3620 AM, 4330 JP, 384 BC

1570. Artaxerxes lead an army of 300,000 men against the Cadusii, a people lying between the Euxine and the Caspian Sea, (Diod. Sic. year 4. Olymp. 98. Plut. in Artaxerxes.) In this war, many important men died on each side. One on the king's side was Camislates, a Carian who was a brave and valiant man. The king had made him governor of the part of Cilicia, which lies next to Cappadocia and is inhabited by the Leucosytians. In honour of him, the king made his son Datames, governor in his place. He also did great exploits for the king in this war, (Emil. Prob. in the Life of Datames.)

1571. Artaxerxes' army in this war was very short of supplies. So much so that a man could hardly buy the head of an ass for 60 drachmas. Teribazus, who lived then as a poor neglected and contemptible soldier in the army, relieved them in this manner. There were at that time two kings of the Cadusians and they kept their camps separated. Therefore Teribazus told his plan to Artaxerxes. He went to one of the kings and sent his son secretly to the other. Each deceived the king and persuading him that the other king had secretly sent to Artaxerxes to make a peace with him for himself and to leave the other out. Hereupon, each king sent ambassadors, the one with Teribazus, the other with his son to the king and he made peace with them both. So the war was ended. (Plut. in Artaxerxes.)

1572. Upon this, the king referred the case of Teribazus to three honourable persons. He made his innocence so obvious and showed that his services to the king were so great, that they declared his innocence. After this, the king held him in very high esteem and heaped great honours on him. Orontes was condemned as a false accuser and thrust from the king's favour. He was counted as an ignominious person after that. (Diod. Sic. year. 4. Olympiad 98.)

1573. While Gaus was in Cyprus, the Greeks who served under him there, wrote letters against him and sent them to Ionia. To find out who they were, and what they wrote he did the following. He prepared a ship with sailors. He had the captain say that he was sailing for Ionia. The ship stayed for a while to get as many letters aboard as possible and at last set out. Shortly it turned back into a creek not far from the place where it set out from. Orontes went there on foot. All the letters aboard were given to him. After Gaus had read them and found out who had sent them, he had them all executed by torture. (Polyan. Stratag. l. 7. for "Gaus" is incorrectly written "Alos" and "Glos.")

3621 AM, 4331 JP, 383 BC

1574. After Gaus had provoked the Egyptians and Lacedemonians to war against the Persians, he was killed. I do not know how nor by whom and his plans came to naught. After his death, Tachos got an army and built the town Leuca on a high hill that bordered on the sea. He also built a temple for Apollo. Shortly after this he died. The Clazomenians and the men of Cuma disagreed over who owned this town. The Clazomonians were quicker and took control of it. So all rebellions in Asia ceased. After the death of Gaus and Tachos, the Lacedemonians abandoned Asia and had nothing more to do with it. (Diod. Sic. year. 2. Olympiad 94.)

3622b AM, 4332 JP, 382 BC

1575. When Pharnostratus was governor of Athens, in the month Possideon in the 366th year of Nabonassar's account on the 26th day of the Egyptian month, Thoth, at 5:30 am December 23rd 383 BC, there was a small eclipse of the moon observed at Babylon. (Hipparch. in Ptol. in his great Syntax. l. 4. c. ult.)

3622c AM, 4332 JP, 382 BC

1576. In the same man's time, in the month Scirrophorion and in the same year of Nabonassar, on the 24th day of the month Phammenoth at 6:30 pm June 18th 382 BC another lunar eclipse was observed at Babylon. (Hipparch. in Ptol. in his great Syntax. l. 4. c. ult.)

3623a AM, 4332 JP, 382 BC

1577. When Evander was governor of Athens, in the month of Possideon, in the 367th year of Nabonassar's account, the 16th day of the month Thoth, at 9:30 pm December 12th 382 BC there was a third lunar eclipse observed at Babylon. This was a total eclipse. (Hipparch. in Ptol. in his great Syntax. l. 4. c. ult.)

3627 AM, 4337 JP, 377 BC

1578. Acoris king of Egypt bore an old grudge against the king of Persia. He gathered a huge army of aliens, especially from Greece. He made Chabrias the Athenian the general of the army. He, without any orders from or consent from Athens, assumed this charge in Egypt and prepared all he could for this war against the Persians. Artaxerxes made Pharnabazus general of his army for this war. When he had made many preparations for it, he sent messengers to Athens and there charged Chabrias for offering his service to the Egyptians. Thereby they would lose Artaxerxes favour. He desired that they would send to him Iphicrates their general. The Athenians who were mainly desirous to endear the king to them and to keep Pharnabazus as their good friend, sent for Chabrias from Egypt and gave Iphicrates orders to go and help Pharnabazus. (Diod. Sic. year 4. Olympiad 100.)

1579. Iphicrates had the charge of 12,000 mercenaries committed to him by Artaxerxes. By continual training and exercise, he made them expert in the art of military affairs. Later among the Romans a skilful soldier was commonly called a Fabian soldier after Fabius and likewise in Greece a good soldier was called an Iphicratian soldier after Iphicrates. (Emil. Prob. in Iphicrates,) Pharnabazus spent many years in preparing for this war. One time when Iphicrates found Pharnabazus a man so voluble in his speech and so slow in his actions, he asked him the reason why. Pharnabazus said the reason was because I am master of my words, but the king of my actions. (Diod. Sic. year 3. Olympiad. 101.)

1580. Hecatonus Mausolus was made a governor of Caria and so ruled for 24 years. (Diod. Sic. year 4 of Olymp. 106.) He married Artemisia, the older of his two sisters. (Strabo. l. 14.)

3628 AM, 4338 JP, 376 BC

1581. After Acoris died, Psammuthis reigned 1 year in Egypt.

3629 AM, 4339 JP, 375 BC

1582. After him, came Nepherites, the last of the dynasty of the Mendesians, and reigned 4 months. Then arose the first of the dynasty of the Sabennitae, called Nectanabis who reigned 12 years.

1583. Artaxerxes was now ready to make war on Egypt. To get more aid from Greece, he sent his ambassadors there to encourage them to make a general peace among themselves. The terms were that every city should from that time on live according to their own laws and they should have no garrisons among them. All the cities of Greece accepted this, except the Thebians. (Diod. Sic. year. 2. Olymp. 101.)

3630 AM, 4340 JP, 374 BC

1584. When Artaxerxes' army was assembled at Acon in Syria, he had 200,000 troops under Pharnabazus and 20,000 Greeks under Iphicrates. In the navy, excluding cargo ships, he had 300 ships with 3 banks of oars and 200 of 30 oars a piece. The first type are called trireis in Greek, the other teiacitioui. In the beginning of the summer, i.e. in the first of the spring, the Persian navy sailed for Egypt and came to the frontier town near Syria called Pelusium. They found it exceedingly well fortified by Nectanabis. Hence they put out to sea again and when they were out of sight, they steered for Mendesium, a city on one of the mouths of the Nile. There the shore runs a great way out from the land. They landed 3000 men and Pharnabazus and Iphicrates went to surprise a fort that stood on the very mouth of the river. When they came there, 3000 Egyptian cavalry and foot soldiers came to defend the place. There was a fierce skirmish between them. At last, the Egyptians were overwhelmed with the number of Persians which came thronging from the ships to help their troops. They were totally surrounded and were slaughtered. Many of them were taken and the rest fled to a little town nearby. Iphicrates' men pursued them and entered pell mel with them into the gate and captured it. They rased it to the ground and carried away its inhabitants as prisoners. (Diod. Sic. year 3. Olympiad 101.)

1585. Iphicrates advised them to go presently by water to assault Memphis, the main city of all Egypt. It had no garrison and he thought they should attack it before the Egyptian forces came in to defend it. Pharnabazus did not agree. He would stay until his army came and so they could attack them with less danger. By this delay, the Egyptians had enough time to get supplies into Memphis and from there they made various attacks on the small town which the Persians had seized as I had said before. They skirmished frequently with them and slaughtered many of them. When the time of the year came, the Nile flooded all the country around there and helped fortify Memphis. Therefore the Persian commanders thought it foolish to fight against nature and withdrew from there for the present. So all those huge preparations came to naught. (Diod. Sic. year 3. Olympiad 101.)

1586. As soon as they returned to Asia, Iphicrates lost favour with Pharnabazus. Iphicrates feared that he might be thrown into prison as happened to Conon. Therefore, he sailed secretly to Athens by night. Pharnabazus sent for him and charged that he was the reason why Egypt was not conquered. The Athenians replied that they would punish him if they saw fit. Shortly after this, the Athenians made him the admiral of all their fleet. (Diod. Sic. year 3. Olymp. 101)

1587. Nicocles an eunuch in Cyprus, murdered Euagoras and made himself king of Salamis according to Diodorus in this year's account. Euagoras was murdered by an eunuch, (Aristotle 5. of his Politic, c. 10.) but states that his name was Thrasydaeus. We learn from Theopompus (Biblioth. Photii. n. 176.) that Euagoras, by this eunuch's help got to lie with the daughter of Nicocreon. He was that tyrant of Cyprus, who (Plutarch in his life) invited Isocrates to supper and that was the cause of his death. Nicocles was Euagaoras' own son according to Isocrates. He had 20 talents from Nicocles for his written oration that he sent to him. (Plutarch in the life of Isocrates) We still have his oration addressed to Nicocles concerning the functions of a king. Another oration entitled Nicocles concerns Nicocles' duties as a prince. A third oration called Euagoras, is a funeral oration made for him. Nicocles in this very year solemnified his father's funeral in a costly and magnificently pompous manner. He held all types of games of music, dancing, wrestling, ship fights and cavalry battles for the funeral. Therefore Isocrates wrote this oration to him in praise and commendation of his father. He hoped that this would serve both Nicocles and his sons and children after them as an example and exhortation of well doing.

``Supposing, that this will serve both you and your children, and the other descendants of Euagoras for utmost encouragement to your well doing,'' (Isocrates in his Euagoras.)

1588. Hence we may amend that error in Diod. Sic. and say truly that Euagoras was murdered by Thrasidaeus an eunuch and that his own son Nicocles succeeded him in the kingdom of Salamis.

3633 AM, 4343 JP, 371 BC

1589. When Alcisthenes was governor at Athens, the Greek cities resumed their infighting. Artaxerxes sent ambassadors to urge them to obey the peace treaty and live peacefully with each other. All the Greek cities except Thebes swore an oath to keep the peace. When the peace was made and agreed to by the Athenians, Lacedemonians and Artaxerxes, Iphicrates was recalled with his fleet. (Diod. Sic. year 1. Olymp. 102. with Xenoph. Hellen. l. 6. and Diony, Halicarnas. in the life of Lysias.)

1590. Plutarch (in the life of Agesilaus), shows that this peace was concluded and made among the Greeks at Lacedemon on the 14th day of the month Scirrophorion with the Athenians and in the last month of Arcisthenes' governorship at Athens on Thursday, July 16, 371 BC.

3634 AM, 4344 JP, 370 BC

1591. The Lacedemonians were badly defeated at Leuctra by Epaminondas. They immediately sent Agesilaus to Egypt and Antalcidas to Artaxerxes to get money. Artaxerxes rejected Antalcidas' request with much scorn and indignation. When he returned he starved himself to death because he had been so spitefully used by Artaxerxes and he feared what the Ephori would do to him. (Plut. in Artax.)

3635 AM, 4345 JP, 369 BC

1592. Artabarzanes sent Philiscus of Abidus, who was one of Artaxerxes' lords to Greece to resolve matters between Thebes and their confederates and the Lacedemonians. Philiscus summoned them all to Delphi. Thebes was adament that Messene should not be under the Lacedemonian jurisdiction. Philiscus was so offended by this that he left 2000 of his best soldiers to assist the Lacedemonians against Thebes. Philiscus returned to Asia. (Xenoph. Hellen. 7. Diod. Sic. year 4. Olymp. 102.)

3636 AM, 4346 JP, 368 BC

1593. When Thebes controlled Greece, they thought it good to send their ambassadors to the king of Persia. For this purpose they called their confederates together and pretended that Euthycles of Lacedemon was already with the king. They sent to the king, Pelopidas from Thebes, Antiochus the athlete from Arcadia, Archidamus of Eleus, a town in Thrace and one other from Argos. When the Athenians heard this, they sent their ambassadors, Timagoras and Leontes, to the king. Among them all Pelopidas was the most gracious in the king's eyes and next to him was Timagoras. All of the others were most honourably treated by the king. (Xen. Hellen. l. 7.)

1594. Ismenias from Thebes was joint commissioner with Pelopidas in this embassy. When he was brought by Tithraustes the chiliarch into the presence of the king, he was asked to prostrate himself before the king. He dropped his ring before him and presently fell all down and recovered his ring. The king thought he did this to honour him and gave him whatever he asked. (Plut. in Artax. Elia. Var. Hist. l. 1. c. 21.)

1595. At the same time, Timagoras the Athenian sent a confidential letter by Bubaris' secretary to the king. For his trouble he received 1000 darics. Timagorous had a rich supper sent him at his lodging. Whereupon the king's brother Ostanes, said to him: (??)

``Remember Timagoras this supper. For it is not sent you for any lowly purpose.''

1596. This sounded like he was upbraiding Timagoras for some treasonous purpose in him rather than congratulating him for the gift sent to him. (Plut. in Artax.) It is also said that the king gave Timagorous 80 cows because he was so sickly and the cattle would give him milk on his journey home. The king also gave him a costly bed and furniture along with some servants to make it because the Greeks were not skilled in such matters. Moreover the king had him carried all along to the seaside in a litter because of his weakness. The king gave those who carried him 4 talents for their work. (Plut. in Artax. and in his Pelopidas) In (Athena. l. 2.) we are told that Timagoras, after his prostration to the king was treated with great honour by the king. He adds only: (??)

``that the king sent him some dishes from his own table.''

1597. Concerning the costly bed and furniture and the men to make it, (as if the Greeks knew not how to make a bed,) that were sent by Artaxerxes, he says it was to Timagoras of Crete or Eutimus of Gortyna in Crete, as Phanias in the Peripatetic calls him.

1598. Pelopidas by his gracious behaviour with the king, got letters from the king stating that the king ordered that Messene should be exempt from Lacedemonian jurisdiction and the Athenians were required to withdraw their ships. If they did not obey, the king proclaimed open war against both of them. If any city refused to follow him in this war then that city would be the first of all other cities to be made an example of. When Leontes spoke publicly that it was time for the Athenians to look for new friends instead of the king, Artaxerxes asked that if the Athenians did not like it, they should come and state the reasons why not. (Xen. Hellen. l. 7.)

1599. When the ambassadors came home, the Athenians took Timagoras and decapitated him for his prostration to the king. They were insulted that the grovelling flattery of one of their citizens should subject the whole honour of the Athenian state to the domineering power of the Persians. (Valer. Max. l. 5. c. 3.) (In the text, "Darius" is written by mistake for "Artaxerxes.") Others say that it was for his base acceptance of the king's gifts. For more of this see (Plutarch in his Artax. and Pelopidas.) Xenophon says that he was accused by his companion Leontes of not lodging with him and communicated all his counsels with Pelopidas. This no doubt was the main cause for his execution.

1600. Thebes summoned all the cities of Greece to hear the king's letters read. They were publicly read by the Persian that brought them. He first showed them the king's seal on the letters. The letters stated that all who would be friends to the king and Thebes were required to take an oath for the observance of the contents of those letters. The delegates and later the cities refused to take that oath. Hence that mission to Artaxerxes and the sovereignty of Greece engineered by Pelopidas and Thebes came to naught. (Xen. Hellen. l. 7.)

3638a AM, 4347 JP, 367 BC

1601. Jubilee 22.

3638d AM, 4348 JP, 366 BC

1602. Artaxerxes sent other ambassadors into Greece to require them to stop these wars and to make a peace among themselves. In the end, he prevailed with them. (Diod. Sic. year 3. Olymp. 103.)

1603. Eudoxus the Cnidian, surnamed "Endoxos", that is "the famous", was in his prime at this time. He went to Egypt with Chrysippus a physician, and carried with him letters of commendation from Agesilaus to Nectunabis who commended him to the priests there. After spending time with Iconupni of Heliopolis, (whom Clemens Alexan. in the first book of his Stromat. calls Conuphis) Apis the bull came to lick his cloak. Whereupon the priests said, that he would become very famous but it would not be long lived. (Phavorinus in his commentaries) When Eudoxus had stayed in Egypt for 16 months, he shaved himself all over to his very eye brows and wrote the Octocris, as some say. This we have in our discourse on the Macednian and Asiatic year. (c. ult.) From there he is said to have travelled to Cyzicum and Propontis and to have spread his philosophy in those parts. He finally came to Mausolus. (Diog. Laertius in his Eudoxus,) Others say that Eudoxus went with Plato to Egypt and they both studied 13 years with the priests there. (Strabo, l. 17.)

3639 AM, 4349 JP, 365 BC

1604. At Heraclea in Pontus, the common people wanted all debts to be cancelled and all lands equally shared among them. The nobility sent to Timotheus, Prince of Athens and also to Epaminondas of Thebes for help against them. When they refused, they recalled Clearchus home whom they had formerly exiled and begged his help to repress the common people. (Justin l. 16. c. 4.)

3640 AM, 4350 JP, 364 BC

1605. Clearchus used the dissention among the people as an occasion to become ruler of the city. He dealt secretly with Mithridates king of Pontus. He was an enemy in Greece. Clearchus agreed with Mithridates that when he was called home, he would betray the city into Mithridates' hands and control it after this as governor under Mithridates. When Clearchus set a time to deliver the city into Mithridates his hand, Clearchus captured Mithridates and those that accompanied him when they came to take over the city. Clearchus threw them into prison and let them go when he had extorted a huge sum of money from them. So instead of maintaining the rich men's cause against the people, he made himself a patron of the common people against them. He stirred up the common people against them and behaved cruelly toward the nobility. When the people had made him ruler Clearchus cast 60 of the chief of them (for the rest were fled) into prison. After first taking away their goods, he had them executed. (Justin l. 16. c. 4.) He followed the example of Dionysius the tyrant of Syracuse and he ruled the city for 12 years. (Diod. Sic. year 1. Olympiad 104. with the Collections of Photius in his Biblioth. from Memnon the Historiographer of Heraclea, n. 224.)

3641 AM, 4351 JP, 363 BC

1606. Tachos, whom Polyanius (l. 7. Stratgem.) calls "Thamos", Aristotle (l. 2. of his Oeconomics) "Taos" and Julius Africanus, "Teos", reigned in Egypt for 2 years.

1607. With this year Xenophon concludes his 7 books of his Greek history. Anaximes Lampsacenus concludes the first part of his history. He starts from the birth of the gods and creation of mankind and ends with the battle of Manthinea in which Epaminondas was killed. The history is in 12 volumes and records almost all things that happened among either the Greeks or the barbarians. (Diod. year 2. Olympiad 104.) In the second part he sets down all the deeds of Philip of Macedonia and his son, Alexander the Great. (Pausa. 2. of his Eliaca.)

1608. After Mithradates king of Pontus died, Ariobarzanes, the governor of Phrygia under Artaxerxes, seized the kingdom of Pontus and ruled it for 26 years. (Diod. Sic. year 3. Olympiad 104. and year 4. of Olympiad 110.)

1609. When Clearchus the tyrant of Heraclea found that the chief men of Heraclea who had fled from there stirred up all the neighbouring cities and states against him, he freed all their slaves. He gave them their masters' wives and daughters in marriage and threatened death to those that would not. By this he made those slaves more loyal to him and made them more hostile to their masters. Many women reckoned these forced marriages to be worse than death itself. Therefore before their wedding, many murdered their husbands to be and then killed themselves. At last the nobles had a battle with Clearchus. He won and took the nobles as prisoners and led them in a triumph through the city in the sight of all the people. Then he put some of them in irons, others on the rack and others he put to death. He left no part of the city free from the sight and sense of his cruelty. (Justin l. 16. c. 5.)

3642 AM, 4352 JP, 362 BC

1610. The Lacedemonians became the enemies of Artaxerxes when he claimed to be their friend and yet ordered them to withdraw from Messene and to make it a distinct member in the league of Greece. (Xenoph. in his Agesulaus, and Diod. Sic. year 3. Olymp. 104.) Ariobarzanes, the Governor of Phrygia joined with the Lacedemonians. He, as I said before, after the death of Mithridates had taken over the kingdom of Pontus. (Diod. Sic. year 3. Olympiad 104.)

1611. Autophrades, the governor of Lydia besieged Ariobarzanes in Assos, a city of Troas. However, he lifted his seige and fled in fear when Agesilaus, who was now old, came into Asia only to raise money for his country. Cotys, who besieged Sestus and was under Ariobarzanes' command, lifted his seige also. Mausolus who besieged Assus and Sestus with 100 ships was persuaded to withdraw and he returned home with his fleet. Ariobarzanes, (??) a friend of the Lacedemonians, furnished Agesilaus with money for his country and sent him on his away. (Xenoph. in his Agesilaus,) Polyanus (l. 7.) mentions the siege of Ariobarzanes by Autophrates in Adramytium.

1612. Mausolus, called his friends together and told them that unless Artaxerxes was given an excessive sum of money, he would take away his country which he held by inheritance from his father. His friends thought the country brought him, in an instant, an infinite sum of money. (Polyenus l. 7. Stratag.) compared with (Aristot. in his Oeconomics:) However they saw that he was not going to yield to Artaxerxes. Mausolus allied himself with those governors and captains who were rebelling against Artaxerxes. At this time all of Ionia, Lycia, Pisidia, Pamphilia and Cilicia were in rebellion against him. In addition, the Syrians, Phoenicians and almost all that bordered on the Asiatic sea rebelled. Also, Tachos king of Egypt, proclaimed open war against Artaxerxes and was busy everywhere building ships and raising forces for the war. Many of these came from all of Greece and Tachos formed an alliance with the Lacedemonians. (Diod. Sic. year 3. Olympiad 104.)

1613. When all these rebellions happened at once against Artaxerxes, he lost half of his revenues. The remainder was not enough for the war considering that he was to support a war against the king of Egypt, all the Greek cities and countries in Asia. Also he had to war against the Lacedemonians and their confederates, namely the governors which held the sea towns and regions in all Asia under their command. (Diod. Sic. year 3. Olympiad 104.)

1614. The king of Egypt sent for Agesilaus, promising to make him general of his army. (Xenoph. in his Agesilaus.) He was sent there by his country and used the money from Tachos to hire mercenaries. He loaded his ships with 1000 foot soldiers and took with him 30 Spartan commissioners for his War Council. (Plut. in his Agesilaus: and Diod. Sic. year 3. Olympiad 104.) When the news of his landing came to the courtiers in Egypt, they strived to be the first to send him presents. When they came to him, they scorned him. They saw no attendants about him but only a decrepit and wearisome old man, lying along on the beach sloven-like and of a small stature. They loathed his sordid and insulant behaviour all the more when they saw that he selected only some grain and veal from all the rich foods they sent him and threw away the dainties, sweet meats and precious ointments to his soldiers. (Plut. and Emil. Prob. in his Agesilaus.) The king of Egypt did not keep his promise and did not make him the general of his army. (Xen. in his Agesilaus.) He derided him for the smallness of his stature and said that whoever spoke the old proverb was correct:

``The hills were great with young and delivered a mouse.''

1615. which when Agesilaus heard, he said in a rage,

`` I will one day seem a lion to him.'' (Athenae. l. 14. with Plutarch)

1616. Chabrias the Athenian, was not sent by public authority as Alcibiades was. Tachos persuaded him to serve him as a private citizen. (Diod. Sic. and Plutarch.) When Chabrias saw the king was short of money, he advised him to take what money he could from the rich and promise them to be paid from his yearly taxes. By this means, Tachos gathered an enormous sum of money without injuring anyone. (Polya. Strat. l. 3.) Aristotle (l. 2. of his Oeconomics.) numbers this as but one of the many schemes he had for raising money at this time.

1617. They who rebelled in Asia, made Orontes the governor of Mysia, their commander-in-chief. When he received enough money to pay for 20,000 mercenaries for one year, he captured those who had contributed the money and sent them as prisoners to Artaxerxes. He than betrayed various other cities, forts and mercenaries to the king's officers that the king had sent into those parts. (Diod. Sic. year 3. Olymp. 104.) Polyanus mentions this war by Orontes and Autophradates and other officers of the kings. (Polyanus l. 7. Stratag.) Diodorus assures us that in the last year of Artaxerxes Mnemon both Autophradates and Orontes and other commanders defected from him. Therefore, we must conclude, that Autophradates stood for his son Artaxerxes Ochus and that it was Orontes which made the war against him.

1618. Artabazus, who commanded Artaxerxes Mnemon's army, attacked Cappadocia. Datames the governor of that province attacked Artabazus with a strong body of cavalry and 20,000 mercenaries on foot. Then Mithrabarzanes his father-in-law and general of his cavalry stole away from him at night with all his cavalry and fled to Artabazus. Mithrabarzanes and his troops were well paid for this treachery. For it happened that they were attacked and hewed in pieces by both the armies from each side. Diodorus adds, that when Artaxerxes was told that Datames had brought Artaxerxes this noose as a joke. Artaxerxes quickly tried to rid his hands of him and shortly after this, Artaxerxes had him secretly killed. However, it appears from Emil. Prob. that Datames lived long after this. He acknowledges that Datames' affairs were carried out in an obscure way. Hence he says, that he was most careful determining what happened. This he does in such a way as to easily discern that what he did was all in the reign of Artaxerxes Ochus.

1619. Rheomithres was sent by the alliance of Persian governors to Egypt. He received 500 talents and 50 ships and returned with them to Leucas in Asia. When he sent for many of the governors and leaders to come to him there, he siezed them and sent them all away as prisoners to Artaxerxes. By this act, he re-ingratiated himself with the king who was previously displeased with him. (Diod. Sic. year 3 Olympiad 104.)

3643a AM, 4352 JP, 362 BC

1620. When Tachos was fully prepared for war, he put Agesilaus in command of the 10,000 Greek mercenaries. His fleet of 200 ships was under Chabrias who was very skilful in naval affairs. (Polya l. 7. Stratag.) His 80,000 Egyptian foot soldiers where under Nectanabus, his brother or sister's son. (The Greek word is ambiguous.) Tachos was commander over all these forces. Although Agesilaus tried to persuade him to prosecute the war by his officers and to stay in Egypt, yet he refused. (Diod. Sic. year 3. Olympiad 104.) Nevertheless, Agesilaus, against his better judgment went with him by sea to Phoenicia. (Plutarch in his Agesilaus.)

1621. While the Egyptian fleet lay in Phoenicia, Nectanabus was sent to capture some principal cities of Syria. Nectanabus made an agreement with the one whom Tachos had left for governor of Egypt and Nectanabus proclaimed himself king of Egypt. He bribed the army commanders with expensive gifts and promised the soldiers many things so they would side with him against his father. (Diod. Sic. year 3. Olympiad 104.)

1622. Tachos was now utterly deserted by his own subjects and also by Agesilaus whom he had formerly offended by that base jest he made of him. Fearing the worst, Tachos fled from there to Sidon in Phoenicia and from there to the king of Persia. (Xenophon and Plutarch affirm and Theopompus and Lysias of Naucratis, in his affairs of Egypt, both cited by Athensus in l. 14 c. 4.) Diodorus and Elian say further that he was very graciously entertained by Artaxerxes. Although I cannot believe Diodorus that Artaxerxes presently made him general of all the forces which he had then raised to make a war upon Egypt and that he returned with them to Egypt and was there reinstated as king by Agesilaus. Neither can we believe (Elian, l. 5. Var. Histor. c. 1.) where he tells us that Tachos had formerly lived frugally at home and now he died by gorging himself with food after the Persian manner. Lynceus or Lyceas, whom I mentioned before, teaches us, that his Egyptian diet was far more sumptuous than that of the Persian one. (cited by Athenaus, l. 4. c. 10 Deip.)

1623. After this another man made himself king in Mendes with an army of 100,000. (Plut. in his Agesilaus.) Now there were 2 kings in Egypt. Agesilaus followed Nectanabus whom he thought most favoured the Lacedemonians. (Xen. in Agesilaus.) He was with him in a long siege in a citadel. Nectanebus grew impatient of being confined and wanted to risk a battle. Agesilaus left him and stayed behind in the citadel until the whole citadel was quite surrounded with siege works and the enemy all around them except for a little place where there was yet a passage through. Then Agesilaus sallied out into that narrow passage and made his way through with a great slaughter of the enemy. He had their siege works at his back so that they could not surround him. (Plut. in Agesil. Polya. Stratag. l. 2. with Diod. year 3. Olymp. 104.) Diodorus writes "Tachos", instead of the king of "Mendes."

3643b AM, 4353 JP, 361 BC

1624. Agesilaus defeated the other king who hated the Greeks and took him prisoner. He restored Nectanabus to his kingdom and made him a loyal friend of the Lacedemonians. (Xenophon in Agesilaus.) However, Emil. Prob. attributes this restitution of the king to Chabrias. The reason for this was that it was done jointly by the Lacedemonians and Athenians. Now from this time until Nectanabus was put out of the kingdom was 12 years according to Diodorus. Hence the length of his reign was 12 years not 18, as Africanus and Eusebius have it.

1625. Nectanabus entreated Agesilaus very earnestly to spend that winter with him. However he hasten home for Sparta was engaged in a war and he knew they needed money and maintained a foreign army. Therefore Nectanabus dismissed Agesilaus very honourably and gave him besides all the other gifts, 230,000 or, as Emil Probus has it, 220,000 talents. (Plut. in Ages.)

1626. When Agesilaus got this money, he hurried home in the dead of winter. He feared lest the Lacedemonians would spend the next summer idle and do nothing against their enemies. (Xen. in Agesil.) A storm cast him on a deserted shore called "Menelai Portus", that is "Port of Menelaus" lying between Cyrene and Egypt. There he fell sick and died. His friends lacked wax and preserved him with honey and carried him to Sparta. (Plutarch and Emilius Probus, in Agesilaus,) Diodorus says that his body was buried there in a most royal manner. (Diod. Sic. year 3. Olymp. 104.)

3643c AM, 4353 JP, 361 BC

1627. Ochus, the lawful son of Artaxerxes, had his brother Arsames murdered who was born from a concubine and dearly loved by his father. He had Harpates the son of Titibazus murder him. When Artaxerxes heard what had happened to his much beloved son, took it to heart and died from grief. (Plut. in Artaxerxes.)

1628. Ochus knew that his father was highly respected by his people when he was alive. If the news of his death got out, Ochus would not be respected at all. Therefore, he had all the princes and nobles and others that were around him keep the death of his father secret for 10 months. In the meantime he sent letters into all the provinces in the king's name with his seal on them, requiring that every man accept Ochus for their king. (Polya. l. 7. Stratag.)

1629. Heraclea the wife of Clearchus the tyrant of Pontus bore him a son whom he called Dionysus. The son lived 55 years. (Athenaus, l. 12 and Mnemonin in the collections of Photius, c. 5.)

3644 AM, 4354 JP, 360 BC

1630. When all men had acknowledged Ochus for king, he announced the death of his father and commanded a public mourning to be made for him according to the Persian manner. (Polia. l. 7.) He assumed the name of his father, "Artaxerxes." (Diodor. Valerius Max.) Then he filled his court with the blood of his kindred and nobles without respect to kin, sex or age. (Justin. l. 10. c. 3.) He caused his own sister, whose daughter he had married, to be buried alive with her heels upward. An uncle of his with more than 100 children and grandchildren was brought into a court and there shot to death with arrows. (Valer. Max. l. 9. c. 2.) If seems this uncle was the father of Sisygambis who was the mother of Darius the last king of the Persians. She was the queen that Curtius states (Curtius, l. 10. c. 8.) had her father and 80 brothers executed by Ochus in one day.

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1631. The states of Chios, Rhodes, Byzantium and Chos, revolted from Athens at the same time. This was called "Bellum Sociale", i.e. the confederates war. When the Athenians besieged Chios, the Athenians received help from their own confederates and Mausolus the petty king of Caria. (Demosthenes in his Oration of Peace and of the Rhodians liberty, Diod. Sic. year 3. Olympiad, 105.)

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1632. In the first year of the 106th Olympiad, (as it is rightly read in Eusebius' Chron. from Fuxius' copy, corrected by Arnaldus Pontacus) Alexander was born to King Philip at Pella in Macedonia. Alexander was called "the Great" because he conquered all Asia. He lived 32 years and 8 months according to Arianus' report from Aristobulus and died in the end of year 1 Olympiad 114. in the month before the month of Thargelion according to the Attic calendar as we shall see when we come to that year. It follows that he must have been born in this year and that in the third month called Boedromion in the Attic calendar. Hence those who (as in Elian Variar Histor. l. 2. c. 25.) have said that he was born and died in the sixth day of the month Thargelion are incorrect. Plutarch (in the life of Alexander) says, that he was born on the 6th day of the month Hecatombeon, called Lous by the Macedonians. There was a good reason why they who lived at that time recorded that he was born on the 6th day of the month Lous. At that time the month Lous with the Macedonians was the same time as Meton's Boedromian. This appears in King Philip's Epistle to the Peloponesians, as we have already showed in our discourse in the first chapter of the Macedonian and Asiatic years. The historians and other writers of later times did not note this and found the Syro-Macedonian month Lous in Calippus to coincide with the month Boedromion among the Athenians. Hence they thought that Alexander had been born upon the 6th day of the month Boedromion.

1633. This is the source of the error of Plutarch, which he corrects later by making a more grievous mistake. He says:

``The same day that Philip took Pitidaea, there came to him three reports: one from Pharmenion that he defeated the Illyrians, the second, that he had won the race with his horses at Olympius and the third that his son Alexander was born.''

1634. For we learn from Demosthenes, in his oration against Leptines, and Diodorus, year of 3rd Olympiad 105. that Polydaea was not taken this year, but two years earlier. If it had been so that Alexander had been born in the 105th Olymp. and upon the 6th day of Hecatombaeon, it is incredible that he should not have heard of the birth of his son a great deal sooner than he could possibly have done of winning the race of Olympus. For that race was to be run on the day of the full moon and the decision made on the race on the 16th day of the same month. This we are taught by the old Scoliast of Pindarus, upon his 5th Ode or Hymn of his Olympics. Justin from Trogus tells us more clearly: (l. 12. c. 16.)

``The same day on which Alexander was born, news came to him of two victories he had, the one about the battle in Illyrium and the other in a race at Olympus where he sent his chariot with four horses to run.''

1635. These reports appear to agree with each other. Although I grant that it may be not improbable that Alexander's birth was in the summer season of that year wherein the Olympic games were held at Olympus in Elis. However the testimony of Aristobulus, to whom Alexander was so well known in person, is so firm and strong an argument to me of the day on which he was born. Hence I have no doubt that Philip his father was informed of the race won by him at Olympus before his son was born.

1636. The same day that Alexander was born, the temple of Diana at Ephesus burned. Hence came the joke either from Timaeus, as Cicero has it, or from Hegesias the Magnesian according to Plutarh says that:

``Diana being away from home that night to do work at Olympius could not save her own temple, (Cit. l. 1. de Natura deorum and l. 1. de Divina and Plut. in his Alexander.)''

1637. When the one who started the fire was put on the rack, he confessed that he did it on purpose. He wanted to be world famous for destroying so famous and excellent a work. Hence by the common council of all Asia, it was decreed that no man should ever after mention him. (Valer. Max. l. 8. c. 14. Aul. Gell, l. 2. c. 6.) However, Theopompus in his History mentions him. It was either Erostratus, as we read (in Strabo. l. 14. and Solinus c. 4.) or Lygdamis, as Hesychius, "In the word Lygdam."

1638. The priests in Ephesus at that time thought that the burning of this temple was but the harbinger of some greater evil to follow. They ran up and down as if they had been mad and cut their faces, saying, that some great calamity was that day born against all Asia. (Plut. in Alexan.)

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1639. Artabazus rebelled against Ochus. He joined his forces with those of Chares the Athenian and defeated an army of 70,000 Persians. Chares gathered enough spoil to pay for all his army. The king took up this matter with the Athenians. They heard a rumour that the king was about to send 300 ships to help their enemies against whom Chares at that time was fighting. They quickly agreed to a peace with their enemies so that war between them and their confederates, called "Bellum sociale", was ended. (Diod. Sic. year 1. and 4. of the 106 Olymp.)

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1640. Leuco, the king of Bosphorus Cimmerius, died. He was succeeded by his son Spartacus who reigned 5 years. (Diod. Sic. year 3. Olymp. 106.)

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1641. When Artabazus was abandoned by Chares and the Athenians, he resorted to the Thebians. They sent him 5000 men under Pammenes. Pammenes with this army went over into Asia and joined with Artabazus' forces. Together they overthrew the king's army in two great battles. (Diod. Sic. year 4. Olymp. 106.)

1642. When Clearchus the tyrant of Heraclea in Pontus was celebrating the feast of their god Bacchus, he was murdered in the 12th year of his reign. (Diod. Sic. year 4. Olymp. 106.) The man behind the murder was Chion of Heraclea, the son of Matris, a scholar of Plato's and a cousin of Clearchus. Also in on the plot were Leonides and Antitheus both scholars in philosophy, as was Euxenon. Also in on this were some 50 others of Clearchus' allies and relatives. They waited for the time when the tyrant was busy and attentive with the sacrifice with the rest of the people. Then Chion ran him through with his sword. He fell grievously tormented with pains and haunted with the apparitions and ghosts of those whom he had most barbarously murdered and died the next day. Most of the conspirators, if not all, were either shortly cut in pieces by his guard although they stoutly defended themselves. Those that escaped were captured shortly after and died after horrible torture which they endured with incredible constancy and patience. (Memnon in Excerpt. c. 2. Justin. l. 6. c. ult. and Suidas in Clearchus.) See also the Epistles attributed to this Chion, as written by him to his mother Matis.

1643. Satyrus, brother to Clearchus, succeeded him in that government and reigned 7 years. He was not content with the death of the conspirators but executed all their children although they were innocent of their father's deeds. He was left as guardian and protector of Timotheus and Dionysius' brother's children. He was very respectful of them. Although he had a wife whom he loved very dearly yet would he have no children by her, least they might in time prove dangerous to his brother's children. (Memnon in Excerpt. c. 3.)

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1644. In the 4th year of 106 Olymp. not in the 2nd year of the 100th Olympiad, as is incorrectly reported by (Pliny lib. 36. c. 5. and 6.) Mausolus the Dynasta or petty king of Caria, died. Artemisia, his sister and wife, succeeded him and reigned for 2 years since her husband had no children. (Diod. and Strabol. 14.) From the fervent love she had of the memory of him, she took his bones after they were burnt and beat them to a powder. This was mingled with a most precious perfume and put into her drinking water. She was zealous to be the living and breathing tomb of her deceased husband. (A. Gill. l. 10. c. 18. Valer. Max. l. 4. c. 6.)

1645. In the 107th Olympiad (not in the 103, as Suidas in Thoidectes has it) Artemisia proclaimed a contest for all to come and show their wit and art in praise and honour to her dead husband. Various illustrious men came to this contest: Theopompus from Chios, the best man of all the scholars of Isocrates, (Diony. Halicarnasseus in his Epistle to Pompeius) Theodectes a poet of tragedies from the city of Phaselis in Lycia and also a scholar of Isocrates and Naucrates Erythtaeus from Naucratis in Cyrenia. These were all mentioned by Photius (in Biblioth. c. 176, 260.) Plutarch (in his life of Isocrates) and other writers say that Isocrates entered the contest too. However this was not the Isocrates from Athens, but another by the same name. He was his scholar and successor in his office according to Suidas, from Callisthenes the Orator. In that contest of wits, Theopompus, as some say, and as others, Theodectes the Tragedian, who left a tragedy entitled "Mausolus", won the prize. (A. Gell. l. 10. c. 18. Suidas, in Theodecters and Isocrates.) Although it seems that everything did not happen as Theopompus expected because when he was later writing a history, he states in it that:

``Mausolus never spared for any villany if he might get money by it.''

1646. In all likelihood, he would never have written this if things had happened there according to his expectation. (Snidas in Mausolus.)

1647. Theopompus (of whom I have spoken before) who was an historian and Theodoctes a Tragedian, I must mention what is reported by Demetrius Phalereus in Aristeas (and from him by Josephus, (l. 12. anti. c. 2. and by Euseb. de Prapar. Evengel. l. 8. c. 3. and 5. and in his discourse of the Septuagint Interpretation.)). Theopompus wanted to insert some things from the books of Moses into his history but lost his mind for 30 days. During this time when his sanity returned, he earnestly sought God to reveal to him the reason why this great judgment was upon him. In a dream it was told him that it was because he was about to mix those divine oracles with his human studies and publish them to the world. When he abandoned that idea, he was restored to his right mind again. When Theodectes planned to use some things from the Holy Writ into his tragedy he was writing, he suddenly lost his sight. When he realised the reason for this, he asked God's mercy and he was restored to his perfect sight again.

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1648. Artimisia wanted to perpetuate the memory of her husband. She had built a stupendous tomb for him at Halicarnassus that was considered one of the seven wonders of the world. However she pined away at last and died of grief. (Cicero. Tuseul. Quest. l. 3. Strabo. l. 14. A. Gell. l. 10. c. 18.) To make this tomb most grand, she had the most famous and skilful workmen in the world order the construction: Scopas, from the east, Bryaxis, from the north, Timotheus from the south and Leochares from the west. Although she died before the work was finished, yet they did not stop the work until it was completed. They knew that by so doing they would also immortalise their own names and glory in it. (Pliny l. 36. c. 5. with Vitruvins in the Proeme of his 7th book;) Therefore ever after this even in Rome, every sumptuous and magnificent building was called a "mausoleum". (Pausan, in his Arcadica.)

1649. After her death her brother Idrieus or Hidrieus headed the government of Caria for 7 years. (Diod. Sic. year 2. Olymp. 107.) He was the second son of Hecatomnus and married Hecatomnus' second daughter Ada, his own sister, according to the law of Caria, (Strabo. l. 14. Ariannus, of the Gests of Alexander, l. 1.)

1650. When Thebes was running out of money to carry on their war against the Phoenicians, they sent ambassadors to Ochus and received 300 talents from him. (Diod. Sic. year 2. Olymp. 107.)

1651. The Phoenicians and especially the inhabitants of Sidon had been badly abused by Ochus and revolted from him. They sent to Nectabenus king of Egypt and formed an alliance with him in a war against the Persians. They prepared a large fleet of ships and had many foot soldiers. They cut down the king's garden and orchard and burnt the hay that was provided for the king's stable. They killed those Persians that had wronged them. Therefore the governors of Syria and Cilicia made war on them. Tennes the king of Sidon, received from the king of Egypt, 4000 Greek soldiers under the command of Mentor of Rhodes. These combined with his forces and routed the Persians and drove them from all Phoenicia. (Diod. Sic. year 2. Olymp. 107.)

1652. The petty kings of the 9 cities of Cyprus who were subject to the king of Persia followed the example of the Phoenicians and agreed with each other to defect from the king. Each of these kings prepared for war and made himself absolute sovereign each in his own city. Artaxerxes Ochus ordered these kings to be subdued by Idricus. He recently became king of Caria and by long tradition of his ancestors was loyal to the kings of Persia and helped in their wars. He sent into Cyprus 40 ships containing 8000 mercenaries under the command of Phocyon the Athenian and of Euagoras who formerly had been a king there. These began by attacking the strongest city first and besieged Salamis. Many came to the battle from Syria and Cilicia which lay opposite Cyprus. They hoped to get much spoil from the battle. The army of Phocyon and Euagoras was twice as big as before. (Diod. Sic. year 2. Olymp. 107.)

1653. Artaxerxes Ochus mustered an army of 300,000 foot soldiers and 30,000 cavalry with 300 ships and 500 cargo ships to carry provisions. He left Babylon and went toward Phoenicia and the seaside. Mentor, whom the Sidonians had made commander over the Greek mercenaries, was frightened by his coming. He sent a man called Thessalion to Artaxerxes, offering first to betray all the Sidonians into his hands and later to help him conquer Egypt. When Thessalion had delivered his message and received the king's promise, he kissed his hand to seal the agreement. He returned to Mentor and told him of the king's promise. The Sidonians knew nothing of this. (Diod. Sic. year 2. Olymp. 107.)

1654. Meanwhile, Ochus sent his ambassadors into Greece their help against the Egyptians. The Athenians and Lacedemonians answered him, that they would keep the peace made with him, but were unable to help him at this time. However, Thebes sent him 1000 foot soldiers under the command of Lachetes. Argos also sent him 3000 men with no Greek appointed to be over them because the king wanted to have Nicostratus to command them. He was a high spirited man and he imitated Hercules by fighting with a lion's skin wrapped about him and carried a club in his hand. The Greeks who dwelt on the seacoast of Asia, sent him 6000 men. The total Greek forces were 10,000 men. Before they arrived, the king had advanced past Syria to Phoenicia and had pitched his camp not far from Sidon. (Diod. Sic. year 2. Olymp. 107.)

1655. Tennes the king of Sidon, joined with Mentor in his treason and assigned him to the guard of a certain quarter in the town and left him to manage the betrayal on that side. Tennes with 500 men went out of the city and pretended that he would go to the common meeting of Phoenicia. He had in his company 100 of the principal councillors of the city. He gave these to be butchered by Artaxerxes who were the authors of that defection from him. Shortly after 500 more of the chief of the Sidonians came to Artaxerxes to beg for mercy with olive branches in their hands. Artaxerxes had them all shot with arrows as he had done to the former group. He understood that according to Tennes the king that the city would be unconditionally surrendered to him. The Greeks which he bribed, opened the gates to let the king into the city and so betrayed the city to Artaxerxes. Once he was in, he saw that Tennes was of no further service to him and had his throat cut. (Diod. Sic. year 2. Olymp. 107.)

1656. The Sidonians had burned all their ships before the king came so that no one could escape by ship. When the city was taken, each man shut himself up in his own house with his wife and children and then set his house on fire. Over 40,000 perished in the fire. Mixed with cinders of the place was molten silver and gold. The king sold this for many talents. The rest of the cities in the area were terrified and surrendered to the king. (Diod. Sic. year 2. Olymp. 107.)

1657. From there the king went and captured Jericho. (Solinus c. 35.) He took many along with him from Judah to serve him in his war against Egypt. This we gather from Aristeas' book of the Septuagint Interpreters and also in the Epistle of Ptolemy Philadelphus to Eleasarus, it is said:

``that many of the Jews were carried away into Egypt by the Persians, while they bare the sway there.''

1658. This saying of his is to be referred to this time of Artaxerxes Ochus. Also that place in Justin, where he says, (l. 36. c. 3.) if there is any truth in either of them:

``that Xerxes was the first of the Persians that subdued the Jews''

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1659. While Salamis was besieged by Phocyon and Euagoras, all the rest of the cities submitted to the Persians. Only Protagoras king of Salamis held out against them. Euagoras wanted to be restored to his father's kingdom in Salamis. Some men treated him poorly and made accusations against him to the king. Euagoras saw that the king favoured Protagoras over him and gave up in his request to be restored to the kingdom. He went and cleared himself of all charges before the king. He did this so well that the king gave him a far better dynasty in Asia. At last Protagoras voluntarily submitted to the king and held the kingdom of Salamis peacefully after that. (Diodor. year 3 Olympiad 107.) This Euagoras of whom we now speak, it seems was the grandchild of another Euagoras who died 24 years before by his son Nicocles. For that Euagoras the elder, had a son Nicocles who succeeded him in the kingdom of Salamis. Another called Protagoras, appears from Isocrates. This younger Euagoras who succeeded Nicocles, seems to have been put from his kingdom by Protagoras who was his uncle. He received a better territory than Salamis from Ochus. But by his misdeeds there, he was forced to flee again into Cyprus. He was captured and executed as a malefactor according to Diodorus.

1660. Eusebus in Chron. shows that in this 3rd year of the 107th Olympiad, Ochus forced Nectanebus to flee into Ethiopia and took over all Egypt. He put an end to the kingdom of Egypt. This time was the period of Manetho's Commentaries concerning the history of Egypt and how Egypt was captured by Ochus. Diodorus in this year gives a long account of this.

1661. After Orchus destroyed Sidon, the auxiliary forces came to him from Argos, Thebes and the Greek cities in Asia. He united all his forces and he marched to the lake of Sirbonis. Most of his army perished in the bogs of Barathra because they had no guides. From there he marched to Pelusium at the first mouth of the Nile River. It was held by a garrison of 5000 men under Philophron. Here the Greeks encamped close to the city and the Persians camped 8 miles off. Ochus divided the Greeks into three brigades each of which was to have two commanders, one a Persian and the other a Greek. The first brigade, the Boeotians, were commanded by Lachertes a Theban and Rosaces a Persian, governor of Ionia and Lydia. The second one, the men of Argos, were commanded by Nicostratus a Greek and Aristazanes a Persian. The third brigade was under Mentor, who betrayed Sidon and Bagoas an eunuch of Persia. To each of these Greek brigades were added various companies and troops and sea captains with their squadrons of ships. On the other side, Nectanebus had in his army 20,000 auxiliary Greeks and as many to help him from Libya and 60,000 from his own country of Egypt who were called "Warriors". He had an exceeding large number of river boats, outfitted to fight in the river Nile if required. When he had supplied every place with reasonably sufficient garrisons, he with 30,000 Egyptians, 5000 Greeks and one half of his Libyans, defended the passages which lay most open and easiest for invasion.

1662. When things were thus ordered on both sides, Nicostratus who commanded the Argivians, obtained some Egyptian guides whose wives and children were kept as hostages by the Persians. With his pprtion of the ships, he crossed over one of the channels of the Nile that would be most out of sight from the Egyptians, When the closest garrisons of the Egyptians knew this, they sent to cut them off, over 7000 under Clinius who was from the Isle of Cos. In that encounter, the Greeks on the Persian side slew almost 5000 men on the other side along with their commander Clinius. When Nectanebus heard of this slaughter, he with his army he had about him retired to Memphis to secure that place. Meanwhile Lacrates, who commanded the first brigade of the Greeks, hurried to attack Pelusium. He drained away the water that ran around Pelusium by a ditch that he cut. He raised a mount on the very channel of the old river and there planted his batteries. The Greeks within courageously defended the place. However when they heard that Nectanebus had left the field and retired to Memphis, they sued for peace. Lacrates told them and bound it with an oath that when the town was surrendered, they with their belongings would be all sent to Greece. When they heard this they surrendered the town.

1663. Mentor who commanded the third brigade, saw that all the cities were manned with two nationalities, the Greeks and Egyptians. He spread a rumour that Artaxerxes planned to deal most graciously with those who willingly submitted to him. The rest would be treated like those in Sidon. Everywhere the Greeks and Egyptians strived to be the first to surrender their cities to the Persians. Bubastus was the first city to surrender to the Persians, followed by all the rest of the cities. They settled for the best terms they could.

1664. Meanwhile when Nectancbus was at Memphis, he heard how all the cities defected to the Persians. Despondent, he gathered all the treasure he could and fled to Ethiopia. (Diod. Sic. year 3. Olympiad. 107.) Others report, that he shaved his head and disguised his appearance. He went to Pelusium and from there sailed to Philip king of Macedonia at Pella. (see the Excerpta, Barbaro-Latina, published by Scaliger, p. 58. the Chronicle of Alexandria, or Fasti Siculi, published by Raderus, p. 393. Cedrenus in the Basile Edition, p. 124. and Glycas, p. 195. from Psendo-Callisthenes' fabulous history of the Deeds of Alexander.)

1665. When Artaxerxes Ochus had possessed all of Egypt, he dismantled all the fortifications of the main cities and destroyed their temples. He got an infinite amount of treasure. Moreover, he took away all their records from their most ancient temples. The priests bought these again by paying a great some of money to Bagoas the Eunuch. (Diod. Sic. year 3. Olympiad. 107.) Ochus also is said to have derided their ceremonies and their god, Apis. (Severus Suppicitsus in his sacred History, l. 2.) The Egyptians called him an ass for his poor behaviour and spirit. Therefore, he violently took their god Apis the bull and sacrificed him to an ass. (Elian. Varia. Histor. l. 4. c. 8.) Then he ordered his cooks to prepare the bull for dinner. (Suidas in Ochus.)

1666. After this Ochus rewarded his Greeks who helped him win this victory with wealth and honour, each man according to his deeds. He sent them all away to their own country. He left Pherendates as his viceroy in Egypt. After so great a conquest, he was covered with glory and loaded with spoils. He returned to Babylon with his army, (Diod. Sic. year 3 Olympiad 107.) where he also took many Jews as prisoners. He settled most of them in Hircania which bordered on the Caspian Sea. Georgius Syncellus, from Julius Africanus reports in this:

``Ochus the son of Artaxerxes, made a journey into Egypt. He led away some Jews as captives. He settled some of them in Hircania near the Caspian Sea and the rest in Babylon. There they continue to this day as many Greek writers report.''

1667. Hecataeus Abderia also, in his first book, De Judais, cited by Josephus, in his 1st book Contra Apionem, mentions many tens of thousands of Jews who were carried to Babylon. Later they were settled in Hircania. Paulus Orosins also writes: (l. 31. c. 7.)

``Ochus, who is also called Artaxerxes, after his great and long war in Egypt was ended, carried away many of the Jews. He commanded them to settle in Hircania near the Caspian Sea. Here they continue to this day and prosper and increase in population. It is thought that they will one day break out from there into some other quarter of the world.''

1668. This opinion seems to have no basis except of the passage in /APC 2Es 13:40-46 concerning the ten tribes who were carried away by Shalmaneser, of the Jews, of certain Hebrews shut up I know not where and of a river Sabbation. Petrus Treccensis in his scholastical history, (Esth. c. 5.) and from Vincentius Bellovacensis in his Specul. Histor. (l. 30. c. 89.) mentions these ten tribes. They were later closely confined in the Caspian Mountains. But these things do not agree with Josephus, whom he alleges for his author. Rather they agree with the writings of that false Gorion and Methodius and even with those fictitious accounts from the Mahometan's Koran, concerning Alexander.

3655 AM, 4365 JP, 349 BC

1669. Ochus rewarded Mentor of Rhodes with 100 talents in money and very rich furnishings for his house. He made Mentor governor over all the Asiatic shores with full and absolute power to suppress all rebellions which happened in those parts. This great grace and favour he used well. Previously Artabazus and Memnon made war against Ochus (See notes on 3648 AM and 3651 AM) and were driven from Asia. They fled to Philip king of Macedonia and lived with him. Philip secured pardons for Artabazus and Memnon from the king who sent for them both to come to him with all their families. Artabazus had by Mentor and Memnon's sister, 11 sons and 10 daughters. With so numerous a progeny, Mentor was exceedingly delighted and as each son grew up Mentor made them officers in the Army. (Diod. Sic. year 4. Olympiad 107.)

1670. Hermias, the archon of Atarne, was in rebellion against Ochus and had many strong cities and citadels under him. Mentor invited him to a peace conference and promised him that he would get him a pardon from the king. When Hermias came. Mentor captured him and took his signet ring. He sent letters in the name of Hermias that required the captains and garrisons everywhere in his dominion to surrender to the ones carrying these letters. This they did immediately. (Diod. Sic. year 4. Olympiad 107. and Polyanus Stratag. l. 6.) In like manner he did the same with all the other rebels of the king. Some he took by force and others by tricks. He brought them all under the king's subjection again. He periodically sent the king Greek mercenaries. He managed the government with great wisdom, valour and loyalty to the king. (Diod. Sic. year 3. and 4. Olymp. 107. and Demosthenes in his Oration, contra Aristocratem.)

1671. When Spartacus the king of Bosphorus Cimmerius was dead, his brother Parysades succeeded him in the kingdom and held it for 38 years. (Diod. Sic. year 4. of 107. Olympiad.)

3656 AM, 4366 JP, 348 BC

1672. In the 1st year of the 108th Olympiad, when Theophilus was archon in Athens, Plato died who was the philosopher and founder of the old academia. (Hermippus in Laertius, Dionysius Halicarnasseus, in his Epistle to Ammeus concerning Demosthenes and Atheneus l. 5. c. 13.) The saying of Numenius the Pythagorean as reported by Hesychius the Milesian, (in Numenius):

``Whatever Plato said concerning God and the world, he stole it all from the books of Moses.''

1673. Hence came that famous saying of his, reported by Hesychius and his follower Suidas. Even before them Clememens Alexandrinus (Stromat. 1.) said of him:

``for what is Plato, but Moses put into good Greek?''

1674. He says that Plato translated many things from the books of Moses and put them into his own writings. Aristobulus the Jew (See note on 3479 AM) said the same so that I shall not try to defend the authority of Justin Martyr, Clement of Alexandria, Ambrose, Theodoret, Johannes Philoponus, writing on the Hexameron and other Christians.

1675. After Plato died, Aristotle, who founded the sect of the Peripatetic Philosophers, travelled to Hermias the eunuch and ruler of Atarve, of whom I spoke in the previous year. He lived with him for 3 years, according to Laertius from Apollodorus' Chronicle and Dionysius in his previously cited Epistle to Ammeus. Strabo (l. 13.) tells us, that he lived at Assos, which was under the dominion of Hermias and Assos is mentioned in Ac 20:13. Aristotle was closely related to Hermias because he married Pythiades the adopted daughter of Hermias. She was either the natural daughter of Hermias' sister or brother. I know not if Aristotle the Peripatetic (as we find in Euseb. de Preparat. Evangel. lib. 15.) from the affection he had for Hermias married her after the death of Hermias. While he remained in Asia, he met a Jew who was a man of great learning and temperance. He came from upper Asia to the seaside. There he talked in Greek with Aristotle and any others who wanted to hear him. (Clearchus of Solos a principal scholar of Aristotle, as cited by Josephus, l. 1. contra Apionem., in his 1st book "de Somno." i.e. "of sleep.") So that perhaps to this Jew it is that the Peripatetic sect of philosophers owe so many of their good sayings. They follow closely the words of Moses and the prophets as our Clement of Alexandria affirms from Aristobulus. (l. 5. Strom.)

3658 AM, 4368 JP, 346 BC

1676. Satyrus, the ruler of Heraclea in Pontus turned over the government to Timotheus, the oldest son of his brother Clearchus. Shortly after this, Satyrus was striken with a most grievous and incurable disease. A cancer grew in his groin which never stopped growing inward until he died at the age of 65 years. He ruled Heraclea for 7 years. (Meknon in Excerpt. c. 3. ) Timotheus took his younger brother Dionysius into the government and appointed him to be his successor in case he should die. (Meknon in Excerpt. c. 4.)

3659 AM, 4369 JP, 345 BC

1677. Memnon of Rhodes, a Persian commander mentioned earlier, sent for Hermias the eunuch and ruler of Atarne. He came suspecting nothing for he was invited as a friend. Memnon seized him and sent him as a prisoner to the king who hanged him. The philosophers, Aristotle and Xenocrates, a Chalcedonian who was born in Bithynia were with Hermias. They got away and escaped from the Persian territories. (Strabo. l. 13.) When Aristotle had lived with Hermias 3 years he went to Mytilene when Eubulus was archon at Athens, in year 4. of the Olymp. 108. (According to Laertius from Apollodorus' Chronicles and also Dionys. Halicarnas. in his Epistle to Ammaeus mentioned previously.) There is also extant in Laertius an Epigram of Aristotles, on a statue of Hermias at Delphi:

``Him did the king of Persia stay Contrary to Jove's law or reason, Not by force or bloody fray, But by a friend's detested treason.''

1678. Therefore I thought it fit to insert this here that no man might think that Aristotle was in anyway party to his death. This they might incorrectly think based on those words of Tertullian where he says that Aristotle made his friend Hermias to leave his place in shame.

3660 AM, 4370 JP, 344 BC

1679. Idrieus, Prince of Caria died. His enormous wealth is noted by Isocrates (Oration to Philip of Macedonia). His wife Ada who was his sister, succeeded him and ruled for 4 years. (Strabo, l. 14. Diod. Sic. year 1. Olymp.) In Asia it was common after the time of Semiramis, for wives to succeed their husband's in their kingdoms. (Aria in Exped. Ales. l. 1. p. 24.)

3664 AM, 4374 JP, 340 BC

1680. Pexodarus the youngest son of Hecaromnus, expelled his sister Ada and ruled for 5 years. (Diod. Sic. year 4. Olymp. 109.) He left her the revenues from only the town of Alinda to live on.

1681. Pexodarus sent for Orontobates a Persian lord, to make him his consort in the government of Caria. He gave him his daughter Ada for a wife. (Aria. l. 1. Strabo l. 14.)

1682. Philip king of Macedonia and his army of 30,000 men besieged Perinthus, a town in Thracia that was on the Propontus. They were well equipped with battering rams and other devices and they constantly tried to destroy the walls so the inhabitants had no time for rest or respite. The king of Persia was becoming alarmed by Philip's success. He ordered his commanders and governors in Asia to send to relieve Perinthus. They were to send all they could which they did. (Diod. Sic. year 4. Olymp. 109.) This was the main reason Alexander gave in a letter to Darius why he invaded Asia. (Aria. l. 1. p. 41.)

3666c AM, 4376 JP, 338 BC

1683. When Artaxerxes Ochus had reigned for 23 years, he became sick. Bagoas was the eunuch and chief man under him as chiliarch of the kingdom. Bagoas gave him poison to kill him. Artaxerxes' physician helped Bagoas do this. (Diod. Sic. year 3. Olymp. 104. and year 2. Olymp. 111., Severin Sulpitiscs. Histor. Sacra l. 2.) Bagoas was an Egyptian and so hated Ochus for killing their god Apis that he revenged that sacrilege (as Sulpitius speaks) done to his nation by killing the king. He cut his flesh into gibbets and threw it to the cats to eat. I do no know what he put into the coffin in place of his flesh. From his thigh bones he made belts and handles for swords and by this represented his propensity to blood and slaughter. (Elian. Varia. Histor. l. 6. c. 8.) When Artaxerxes was dead, Bagoas was the most powerful man in the kingdom. He made Artaxerxes' youngest son Arsen the king and executed all his brothers. The young king would have no one left to help him and would be forced to depend on Bagoas all the more. (Diod. Sic. year 3. Olymp. 107. and year 2. Olymp. 111.)

1684. Timotheus the tyrant of Heraclea in Pontus, died 15 years after his father Clearchus. (Diod. Sic. year 3. Olymp. 110.) For his great kindness, he was not called any more a tyrant, but a gracious lord and saviour. His body was honourably interred by his brother and successor Dionysius. All sorts of justs, tiltings and wrestlings were done. Some were performed then as time permitted and some later which were done with greater pomp and magnificence than the former ones. (Memnon in Excerpt. c. 4.)

3667 AM, 4377 JP, 337 BC

1685. At the general assembly of all Greece at Corinth, Philip king of Macedonia, was made general of all the Greek forces. He had absolute power over them to make war against the king of Persia. Presently, he started to make many preparations for the war. He assessed the number of soldiers to be levied from every city and then returned into Macedonia. (Diod. Sic. year 4. Olymp. 110.)

3668c AM, 4378 JP, 336 BC

1686. The next spring, Philip sent three of his captains into Asia, Parmenio, Amyntas and Attalus, with part of his army. They were to plunder the king's countries and to liberate the Greek cities. (Justin. l. 9. c. 5. Diod. year 1. Olymp. 111.)

1687. When Bagoas the eunuch knew that Arsen plotted revenge against him, he killed Arsen and all his children in the 3rd year of his reign. When the king's family was utterly destroyed, he set up Darius, a his friend and the son of Arsamis who was a brother to Artaxerxes. Darius claimed the crown as next of kin. (Diod. Sic. l. 17. year 2. Olympiad 111.) However Justin (l. 10. c. 3.) speaks of him in this manner:

``Codomannus, in regard for his outstanding virtue, was made king by the people and the name of Darius was given him for majesty's sake.''

1688. Alexander the Great, in Q. Curtius, (l. 6. c. 4.) uses these words:

``For Darius did not come to the crown by succession but by the mere procurement and favour of Bagoas the Eunuch.'',

1689. Again in a letter Alexander sent to Darius, (Arianus (l. 2. p. 41.) he charges him:

``As a murderer Bagoas had Darius made king. Darius got that kingdom wrongfully and not according to the laws of the Persians but by great injustice.'':

1690. Strabo says: (l. 15.)

``When Bagoas had murdered Arsen, he set up Darius who was not of the king's blood in his place.''

1691. Lastly, Plutarch in his first book, "of the fortune of Alexander", introduces him as speaking to Fortune in this manner: (for so it should be, in his printed copies)

``Darius who was a slave and a courier of the kings, thou (Bagoas) madest king of the Persians:''

1692. Also Hesychius tells us in his Lexicon: "Astandes", means "carrier" Suidas states:

``"Astandae" and "Angati", in the Persian language, are those who carry letters from post-house to post-house until they come to the place of their destination.''

1693. So Darius was one of them who in Es 8:14 are called ~ykrtfta and as ajatdud. In Elian it is written for augaidud so for dulhd. We are there to read dild, from the same place in Plutarch.

1694. Bagoas planned to poison Darius also. When the plot was discovered, Darius sent for him. When he came, he was ordered to drink of it. When he refused, Darius had it poured down his throat. (Diod. Sic. year 2. Olympiad 111.) He told the people that he had killed him in self-defence. (Q. Curtius l. 6. c. 6.)

3668d AM, 4378 JP, 336 BC

1695. When Philip was yet living, Darius planned to attack him in Macedonia. (Diod. Sic. l. 17.)

1696. Sanballat, a Cuthaean, from whom the Samaritans had their beginning, was made governor of Samaria by Darius. He gave his daughter in marriage to Nicasus the son of Manasses brother to Jaddus the high priest at Jerusalem. He hoped by this marriage to be held in better esteem with the Jews. (Joseph. Antiq. l. 11. c. 7.)

1697. Philip, king of Macedonia was celebrating the marriage of his daughter Cleopatra with Alexander the king of Epeirus at Egaeas. He was murdered by Pausanias, the son of Cerastes, of Orestis, a place in Macedonia. (Diod. Sic. year 1. Olymp. 111. Justin l. 9. c. 6. Joseph. l. 11. c. 8.) Alexander in his letter to Darius stated that his father was murdered by assassins hired by Darius and paid with a huge sum of money. (Q. Curtius l. 4. c. 1., in Arria. l. 2. p. 41.)

1698. A little before Philip was killed, Neoptolemus a tragedian is reported by Diod. (l. 6.) to have sung an ominous song before him. This very song was later sung before Caligula the emperor on the very day when he was murdered, according to Suetonins in his life reports.

``Muester, the actor sung and acted that very song which before Neoptolemus the actor did in a play when Philip, the king of Macedonia, was killed:''

1699. Josephus did not understand this part of the Roman history too well. (l. 19. Antiq. c. 1.) Later he had spoken of Muester and the song which he sang. Rusinus translates it thus in Latin and I to this effect in English saying:

``The actor danced the fable of Cynuras in which both Cinyras and his daughter Marrha were killed.''

1700. Josephus draws from this that they were both killed on the same day.

``It is known that the murder of Caligula happened on the same day as Philip, the son of Amyuntas king of Macedonia was slain by one of his friends called Pausanias as he was going into the theatre.''

1701. So some men place both these murders on January 24th. However the time of Philip's death is best known by the time when Alexander succeeded him in his kingdom.

1702. After the death of Philip, Pythodemus, as Arrian or Pythodorus, (Diod. Sic. year 1. Olympiad 111,) calls him, was archon in Athens. Alexander succeeded his father at age 20. (Plutarch and from Trogus, Justin) Although Arianus, in the beginning of his History of Alexander says that he was about 20 years old when, after his father's death, he journeyed into Peloponesus. This may lend some doubt to him being 20 years old. Nothing is said of how long the interval was between his father's death and his journey there. The exact age is determined from the time of his death as mentioned at the end of the same history. It is said that he lived 32 years, 8 months. Of that time, he reigned 12 years and 8 months. Subtracting 12 years and 8 months from of the total age gives a result of exactly 20 years to the month. It appears that Philip died at the end of the Macedonian month Daesis. (I shall in due time publish these.) I therefore gather that Alexander began his reign about the 8th month before the 1st of the month Dii. Hence Philip was murdered about the 24th of September in which month of ours the month Dii begins. This I have documented in my discourse on the solar year of the Macedonians and Afiaticks. It was not the 24th of December.

3669 AM, 4379 JP, 335 BC

1703. Alexander came to Peloponese and followed his father's example. He summoned all the cities of Greece to Corinth. He was by the general vote of all the Greeks there except the Lacedemonians, made general in his father's place to go against the Persians. (Justin l. 11. c. 2. Diodorus l. 17. Arrian l. 1. p. 1.)

1704. He returned from there into Macedonia, in the very beginning of the next spring. He went through Thrace and attacked the Illyrians and the Thribulli. (Arrian. l. 1.) In a battle on the bank of the Danow, he defeated Syrmus, the king of the Triballi. (Plut. in Alex.) Meanwhile, he had news that the Athenians, Lacedemonians and Thebans, were defecting to the king of Persia. The instigator of this was Demosthenes the orator who had been bribed with a vast sum of money from the Persians. He made a speech and assured them that Alexander with all his forces were defeated by the king of the Triballi. (Justin. l. 11. c. 2. with Eschines in his Oration cont. Ctesiphontem.) Further, the Athenians by certain of their officials sent Demosthenes' letter to the Athenian captains in Alexander's army. They asked Attalus, one of the 3 captains sent by Philip into Asia to revolt from Alexander. Like the other Greeks, they revoked their order making Alexander the general of the Greek forces. (Diod. Sic. year 2. Olymp. 111. with Demosth. his Oration for Ctesiphon.)

3669d AM, 4379 JP, 335 BC

1705. Memnon the commander from Rhodes, was sent into Phrygia with 5000 soldiers. After passing by the hill Ida, he suddenly attacked the city of Cyzycum. He was unable to defeat it but wasted their territories and returned loaded with a vast amount of spoil from there. (Diod. Sic. year 2. Olymp. 111.)

1706. When Pexodarus was dead, his son-in-law, Orontobates succeeded him in the kingdom of Caria by the authority of the Persian king. (Strabo. l. 14 Arrian. l. 1. p. 24.)

1707. When Alexander had conquered those barbarous people he returned to Greece. The country was all in a turmoil. On his way, he befriended the Thessalonians and journeyed through the pass of Thermopylae. He won the Ambracia to him by his kindness. He and his army went into Boeotia and camped before Cadmaea, which was held by a garrison of Macedonians. The Atheninas sent their officials to ask his pardon which he gave them. However, Thebes refused his pardon when he offered it. Therefore he besieged the city. (Diod. Sic. year 2. Olymp. 111., Plut. in Alexan.)

1708. He sent Hecateus with an army into Asia to capture Attalus. Attalus sent the letter which he had received from Demosthenes to Alexander, with a very detailed excuse and justification for his actions. Nevertheless Hecataeus followed his commission and captured him. He sent him packing into another world. So the Asian Macedonian army had peace and the rebellions ceased. (Diod. Sic. year 2. Olymp. 111.)

1709. Parmenio, who was always loyal to Alexander, took Grinium by force and sold all its townsmen for slaves. From there he went and besieged Pitane. When Memnon approached, he so frightened the Macedonians that they lifted their siege. (Diod. Sic. year 2. Olymp. 111.)

1710. Callas, with a Macedonian army and other mercenaries, fought with the Persians in the country of Troas. His small forces defeated the Persians and forced them to retire to Rheteum. (Diod. Sic. year 2. Olymp. 111.)

3670a AM, 4379 JP, 335 BC

1711. Alexander laid Thebes in Boeotia level with the ground, (Diod. year 2. Olymp. 111.) in October which was the time when the "Mysteries" were kept in Athens. They did not observe that holy solemnity that year because of what happened. (Plut. in Alexan. and Arrian. l. 1.) 90,000 men in Thebes were killed and 30,000 were sold for slaves. All went to ruin except only the houses of the priests, his father Philip's friends and Pindarus the poet. (Elian. Varia. Histor. l. 13. c. 7.)

1712. Alexander at a common council of Greece was chosen general a second time to go against the Persians. Alexander went to visit Diogenes the philosopher. (Plut. in Alexan.)

3670b AM, 4380 JP, 334 BC

1713. When he returned to Dios a town in Macedonia, (Arrian. l. 1. p. 11.) all his thoughts were upon the conquest of Asia. In his sleep the likeness of the High Priest of Jerusalem appeared to him, who bade him be courageous and bold. He was to quickly enter Asia with his army and that he would conduct his armies in the conquest of the Persian Empire. (Josephus, Antiquit. l. 11. c. 8. s. 5.)

3670c AM, 4380 JP, 334 BC

1714. Therefore in the very beginning of the spring, Alexander left his own home and after a 20 day march, he came to Sestus. From there his army crossed over into Asia. (Arrian. l. 1.) (Euaenetus was then the archon at Athens.) This was 11 years before he died according to Clement of Alexandria as he notes from the most ancient chronologies. (l.1. Strom.) That is, this was the 3rd month before Ctesicles came to be archon in Athens. In which time, Diod. Sic. places his trip into Asia in the 3rd year of his reign. Zosimus follows Diod. Sic. without noting his error. (l. 1. Histor.) It was in the second year of his reign, year 2, Olymp. 111.

1715. He left Antipater behind in Europe with 12,000 foot soldiers and 11,500 cavalry to tend to matters there. Alexander with 60 ships sailed to Troas, (Diod. year 2. Olymp. 111.) but ordered Patmenion to transport the largest part of his foot soldiers and cavalry from Sestus to Abidus. This he did with the help of 160 ships and a number of cargo ships. (Arrian. l. 1.)

1716. Even those who were present do not agree on how many men Alexander took into Asia. In (Polybius l. 12. c. 663. in fi.) Calisthenes states he had 4500 cavalry and 30,000 foot soldiers. In Plutarch, in his discourse of Alexander's fortune, Aristobulus is alleged to say that he had 30,000 foot soldiers and 4000 cavalry. Ptolemy the son of Lagus and later king of Egypt says there were 30,000 foot soldiers and 5000 cavalry. Anaximenos of Lampsacus says there were 40,000 foot soldiers and 5500 cavalry. Livi (l. 9.) agrees with Aristobulus and says there were 4000 cavalry. Diodorus, (l. 17.) Justin (l. 11 c. 6.) and Orosius, (l. 3. c. 16.) agree with Calisthenes that there were 4500 cavalry. Although (Arrian. l. 1.) says, that he had more than 5000 cavalry. Diodorus has a total of 5100 when you sum his numbers. In the number of foot soldiers he says there were 30,000 and agrees with Calisthenes, Aristobulus and Ptolemy. Livi says there were more than 30,000 foot soldiers. Arrian says that there were not many more than 30,000 soldiers. Justinus and Oronus make it to be 32,000. Concerning the number of 40,000 foot soldiers which Calisthenes and Anaximenes mention, Julius Frontinus assigns to his whole army in this way.

``Alexander of Macedonia, with 40,000 men, all veteran soldiers, trained under his father Philip attacked the whole world and slew an infinite number of his enemies.'' (Frontin. Stratag. l. 4. c. 2.)

1717. To pay his army, Aristobulus says Alexander took only 70 talents of money. Duris says he had only 30 days' of provisions. Sicritus adds, that he went in debt 200 talents to pay for his army. (Plutarch in his life and in his book of the fortune of Alexander.)

1718. As soon as he landed on the Continent, Alexander was the first of all of them to throw a spear on shore. This signified his taking possession of all Asia. He leaped on shore and danced about in his armour. He offered sacrifice and besought the gods:

``that those lands might willingly receive him for their king:''

1719. Then he went and sacrificed to the ghost of Achilles, from whom he was descended on his mother's side and to Ajax and other Greek heros who died in the war of Troy. (Diodor. Justin, Arrian) He commended the very good fortune of Achilles in two points. First he had so true a friend about him as Patroclus. Secondly, he had a man like Homer to sing his praises. (Plut. in Alex. Cic. pro. Archia Poeta. and Arrian. l. 1.)

1720. When he came into Ilium, he sacrificed to Pallas of Troy. He hung his own arms in her temple and took from there in place of them, some other arms from the chancel. They were there from the time of the of the Trojan war. (Diodor. Arrian.) Among the other relics they showed the lute of Paris. Alexander said, he would have thanked them if they could have showed him the lute of Achilles by which he had sung the praises of famous men. (Plut. in Alex. Elia. Variar. Hist. l. 9. c. 38.)

1721. From Ilium he went to Arisbe to join his whole army that had crossed over by sea. The next day he passed by Percota and Lampsacus. He camped at the Prosactium River. (Arrian. l. 1.) He planned to utterly destroy Lampsacus and its inhabitants for he thought they had or were planning to defect to the Persians. He saw Anaximines the historian, a man very well known to him and to his father, coming to meet him. He guessed his errand and swore first saying:

``whatever he desired of him, that he would not do.''

1722. Then Anaximines replied:

``Sir, I beseech you to destroy Lampsacus.''

1723. Alexander was caught in his own net by the wit of the man. Though much against his will, he went his way and spared the place. (Valer. Max. l. 7. c. 3. Pausan. in his Eliaca. l. 2. Snidas, in the word, Anaximenes.)

1724. After much difficulty and danger, Alexander crossed the Granion River in Phrygia and planned a battle with the Persians in the plain of Adrastia. Justinus and Orosius say the Persians had 600,000 foot soldiers and 20,000 cavalry. Arrian some what improbably adds that besides the mercenaries there were less than 20,000 foot soldiers. Diodorus is more cautious and says, that the Persian cavalry was more than 10,000 and the army was under 100,000 men. 20,000 Persian foot soldiers and 2500 cavalry died in the battle according to Plutarch. Diodorus reports that they lost 10,000 foot soldiers and no less than 2000 cavalry and had more than 20,000 taken prisoner. Arrian' account states that the Persian cavalry lost 1000 men and their foreign mercenaries were almost all killed. 2000 were taken prisoner. Orosius' account is quite fantastic when he says there were 400,000 slain. (l. 4. c. 1.)

1725. In this fight Alexander who wore that armour which he had taken from the temple of Palas at Ilium, had his head piece cut in pieces to his very hair. Plutarch from Aristobulus states he lost 25 cavalry and 9 foot soldiers. However, Justin and Orosius say that 120 cavalry and 9 foot soldiers died. According to Arrian, Alexander lost about 25 men in total who were all Macedonians. Lysippus made brass statues of them. Others say that he lost 60 cavalry and 30 foot soldiers. The next day, Alexander had these men buried with all funeral rights. This great and memorable victory opened the way to the empire of all Asia. It happened in the month Daesius with the Macedonians and on the 6th of Thargehon with the Athenians or Sunday, May 20th 334 BC in year 2 of the Olympiad 111. This we have discussed in detail in our discourse on the Macedonian and Asiatic Solar year. (c. 1. pg. 4, 5, 11.)

1726. When Alexander had rested his army, he marched forward through Lydia and came to Sardis. The city with all it provisions and treasures, was voluntarily surrendered to him by Mithrinnes, or Mithrenes, its governor. (Diodorus, Arrian.)

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1727. He went to Ephesus and replaced the oligarchy with a democratic government. He assigned all the tributes which were formerly paid to Darius, to Diana. The Ephesians cried out for justice against those who had robbed the temple of Diana. They demolished the statue of Philip which was set up there. They took Syrphaces, his son, Pelagon his son and the children of the brother of Syrphaces and stoned them to death. (Arrian. l. 1.) Moreover they enlarged and beautified the temple itself which was burned down by Erostratus on the night when Alexander was born. They appointed Dimocrates the architect to oversee the work. Alexander later used him to build Alexandria in Egypt. (Julius Solinus, c. 40) Artemidorus mentions (Strabo l. 14.) that Alexander promised to pay for the construction of the temple if the Ephesians would allow him to take the credit as the builder of the work, but they refused.

1728. While Alexander stayed at Ephesus, ambassadors came to him from Magnesia and Tralles and surrendered their cities to him. He sent to meet them, Parmenion with 2500 foreign foot solders and 2500 of his Macedonian troops, with 200 cavalry from his auxiliaries. He sent also Alcimalus the son of Agathocles, to the cities of Eolia and Ionia, which were held before by the Persians with about the same number of troops as he had sent with Parmenion. Everywhere, he abolished the oligarchies in their cities and set up democratic governments. He gave them permission to live according to their own laws and abolished the tribute they paid to the Persians. (Arrian. l. 1.)

1729. He stayed at Ephesus and sacrificed to Diana. With his whole army in battle array, he went in a procession to her. The next day he went to Miletus with the rest of his foot soldiers, archers, agrians, the cavalry from Thrace and aides of his confederates and his own troops. (Arrian. l. 1.) There the Persians who escaped from the fight at Granicum had fled with their general Memnon. (Diodor.) 3 days before they arrived, Alexander had sent Nicanor with 160 ships to capture of the isle of Lada, opposite Miletus. He held it with 4000 men from Thrace and other nations so that when the Persian fleet of 400 ships came there, they could not get to the mount of Micale. (Arrian. l. 1.)

1730. Alexander besieged Miletus by land and sea and battered their walls. They finally surrendered to him. The 300 Greek mercenaries had fled from there to a nearby little island. Alexander took and enlisted them among his own troops. He gave the Milesians their freedom and all the non-Greeks there he either killed or sold for slaves. (Diod. Sic. year 3. Olymp. 111. Arrian. l. 1.)

3671 AM, 4381 JP, 333 BC

1731. Alexander dismissed his fleet of 160 ships (182 ships according to Justin. l. 11. c. 6. s). He retained 20 Athenian ships to carry his battering rams with. (Justin. l. 11. c. 6. s)

1732. Memnon of Rhodes, sent his wife and children to Darius, as a pledge of his loyalty and was made general of all his army. (Diod. Sic. year 3. Olymp. 111.)

1733. Alexander marched with his army into Caria. Everywhere he went, he proclaimed liberty to all the Greek cities. He said they could live by their own laws and be free from Persian tribute. He made it clear that this war was to liberate of the Greeks from Persian rule. (Diod. Sic. year 3. Olymp. 111.)

1734. While he was on his way, Ada met him. She had been expelled by her brother Pexodarus from the kingdom of Caria. She surrendered her city Abinda which was the strongest place in all Caria. She desired to be restored to her grandfather's kingdom and promised further to help him take the rest of the forts and cities of that country. These she said were in the power of her close friends. She adopted Alexander for her son. In return he gave her the town of Abinda and he proclaimed her queen of Caria. He bid her claim Caria and did not refuse to be called her son. Whereupon all the cities of Caria sent their officials to him. They gave him crowns of gold and offered him their service in whatever he would ask them to do. (Diod. Sic. year 3. Olymp. 111. Strabo, l. 14. Arrian. l. 1. Plut. in Alexander.)

1735. Orontobates a Persian, held Halicarnassus a city of Caria, ever since the days of his father-in-law, Pexodarus. Memnon of Rhodes the Persian general, had joined him with all his forces. Alexander encamped before its walls and began to assault and batter it very intensely. Ephialtes an Athenian, behaved valiantly in the defence of the city. When he and others were slain at the breaches in the wall, then Memnon and the Persian princes and captains placed a strong garrison of their best soldiers in the citadel. They then sailed with the rest of the people and all their belongings to the Isle of Cos near to Rhodes. When they were gone, Alexander cast a trench and built a strong wall on it around the citadel. He razed the city to the ground. He left garrisons there and in other parts of Caria. He placed Ptolemy over 3000 foreign soldiers and 200 cavalry. He left the government of that whole country of Caria to his adopted mother, Ada. (Diod. Sic. year 3. Olympiad 111. Arrian. l. 1.)

1736. Alexander gave his Macedonians who had married wives shortly before they started on this journey, leave to go and spend their winter months with them. They could leave Caria to rejoin their wives. He appointed Ptolemy the son of Seleucus who was one of his captains, to be their commander. He sent with him Caenus the son of Polemocrates and Meleager the son of Neoptolemus who were recently married. He ordered them that when they returned they should bring all the newly married troops to him and with them as many cavalry and foot soldiers as possible from the country where they wintered. (Arrian. l. 1. and Q. Curtius in the beginning of his 3rd book.)

1737. Alexander sent Parmenion to Sardis and made him commander over all the cavalry of his confederates. He ordered him to take with him all the Thessalian cavalry and auxiliaries and all carts that he could make. They were to go ahead of him as far as Sardis, while he went to Lycia and Pamphylia. He took all the sea towns so that the navy of the enemy would be useless to them. On his way, he captured a very strong town called Hyparna on his first attack. He allowed the mercenary soldiers to depart in safety. From there he marched into Lycia. The city Telmessus conditionally surrendered to him. When he crossed the Xanthus River, the cities of Pinara, Xanthus, Patara and 30 smaller towns surrendered to him. (Arrian. l. 1.)

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