sagaris, which is a river in Galatia running through Phrygia into the Pontic Sea. (Livy l. 38.)
3121. Since the river was too deep to ford, he made a bridge and crossed the river on it. Some Balli or eunuchs of Cybele the mother of the gods sent by Attis and Battacus her priests from Pessinute and met him there with ornaments and other trinkets on them. They prophesied in a fantastic way and told him that the mother of the gods sent them to offer the Romans the victory and sovereignty of that country. The consul replied that he accepted the offer. He pitched his camp in the same place. (Livy l. 38. & Polyb. in Excerpt. Vales. p. 209.)
3122. The next day he came to Gordium. It was abandoned by the inhabitants but full of all kinds of provisions. While he was there, Epossognatus came to him and said that he had spoken with the kings of the Gauls but could not bring them to listen to reason. They with their wives and children and their main wealth were all retiring to the Mount Olympus. They planned to defend themselves and trusted in their arms and the location of the place. (Livy. l. 38. & Polyb. Legat. 33.) Those of the tribe Oroanda came soon after with more detailed news. The Tolistobogians had already taken the Mount of Olympus and the Tectosagians had taken another hill, called Magana. The Trochmians had left their wives and children with the Tectosagins and had joined forces with the Tolistobagians. (Livy l. 38.)
3123. The camp of these Gauls that were on Mount Olympus was attacked and taken by the consul and Attalus. Claudius Quadrigarius says that they fought twice in Mount Olympus. 40,000 men were killed. However, Valerius Antias says only 10,000 were killed. There is no doubt that 40,000 were killed since they had all sorts of people, young and old, of either sex in the mount. It was more like a colony than an army to fight with an enemy. The consul burnt all their arms in one fire and had all the spoil of them brought to him. He either sold all that was to be sold or equally divided it among his soldiers. (Livy l. 38.)
3124. Yet there still remained the war with the Tectosagians. The consul therefore marched towards them and came to a place called Ancyra, which was a great city there. They camped less than 10 miles from the enemy. There Chiomaris, Ortyagon's wife, was taken prisoner. A certain centurion had ravished her and when she got her chance she cut off his head and sent it to her husband who had gone home from Olympus. (Livy. l. 38. Florus, l. 2. c. 11. & Victor. De Vir. Illustr. c. 55.) This story is more fully told by Polybius, who says that he spoke with Chiomaris herself at Sardis. He added that he wondered at the wisdom of the woman. (Plutarch, De Clar. Mulier, i.e. of famous women.)
3125. While the consul camped at Ancyra, some ambassadors from the Tectosagians came to him asking him to move his camp further from there. They wanted this done before their kings agreed to a treaty with him about a peace. They, under the pretence of a parlay, ambushed a party of the Romans. Since they outnumbered the Romans, they killed many of them. They would have done more, had not some who were abroad foraging, heard their cry and came to their rescue. (Polyb. Legat. 34, Livy. l. 38.)
3126. The Romans were enraged by this. The next day the whole army marched and came where they were. They spent two days in viewing and considering the situation of the hill where they were. On the third, the consul drew out his army and divided them into three brigades. The main force of the enemy was in the Tectosagians and Trochmians who numbered 50,000 foot soldiers plus the cavalry. They could make no use of their cavalry in that craggy ground. They joined with the foot soldiers to the number of 10,000. The Cappadocians sent from Ariarathes and others from Morzes in the left wing and added 4000 more troops. When the battle was started, the Gauls were defeated and the Romans made a huge slaughter of them. The rest fled and every man shifted for himself. In the chase, the Romans slew 8000 more of them and the rest escaped over the Halys River.
3127. The next day the consul viewed the spoil as well as the prisoners. The men were gnawing the chains they were tied to with their teeth and offered themselves to be choked by each other. The spoil was very great. This was a most greedy and rapacious nation which had had the spoil of all Asia on this side the Taurus Mountains for so many years. Later the Gauls that escaped came together naked and wounded, having lost all they had. They agreed among themselves to send to the Romans and sue for peace. The consul wanted them to follow him to Ephesus. It was past mid-autumn and he was desirous to get out of that cold air near the snowy Taurus Mountains and go to the sea side to winter his army. (Livy l. 38. with Appian. in Syriac. p. 115. & Flor. l. 7. c. 11.)
3128. At Rome, on the 1st of February, (according to their year, September 27th by ours,) L. Emilius Regillus held a triumph over Antiochus for the victory which he won at sea. (Livy l. 37.)
3129. About this time, the ten commissioners left Rome for Asia accompanied by those ambassadors and others who came from Asia. They came to Brundusium. L. and P. Scipio came from Asia to land in Italy. A few days later they entered Rome with a triumph. (Polyb. Legat. 25.) L. Scipio held a triumph over Antiochus on the last of February which was a leap year or the 16th of our November. This was almost a year after his consulship had expired. So that he might not seem inferior to his brother Africanus in any point, all men surnamed him Asiaticus. (Livy l. 38.)
3130. C. Manlius Vulso remained in Asia as a pro-consul for another year after his term as consul expired. (Livy l. 38.)
3816b AM, 4526 JP, 188 BC
3131. In the 4th year of the 147th Olympiad, ambassadors came to Manlius the proconsul while he was wintering at Ephesus. They came from all the cities, states and countries in Asia on this side of the Taurus Mountains to congratulate his victory over the Gauls. They presented him with crowns of gold. He entertained them all with so much respect and favour that he sent them away more glad and joyful than when they came. Ambassadors from the Gauls came to him as he had arranged to know on what conditions they might have their peace. He said that he would hear them about that matter when Eumenes came and not before. Ambassadors also came from Ariarathes king of Cappadocia, to ask his pardon and to redeem his offence with money in that he had assisted Antiochus, his father-in-law, in his war. He was fined 600 talents of silver, although Livy and Appian say only 200. Musaens also came to him from Antiochus. Manlius answered that he would meet with him at the borders of Pamphilia. He would take the 2500 talents and the grain which he was to pay according to the agreement made with L. Scipio by him. (Polyb. Legat. 35. Livy l. 38.)
3816c AM, 4526 JP, 188 BC
3132. At the beginning of the spring the consul reviewed his army. He and Attalus left Ephesus and on the 8th day came to Apamea. After he spent 3 days there, they left and in 3 days came with his army into Pamphylia to the place which he had appointed for his meeting with Antiochus. He stayed 3 days, and distributed wheat among his army which Antiochus had sent. The money Antiochus sent was consigned to one of the officers to be conveyed to Apamea. From there he went to Perga which was the only place in all that country which was defended by a garrison. When he was near it, the captain of the garrison came out to meet him and asked for 40 days, to ask Antiochus and to receive his answer as what to do concerning the surrender of the place to him. This was granted and on the set day, the garrison left the place. (Livy l. 38.)
3133. About the same time near the beginning of summer, the 10 commissioners with Eumenes arrived at Ephesus. They stayed for only 2 days to settle their stomachs after the voyage. They left and came to Apamea. When the proconsul heard of their coming, he sent his brother L. Manlius with 4000 soldiers to Oroanda to demand from them the money that was in arrears. The proconsul wished for the ambassadors of Antiochus to follow him and returned with his army to Apamea. He found Eumenes there with the 10 commissioners and held a meeting with them as to what should be done. First, all agreed to ratify the peace previously made with Antiochus for its observance according as it was drawn up by the senate. (The details of the agreement are accurately given by Polybius and Livy.) Manlius the proconsul, in the presence of the king's ambassadors took a solemn oath to observe the agreement. After that he sent to Antiochus, Q. Minucius Thermus a colonel and his own brother, L. Manlius, who had just returned from Oroanda with the money which he was sent for. They were to take the same oath from Antiochus and to ratify all its conditions. (Livy l. 38. with Appian. p. 113.)
3134. The proconsul wrote his letters to Q. Fabius Labeo, who commanded the navy to come away immediately to Patara. He was to burn or destroy all the king's ships that were there. (Polyb. & Livy l. 38.)
3135. Labeo left Ephesus and came to Patara. There he burned or destroyed 50 ships of the king's. On the same journey, he recovered Thelmessus. The men there were surprised by the sudden coming of the Roman fleet. He sailed from Lycia. He sent word to Ephesus for those who were left there to follow him. He came through the middle of the islands on his way into Greece. He stayed a few days at Athens until his ships from Ephesus came. Then the whole fleet sailed for Italy. (Livy l. 38.)
3136. According to the peace treaty, the proconsul received the elephants from Antiochus which were at Apamea, according to Polybius. He gave them all to Eumenes. He then heard the disagreements between the cities and states resulting from the war and the new peace. Ariarathes king of Cappadocia had half his fine removed for Eumenes' sake, to whom he had then recently betrothed his daughter. (Livy l. 38.)
3137. At Apamea, the proconsul and the 10 commissioners heard all that came. They selected neutral places by the consent of all parties, to hear about the differences between city and city with respect to boundaries, revenue and the like. The proconsul and the commissioners for ever relieved the Colophonians who lived in Notium, the inhabitants of Cyma and Mylassa from paying tribute. The Clazomenae were freed from tribute and the Drymussa Island opposite their city was assigned to them. The Milesians were restored the place called Sacer Ager: that is, the holy country. They had abandoned it from fear of their enemies. For their zeal and readiness to help in the war, the peoples of Chios, Smyrna and Erythrae were given all the lands they wanted to have. They were given a singular recommendation for their actions. They of Phocaea had their laws and liberties fully restored to them along with all the territory which they possessed before the war began. (Polyb. Legat. 36. Livy l. 38.)
3138. They gave to Ilium, the cities and lands of Rhaetaeus and Gergithus. This was not so much for any great service which they had done but because these peoples were all related from the distant past. (Livy l. 38.)
3139. Before there where a few places, belonging to Pergamus and its jurisdiction, that is, only to the sea side near Elais and Adramyttium according to Strabo. (l. 13. p. 627.) They gave to Eumenes, Lysimachia and the Chersonese of Thracia on the European side. In Asia he received all Lycaonia, Myllus, Phrygia the greater and the less and all the countries of Lydia and Ionia. The towns which were free when the battle was fought with Antiochus were exempted. They also gave him Thralles, Ephesus and Telmessus in Lycia. Since he had previously controlled Mysia and king Prusias had captured it, this land was restored to him. They deferred the allocation of Pamphysia to the senate. Eumenes' ambassadors said it was on this side of the Taurus Mountains and the ambassadors of Antiochus said it lay beyond it. (Polyb. Legat. 35. Livy l. 37, 38.)
3140. The two Rhodian ambassadors Theaetaetus and Philophron, desired that they might have Lycia and Caria, according to a former decree of the Senate. Hipparchus and Satyrus, the ambassadors from Ilium, most earnestly asked the commissioners to consider the blood ties between them and the Lycians and to pardon the Lycians. The commissioners tried to satisfy both parties as best they could. They did not fine the Lycians as a favour to those from Ilium. However, they assigned the whole country of the Lycians to the Rhodians to satisfy their wishes too. The city of Telmessus and its forts and the country belonging to Ptolemy of Telmessus were not given to Rhodes. Caria and all beyond the Meander River was given to the Rhodians except for those places, which were free the day before the battle at Magnesia against Antiochus.
3141. The Lycians protested publicly that they would risk anything rather than be subject to Rhodes. They claimed that they were assigned by the commissioners friends and associates to them not as subjects.
3142. The commissioners according to the articles of the peace, demanded Hannibal from Antiochus. When Antiochus told Hannibal this, he fled from there and went to Gortyna in Crete. (Justin l. 32. c. 4. & Emil. Prob. in Hannib.) Yet the story is that when Antiochus was defeated by the Romans, Hannibal first fled to Artaxras in Armenia. Hannibal gave him much good counsel. He told him to build the capital city in Armenia, which was named after him and called Artaxata or Artaxiasata. (Plut. in Lucullo, Strabo, l. 11. p. 528.) Artaxias and Thariades or Zariadres were two captains in Antiochus' army. By his consent they previously ruled over all Armenia. The one man ruled over Greater Armenia and the other over the lesser. After Antiochus' defeat, they joined with the Romans and from them each obtained the title of a king in his own dominions. (Strabo Ibid. p. 531, 532.) It is most likely, that at the time when they made friends with the Romans, Hannibal escaped from there also and fled into Crete.
3143. When Antiochus had lost all of Asia, he said that he was very grateful to the Romans, for taking that troublesome area from him and confining him to a more mangeable estate. (Cic. pro Dejotaro. Valer. Maxim. l. 4. c. 1.)
3817a AM, 4526 JP, 188 BC
3144. When Cn. Manlius and the 10 commissioners had now settled all things, they went with the whole army toward the Hellespont and planned to settle matters in Galatia on the way. (Polyb. Legat. 36. c. 1.)
3145. They summoned those petty kings to them and gave them conditions of peace as they thought fit. The substance of it was this. They should keep peace with Eumenes and warned them to stop their warring customs and stay within their own lands. (Livy l. 38.) These lands were that part of Phrygia, Paphlagonia, Mysia, where it borders on the mount Olympus and Cappadocia. This was occupied before by them and was now called Galatia, (Zonar ea Dione.) We read /APC 1Ma 8:2 that the Romans imposed a tribute on them. When the Romans had chastised the Galatians for their insolence towards them, they assumed the entire sovereignty of Asia on this side of the Taurus Mountains. They made the mountains the eastern boundary empire for that time. They spared the inhabitants there from that terror which they were formerly in from those fierce and barbarous Gauls. (Polyb. l. 3. p. 159. with Manlius his Oration, in Livy l. 38.)
3146. Manlius gathered all the ships which he could get in all that coast. Eumenes with his ships came to him. He used them to cross into Europe with his army. (Livy l. 38.)
3147. Antiochus marched with his army into his upper provinces (or as Jerome on Da 11 speaks, going to the remotest cities of his dominions.) He proclaimed his son Seleucus Philopator to be his successor. /APC 2Ma 9:23
3817 AM, 4527 JP, 187 BC
3148. Whether Antiochus felt over burdened with the heavy tribute imposed by the Romans or was just greedy and used the Roman tribute as an excuse, he committed sacrilege on his gods. He heard that the temple of Jupiter Belus in Elimaiis had large quantities of silver, gold and other precious jewels that were offered there. He planned to seize it all. He came into Elemaiis and pretended that the inhabitants of that place had revolted from him. At night, his army raided the temple and took an enormous amount of wealth from there. When the people heard of this, the peasants of the country came in and attacked his army and slew both him and them. (Diod. Sic. in Excerpt. Vales. p. 292, 298. Strabo, l. 16. p. 744. Justin, l. 32. c. 2.) Jerome on Da 11 says that he was slain in a fight against the inhabitants of Elemaiis. However, Arel. Victor. (de Vir. Illustr.) tells us, that he was slain by his drinking companions. Some of these he had beaten in a drunken fit and misused at a feast. Zonaras notes correctly from Dion, that this happened in the year when C. Flaminius and Emilius Lepidus were consuls of Rome.
3149. After his death Seleucus, surnamed Philopator, or as Josephus, (l. 12. c. 4.) Soter (which was indeed the surname of his son Demetrius) succeeded him in the kingdom. He reigned 12 years and was a lazy man and not powerful because of his father's great defeat by the Romans. (Appian. in Syriac. p. 131. with Porphy. Euseb. & Severns, Sulpitius.) When he assumed the kingdom, he had a son called Demetrius whose surname was Soter. According to Polybius (Legat. 107.) he was 23 years old when his uncle Antiochus Epiphanes, died. It is this Seleucus who is referred to in /APC 2Ma 3:1-3.
``When the Holy City lived in all peace, its laws were excellently well executed by reason of the piety of Onias the high priest. He was an utter enemy to all ungodliness. It came to pass that even kings themselves honoured this place and adorned the temple with many rich offerings. Seleucus himself, king of Asia, furnished all the cost out of his own coffers for the public ministry of the sacrifices.''
3150. When Philopoemen was praetor or chief magistrate of the Achaeans, Demetrius of Athens came as an ambassador of Ptolemy from Alexandria to renew his league with the Achaeans. They were very glad for this and sent to him their ambassadors, Lycortas, father to Polybius the historian, Theodoridas and Rhositeles of Sicyone. They were to take their oath to the king and also to receive his oath to them. (Polyb. Legat. 37.)
3818 AM, 4528 JP, 186 BC
3151. Cn. Manlius Vulso, contrary to the votes of the 10 commissioners, held a triumph in Rome over the Gauls in Asia, on the 5th day of March. (Livy l. 38. & 39.) Hannibal, having nothing else to do, wrote a book in Greek about the consul's deeds in Asia. He learned Greek from Sosilus, a Lacedemonian at Ilium who wrote the deeds of Hannibal in 7 volumes, according to Diod. Sic. ( l. 26. Eclog.)
3152. When Aristaenus was praetor or chief magistrate in Achaia, the ambassadors returned home who were sent from there to king Ptolemy. The general assembly of that country met at Megalopolis. Before it Lycortas declared that according to their commission they had taken their oath to the king and received his oath to them. He added that they had brought a present from the king to the people of Achaia. They received enough brass arms to furnish 6000 targateers and 200 talents of brass in ready coin. (Polyb. Legat. 41.)
3153. Eumenes also sent his ambassadors to that meeting, to renew the league with them which had formerly been between them and his father. He promised to give them 120 talents to loan at interest, so that its income would help defray the cost of those who periodically came to their assemblies. They were all tempted by his generousity, but declined it. (Polyb. Legat. 41. & Diod. Sic. Legat. 13.)
3819 AM, 4529 JP, 185 BC
3154. Eumenes' ambassadors came to Rome, to request the ownership of the cities of Thracia, Enus and Maronaea which they claimed belonged to Eumenes which the Romans had given to him. They complained that Philippus, King of Macedonia had seized them by force and put garrisons in them. He had taken from there some inhabitants and settled them in Macedonia. To settle the matter, the senate sent Q. Caecilius Metellus, M. Baebius and Tib. Sempronius as a commission to Thessalonica to hear both sides of the dispute. (Polyb. Legat. 40, 42, Livy l. 39.)
3820 AM, 4530 JP, 184 BC
3155. When they returned to Rome, the ambassadors on either side said there was nothing but what they had already said before the commissioners at Thessalonica. The senate decreed a second commission, under Ap. Claudius, with instructions to expel all garrisons from Enus and Maronaea and to take all the sea coast of Thracia from the jurisdiction of Philippus and his Macedonians. (Polyb. Legat. 43, 44. & Livy l. 39.)
3156. At the same time, Arcus and Alcibiades, the two head men of Sparta came to Rome. In the senate they complained bitterly about Achaeans. Thereupon the senate thought fit to refer that cause to the same commissioners. (Polyb. Legat. 42. Pausan. in Achaic. p. 214.)