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1731. Alexander dismissed his fleet of 160 ships (182 ships according to Justin. l. 11. c. 6. s). He retained 20 Athenian ships to carry his battering rams with. (Justin. l. 11. c. 6. s)
1732. Memnon of Rhodes, sent his wife and children to Darius, as a pledge of his loyalty and was made general of all his army. (Diod. Sic. year 3. Olymp. 111.)
1733. Alexander marched with his army into Caria. Everywhere he went, he proclaimed liberty to all the Greek cities. He said they could live by their own laws and be free from Persian tribute. He made it clear that this war was to liberate of the Greeks from Persian rule. (Diod. Sic. year 3. Olymp. 111.)
1734. While he was on his way, Ada met him. She had been expelled by her brother Pexodarus from the kingdom of Caria. She surrendered her city Abinda which was the strongest place in all Caria. She desired to be restored to her grandfather's kingdom and promised further to help him take the rest of the forts and cities of that country. These she said were in the power of her close friends. She adopted Alexander for her son. In return he gave her the town of Abinda and he proclaimed her queen of Caria. He bid her claim Caria and did not refuse to be called her son. Whereupon all the cities of Caria sent their officials to him. They gave him crowns of gold and offered him their service in whatever he would ask them to do. (Diod. Sic. year 3. Olymp. 111. Strabo, l. 14. Arrian. l. 1. Plut. in Alexander.)
1735. Orontobates a Persian, held Halicarnassus a city of Caria, ever since the days of his father-in-law, Pexodarus. Memnon of Rhodes the Persian general, had joined him with all his forces. Alexander encamped before its walls and began to assault and batter it very intensely. Ephialtes an Athenian, behaved valiantly in the defence of the city. When he and others were slain at the breaches in the wall, then Memnon and the Persian princes and captains placed a strong garrison of their best soldiers in the citadel. They then sailed with the rest of the people and all their belongings to the Isle of Cos near to Rhodes. When they were gone, Alexander cast a trench and built a strong wall on it around the citadel. He razed the city to the ground. He left garrisons there and in other parts of Caria. He placed Ptolemy over 3000 foreign soldiers and 200 cavalry. He left the government of that whole country of Caria to his adopted mother, Ada. (Diod. Sic. year 3. Olympiad 111. Arrian. l. 1.)
1736. Alexander gave his Macedonians who had married wives shortly before they started on this journey, leave to go and spend their winter months with them. They could leave Caria to rejoin their wives. He appointed Ptolemy the son of Seleucus who was one of his captains, to be their commander. He sent with him Caenus the son of Polemocrates and Meleager the son of Neoptolemus who were recently married. He ordered them that when they returned they should bring all the newly married troops to him and with them as many cavalry and foot soldiers as possible from the country where they wintered. (Arrian. l. 1. and Q. Curtius in the beginning of his 3rd book.)
1737. Alexander sent Parmenion to Sardis and made him commander over all the cavalry of his confederates. He ordered him to take with him all the Thessalian cavalry and auxiliaries and all carts that he could make. They were to go ahead of him as far as Sardis, while he went to Lycia and Pamphylia. He took all the sea towns so that the navy of the enemy would be useless to them. On his way, he captured a very strong town called Hyparna on his first attack. He allowed the mercenary soldiers to depart in safety. From there he marched into Lycia. The city Telmessus conditionally surrendered to him. When he crossed the Xanthus River, the cities of Pinara, Xanthus, Patara and 30 smaller towns surrendered to him. (Arrian. l. 1.)
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1738. In the middle of winter, Alexander went to Myliada in Greater Phrygia and made a league with the ambassador who came to him from Phaselis and the lower Lycia. They surrendered all their cities into his hands. A short time later, Alexander went to Phaselis and razed a strong fort which the Pisidians had built to harass the inhabitants of Phaselis with. (Arran. l. 1.)
1739. While Alexander was near Phaselis, he received a rumour that Alexander Aeropus whom he had made commander of the Thessalian cavalry intended to kill him. However he and his two brothers Heromenes and Arrobaeus were suspected to be involved in Alexander's father, Philip's death. For Darius received letters from Alexander Aeropus by Amyntas who fled to him. Darius sent Asisines, a Persian, to the sea side under the pretence of having a message for Atysies the governor of Phrygia. The real purpose was to assure Alexander Aeropus that if he killed Alexander, the kingdom of Macedon would be his and Darius would give him 1000 talents of money besides. However Asisnes was intercepted by Pharmenion and put to the rack. He confessed all and he was sent away heavily guarded to Alexander. Alexander looked carefully into the matter and sent Amphoterus to Pharmenion with secret instructions to seize Aeropus and put him in prison. (Arran. l. 1.) It was to this matter that Alexander wrote in his letter to Darius. According to Q. Curtis, (l. 4. c. 1.) he said:
``When you have forces of your own, yet you go to sell your enemies' heads since you who were recently the king of so great an army would hire a man to take away my life with 1000 talents,'' (Just. l. 11. c. 7.)
1740. Alexander left Phaselis with his army and travelled along the coast to Pergae. From there he came to Aspendus and besieged it. Although the city was situated on a high and rugged mountain, it surrendered to him. He next went into Pindia and tried unsuccessfully to take the city of Telmislus. Instead he made a league with the Selgians who were enemies to the Telmissians. He took Salagassa by force and killed about 500 Pisidians. He lost his captain Cleander with about 20 of his own men. From there he went to capture the other cities of Pisidia. Some of their stronger places he took in by force and others surrendered conditionally. After this he came into Phrygia to the marsh lands of Ascania. After his 5th camp, he arrived at Celenae. (Arrian. l. 1.)
1741. The citadel of Celenae was held by the Persian commander with a garrison of 1000 Carians and 100 Greek mercenaries. After a 60 day's truce, (in which the commander expected relief from Darius), he surrendered to Alexander. (Arrian. l. 1. and Curtius, l. 3. c. 1.)
1742. Alexander left a garrison of 1500 in Celenae. After he had stayed there 10 days, he made Antigonus the son of Philippus, governor of Phrygia. He made Balacrus the son of Amyntas the commander of the auxiliaries in his place. Alexander marched to Gordium. He sent a letter to Parmenion that he should not sail to meet him at Gordium. (Arrian., l. 1.)
1743. Parmenion with his army and the Macedonians which had leave to be with their new wives, came to Gordium. The army he had recently raised was under the command of Ptolemy, Caenus and Meleager. That army consisted of 1000 Macedonians foot soldiers and 300 cavalry. 200 Thessalian cavalry and 150 cavalry from Elis led by Alcias who was from the same country. (Arrian. l. 1.)
1744. Darius made Memnon admiral of his fleet and chief commander of all the seacoast. Memnon planned to carry the war from Asia into Macedonia and Greece. He outfitted a navy of 300 ships and captured the isle of Chios and the rest of the cities and places in Lesbos except Mitylene. (Diod. year 4. Olymp. 111. with Arrian. l. 2. in prim.)
1745. The elders of Jerusalem were offended that Manasseh the brother of Jaddua, the high priest, had married a foreign wife contrary to the law. They demanded that he either divorce her or give up his priestly office. Hereupon Jaddua was forced to forbid him to serve at the altar. Manasseh went to tell Sanballat his father-in-law that he loved his daughter very much but did not want to loose his priesthood for her sake. This was an honour belonging to him by his birthright and it was very highly esteemed by the Jews. Sanballat replied that if Manasseh would not divorce his wife, he would help him stay in the priesthood and make him a high priest and prince of all his own province and build a temple on the hill overlooking Samaria for him. The temple would be at least as good as the one in Jerusalem. Sanballat would do all this by the authority of Darius the king. Manasseh was encouraged by these promises and stayed with his father-in-law. He hoped to get the priesthood as a gift and by the authority of Darius. Hereupon all the priests and other Israelites who had married foreign wives resorted to him. Sanballat furnished them with money and lands to farm. He promoted the ambition of his son-in-law as much as possible. (Josephus l. 11. Antiq. c. 8. s. 2.)
1746. Alexander undid the Gordian knot. He either pulled out the peg or pin in the beam according to Arrian or he cut it in pieces with his sword, as others state. (Plutarch in Alexander. Arrian, l. 2. Curtius, l. 3. Justin, l. 11. c. 7.)
1747. Alexander departed from Gordium in Phrygia and went to Ancyra, a city in Galatia. Ambassadors from Paphlagonia came to him and made a league with him and surrendered their country to him. He appointed Calas, a prince of Phrygia to be their new governor. When he had received the new troops from Macedonia, he marched into Cappadocia. He subdued all the country on this side the river Halys and some part of the other side. (Arrian. l. 1. with Curtius l. 3. c. 3.)
1748. Memnon died at the siege of Mitylene. Before he died, he appointed Autophradates and Pharnabazus the son of Artabazus to take over the forces until Darius would direct otherwise. They took command subject to certain conditions. Autophradates took over the main body of the ships. Pharnabazus with some ships sailed into Lycia and took with him some mercenaries. (Arrian. l. 2.)
1749. After the death of Memnon, Darius conscripted soldiers and ordered them from all countries to come to him at Babylon. (Diod. Sic. year 4. Olymp. 111.) When he had set up his standard there, he pitched camp and mustered his army. He put a huge trench around the camp that was capable of containing 1,000,000 armed men. Like Xerxes had done with his troops, he went and counted all his forces. The sum came to 100,000 Persians of which 30,000 were cavalry. The Medians sent 10,000 cavalry and 50,000 foot soldiers. From the Barcans, (who were a people bordering upon Hircania, according to Stephanus) there were 2000 cavalry and 10,000 foot soldiers. From Armenia there came 40,000 foot soldiers and 7000 cavalry. Hircania sent 6000 cavalry and the Derbices sent him 40,000 foot soldiers and 2000 cavalry. From the Caspian Sea came 8000 foot soldiers and 200 cavalry. Those that were from smaller nations amounted to 2000 foot soldiers and 4000 cavalry. He also had 30,000 Greek mercenaries. Curtius says this army (l. 3. c. 4.) had only 311200 men. However, Diodorus says they were 400,000 foot soldiers and 100,000 cavalry. This number is in the newer editions of Justin, as amended from the manuscripts. Although the older editions, together with Orosius, who follows him in every point, have only 300,000 foot soldiers and 100,000 cavalry. Both historians (Arrian. l. 2. and Plutarch in Alexan.) say the total number of men was 600,000.
1750. Charidemus from Athens was a man well skilled in military matters. After Alexander had expelled him from Athens, he defected to Darius. He advised Darius not to manage the army personally but leave it to some general who had proven himself in previous battles. He further stated that an army of 100,000 men of which one third would be Greeks would be enough for this battle. By his sage and good counsel, he so incensed the princes with envy and angered the king that he was executed for it. (Diod. year 4. Olymp. 111. Curtius, l. 3. c. 5.)
1751. Darius sent Thymondas or Thymodes, Mentor's son, a bold young man, to Pharnabazus to get from him all the mercenaries whom Memnon had under his command. He was to bring them to Darius and Pharnabazus was to replace Memnon as head of the forces there. (Curtius, l. 3. c. 6. Arrian., l. 2. in prin.)
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1752. Alexander committed the charge of Cappadocia to Abistenes (according to Curtius) or, to Sabictas (as Arrian has it). He marched with his whole army to the passes in Cilicia and came to a place called Cyrus' Camp. (It was either named after the older Cyrus, as Curtius states or from the younger Cyrus as Arrian thinks) About 7 1/4 miles from there, he found that those passes were controlled by a strong garrison of the enemy that Parmenion had left there. In the first watch of the night, Alexander with his company of foot soldiers troops with shields, archers and his band of Agrians secretly went to attack that garrison. When the garrison heard a rumour about his coming, they threw away their weapons and fled. Arsames the governor of Cilicia had wasted all the country with fire and sword so that Alexander could not get provisions from the place. Then he left Tarsus and went to Darius. (Arrian., l. 2. Curtius, l. 3. c. 8.)
1753. Alexander went very quickly to Tarsus. Since he was so hot from the journey he took off his armour and leaped into the cold water of the Cydnus River which ran through the city. This so shocked his system that he lost his voice and despaired of recovery and waited to die. (Justin. l. 11. c. 8.) Curtius adds that this was in the summer season and that the heat of the day was increased by the intensity of the sun in the climate of Cilicia. (l. 3. c. 10.) Aristobulus says, that he fell sick by over exerting himself (Arrian. l. 2.) Philip a physician gave him a portion which he took and it cured him immediately. Parmenion had warned him that Philip was set to poison him. (Justin. Czardas. Arrow. Pleiad. and Valer. Max. l. 3. c. 8.)
1754. Orontobates the Persian, held out in the citadel at Halicarnassus, with Myundus, and Caunus and Thera and Callipolis against Alexander. They were defeated in a battle by Ptolemy and Asander. The enemy lost about 700 foot soldiers and 50 cavalry and had at least 1000 men taken prisoner. After this the Myndians, Caunians and most of the places in the region surrendered to Alexander. (Arrian. l. 2. Curtius l. 3. c. 11.)
1755. Darius had a bridge built over the Euphrates and crossed over with his army in five days. (Curt. l. 3. c. 11.)
1756. Alexander sent Parmenion to possess the pass which divides Cilicia from Assyria or Syria. This pass is much like the former pass in Cilicia. Alexander followed after him from Tarsus and came to Anchislos on the first day. (Arria. l. 2.) From there he marched to Soli and placed his own garrison in the fort there. He levied 200,000 talents of silver from the inhabitants for they seemed to favour Darius more than him. (Arrian. l. 2. Curt. l. 3. c. 11.) From there he went with 3000 Macedonians, all his archers and Agrians and went into the hill country of Cilicia. Within 7 days time, by diplomacy he won them over to him and he returned to Soli. He had sacrificed to Eseulapius and his whole army had gone in procession with burning tapers in their hands. They passed the time with wrestling matches, music and other games. He allowed the city to become a democracy. (Arrian. l. 2.)
1757. The Greek soldiers whom Thymodes received by the arrangement with Pharnabazus, were almost Darius' only hope of victory. When they came to him, they were very earnest with him to retire and stay in the plain country of Mesopotamia. Failing that, he should break this vast army of his into parts and not hazard everything on the chance of one battle. Darius did not like their advice for he wanted to finish things quickly. The winter (beginning with autumn) was now drawing on and he sent away all his money, jewels and precious belongings with a reasonable guard to Damascus in Syria. The guard was under the command of Cophenes, the son of Artabazus. (Arrian. l. 2.) Darius with the rest of his army marched on to Cilicia. His wife and mother and daughter and little son, according to the custom of Persia, followed after the camp. (Curt. l. 3. c. 13.) He left his baggage and such people as were unfit for the war at Damascus. (Diod. Sic. year 4. Olymp. 111.)
1758. When Sanballat heard that Darius was coming into those parts, he told Manasseh that he would quickly do what he had promised him concerning the high priesthood. This he would do when Darius returned in victory over his enemies. All those inhabitants of Asia were absolutely certain Darius would win. (Josephus Antiq. l. 11. c. 8. s. 3.)
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1759. Alexander wanted Philotas to bring the cavalry through the Aleian plains in Lycia to the Pyramus River. Philotas came with the foot soldiers and Alexander's troops to Magarsus. Alexander sacrificed to Minerva at a place called Minerva Magoris. (??) (Arrian. l. 2.)
1760. After he built a bridge over the Pyramus River, he came to the city Mallos in Cilicia. (Curt. l. 3. c. 11.) He offered to the ghost of Amphilochus the founder of that place, as to a demi-god. When he found the inhabitants in turmoil and unrest, he befriended them and freed them from paying tribute to Darius. (Arrian. l. 2.)
1761. While he stayed at Mallos, he received news that Darius with all his army were encamped at a place called Sochos. This was two day's journey from those passes which I mentioned earlier that parted Cilicia from Assyria or Syria (Arrian. l. 2.)
1762. From Mallos Alexaxander came to Castabala which was another town in Cilicia. There Parmenion met him. Alexander had sent him to find the way through a forest which he had to go through to come to the town of Issos. Parmenion had seized the way in that forest and left a small company to hold it. He went forward and took the town of Issos also. It was abandoned by the inhabitants when they heard he was coming. He went further and he cleared out all those who were set to guard the inner parts of those mountains and put garrisons everywhere of his own in those places. When he had cleared all those parts of the enemy, he returned to Alexander and told him what he had done. (Curt., l. 3. c. 11.)
1763. Alexander came with his army to Issos. He held a council of war to determine whether he should march on or stay there and expect the supplies which he knew were coming to him from Macedon. Parmenion advised that he could not find a better place to fight than that place. No more could come to fight on the one side than on the other because of the narrowness of the pass. (Curt., l. 3. c. 11.) Callisthenes, as he is said in Polybius, says, that when Alexander first came into Cilicia, he received from Macedon, 5000 foot soldiers and 800 cavalry. (Polyb. l. 12. p. 664.)
1764. When Darius had gone through the pass of the hill Amanus, he marched toward Issus. He did not know that he had left Alexander behind him. When Darius had taken the town, he cruelly tortured and put to death a poor company of Macedonians whom Alexander had left there. They were not able because of sickness or other infirmity to follow the camp. The next day Darius marched to the Pinatus River. (Arrian l. 2.)
1765. When Darius heard that Alexander was approaching in battle array, he immediately crossed over the Pinarus River with 20,000 cavalry and some 20,000 lightly armed foot soldiers so that he might have more time to organise his army for the battle. First, he placed those 30,000 heavily armed Greek mercenaries. Opposite the Macedonian squadron on both sides he placed the 60,000 Cardaeans who were also heavily armed foot soldiers. He could not possibly arrange them into one squadron and do battle because the place was too narrow. As for the rest of the troops whether heavily armed foot soldiers or those from other countries, he put them together in no particular order behind the main battle line of the Greeks and Cardaeans. (Arrian. l. 2.) However Curtius (l. 3. c. 17) states:
``Nabarzanes who was general of Darius' army, was on the right wing with the cavalry. Next to him were almost 20,000 slingers and archers. Thymodes also was in the same wing, commanding some 30,000 Greek mercenaries. This was, no doubt, the very cream of the whole army. They were a match for the Macedonian phalanx. On the left wing, was Aristomedes a Thessalian with 20,000 foot soldiers from various countries. In the rear, he placed his reserves from the most warlike nations, that he had in all his army. In that wing was the king protected by a guard of 3000 choice cavalry and 40,000 foot soldiers. The Hircanian and Median cavalry followed them. Next to them were arranged the cavalry and foot soldiers of the other nations. Some were on the right hand and some on the left. Before this battalion were arranged like this went 6000 slingers and javeliners. All the ground that was there in that pass was filled up entirely with men. The wings reached from the one mountain and the other to the very sea. The queen and the king's mother and the rest of the women were placed in the midst of the army.''
1766. Callisthenes, who himself was in this battle, says, that there were 30,000 cavalry and as many auxiliaries all set to encounter the Macedonian phalanx. However, Polibius (l. 12.) says that Alexander's army consisted wholly of 42,000 foot soldiers and 5000 cavalry. He shows the many inaccuracies of Callisthenes. He points out that for inexperience in the marshalling of an army, Callisthenes had written many absurdities and impertinencies in the description of this battle.
1767. In the morning when Hephaestion came to Alexander to encourage him to start the battle, he forgot himself and greeted him:
``God help you sir,''
1768. instead of,
``God save you sir.''
1769. All the troops who were there, were disturbed by what this meant. They thought he had meant that the king had not been well in his wits. Hephaestion himself grew amazed by his own mistake. When Alexander knew this, he took it up and said that I thank him for his good omen. For this tells me, that we shall all by God's help come safely out of this battle today. This is related by Eumenes Cardianus in his Epistle to Antipater. He was present when the words were spoken and stumbled himself into a similar error, as it is in Lucian's discourse, "Of Men's Misunderstandings in their speech."
1770. Arrian says, that this battle was fought, when Nicostratus, (or as Diodorus Siculus has it, when Micocrates) was archon of Athens, in year 4 of the 111th Olympiad. This was in the month Maemacterion, whose new moon fell on the Wednesday, October 28th. In it the Persians lost 10,000 cavalry and 90,000 foot soldiers. A number of other writers agree with him concerning the losses in the cavalry. Concerning the foot soldiers, they all vary extremely not only from him but from each other. Justin says, there were 60,000, Orosius, 80,000, Curtius, 100,000, Diodorus, 120,000. Plutarch says that in all, they lost 110,000 men. Justinus and Orosius add, that there were 40,000 captured. On Alexander's side, there were 504 wounded men. They lost 32 foot soldiers and 150 cavalry according to Curtius. Concerning the number of the cavalry, Plutarch, Justin and Orosius agree with this. Diodorus says he lost 300 foot soldiers, the other writers say he lost 330.
1771. Ptolemy the son of Lagus, who was a servant of Alexander, states that in the pursuit of Darius, the squadron marched over the slaughtered bodies of the enemy. (Arrian. lib. 2.) Although less than 1000 cavalry followed Alexander in the pursuit of Darius yet they slew a huge multitude of the enemy. (Curt. l. 3. c. 22.) When Darius was thrown from his coach he climbed onto a mare. She remembered her foal at home and ran so fast that Alexander could not catch up to him. (Elianum Historia Animali, l. 65. c. 48.)
1772. Alexander grew weary of the pursuit of Darius. Since the night was drawing on, he gave up all hope of catching Darius. When he had travelled 45 miles, he returned to Darius' camp about midnight. His men had captured it shortly before this. (Diodor. and Curt.) They found Darius' mother whom Diodorus calls Sisygnambis, but Curtius, calls Sysigambis. His wife was there also whom Justin says was his sister as well. Darius' son Ochus who was almost 6 year's old and Darius' two daughters of marriageable age were also found. Also they found a few other noble men's daughters. Most of them had sent their wives and daughters to Damascus with their baggage. Even Darius had sent most of his treasure there as we said before. They found whatever luxurious furniture was the the king's custom to take with him to war. In Darius' camp, Alexander found about 3000 talents of silver. (Arrian. l. 2.)
1773. Early the next morning, Alexander took Hephestion with him and went to see the two queens. When Sisygambis mistakenly fell down at Hephestion's feet, she asked Alexander's pardon for it. He replied smiling:
``No harm, for this is Alexander too.''
1774. (Diodor. Curtius. Arrian.) In so few words, he gave half of himself away to his friend. (Valer. Max. l. 4. c. 7.) As for the two queens and to the women about them, Alexander restored to them all their attire, dressing and ornaments. He added much more of his own belongings to this as well. He did not permit any man to be uncivil with the women. (Arran. l. 2. with Plut. l. 2. de fort. Alex.)
1775. In his flight, Darius came to a place called Sochos about two day's journey from the passes of Amanus as we noted before. From Arrian we learn that he collected any Persians and others who survived the battle. He took 4000 of them with him to Thupsacus so that he might have the great Euphrates River between him and Alexander. (Curt. l. 4. c. 1. Arrian. l. 2.)
1776. Amyntus the son of Antiochus, Thymodes the son of Mentor, Aristomedes Phercus and Bianor of Acarnania had previously defected to the Persians from the Greeks. They fled with 8000 men in their company to Tripoli in Phoenicia. They found ships which had just arrived from Lesbos. They captured them and sailed to Cyprus and then to Egypt. They burned the ships they did not need so they could not be followed. (Arrian. l. 2. with Diod. Sic. year 1. Olymp. 112. and Curt. l. 4. c. 3.)
1777. Alexander made Balacrus, the son of Nicanor, one of the leaders of his bodyguard, governor of Cilicia. Alexander replaced Nicanor by Menetes, the son of Dionysius. He put Olyperchon the son of Simeus, in charge of the brigade to replace Ptolemy, the son of Seleucus, who was slain in the recent battle. He gave 50 talents to the men of Solos in Cilicia. These were not paid their wages that he had enlisted them for. He restored to them their hostages that he had taken from them. (Arrian. l. 2.) He built 3 altars, one to Jupiter, another to Hercules and a third to Minerva on the banks of the Pinarus River. Then he marched into Syria and sent Parmenion with the Thessalian cavalry to Damascus before him. Darius had all his treasure here. The cavalry had behaved very courageously in the recent battle. If they captured the city, they would be rich from the spoil. (Plut. in Alexan.)
1778. As Parmemion was on his way to Damascus, he intercepted a message sent to Alexander from the governor of Damascus who offerred to betray the city to Alexander. The 4th day he came to Damascus. The governor pretended that he could not hold the city. The next morning before sunrise, he took all the king's treasure (which the Persians call his "Gaza") and pretended that he would flee away and save it for Darius. Instead he gave it to Parmenion. As soon as he had done that there was a heavy snow storm and the ground was frozen solid.
1779. Among the women that fled from there and were captured, there were 3 virgins, daughters of Ochus, the last king before Darius. Also in the group were Ochus' queen, the daughter of Oxatris the brother of Darius, the wife of Artabanus a principal man at court and his son Iloneus. There was also taken the wife of Pharnabazus whom Darius had made commander of all the towns and cities lying on the sea with 3 daughters of Mentor. The wife and son of that most noble Memnon was taken. There was hardly any noble man's house of the court of Persia, which had not his share in this calamity. (Plut. in Alexan.) Parmenion's report to Alexander indicated that among the rest he had taken 329 of the king's women who were skilful in music, 46 weavers or knitters of crowns, 277 cooks and 29 cooks' maids, 13 white meat-makers, 17 makers of drinking cups, 70 wine cellar men, 40 apothecaries and confectioners.
1780. Also taken were 2600 talents in coins, bars of silver, 500 weight, 30,000 men, 7000 camels which were beasts of burden. (Curt. l. 3. c. 25.)
1781. The one that betrayed the place (who, as it seems was Cophenes by whom Darius sent his treasure to Damascus,) one of his countrymen cut off his head and carried it to Darius. (Curt. l. 3. c. 25.)
1782. Alexander made Parmenion, (according to Curtius) or Memnon, (according to Arrian), the governor of Coelosyria. He gave him his auxiliary cavalry for the defence of that province. The Syrians were not totally subdued and did not submit to this new governor. However, they were quickly suppressed and then they submitted to all the commands. (Arrian. l. 2. Curt. l. 4. c. 1.)
1783. Alexander sent Parmenion to seize the Persian fleet. Others that were with him, he sent to hold the cities of Asia which had surrendered to him. After the battle of Issos, Darius' own commanders surrendered with all their gold and treasure to Alexander. He marched into Syria and many kings of the east came and submitted to him. These he treated accordingly. Some he made a league with, while others he replaced with new kings. (Justin. l. 11. c. 10.)
1784. Gerostratus was at that time king of the Isle of Aradus with the adjoining sea coast and of some places also lying further inland. Like the other kings of Cyprus and Phoenicia, they had consolidated their fleets under Darius' Persian commander, Antophradates. Gerostratus' son Strato who was viceroy of Aradus in his father's absence, met Alexander as he was on his way into Phoenicia. He placed a crown of gold on Alexander's head and surrendered the isle of Aradus with Marathus, a large rich town opposite Aradus on the continent, the city Mariamme and whatever else belonged to his father. (Arrian. l. 2. Curt. l. 4. c. 1.)
1785. After Alexander had graceously received Strabo, Alexander marched to the city Marathon. From there he received letters from Darius who wanted to ransom his women captives. Alexander answered in a letter and sent Thersippus to deliver it. (Justin l. 11. c. 12. Curt. l. 4. c. 1. Arrian. l. 2. Diod. Sic. year 4. Olymp. 111.) He wanted back the Greek ambassadors that were sent to Darius before the battle at Issos. Alexander understood that they were taken at Damascus. When Darius sent them, Alexander dismissed the two ambassadors of the Thebans, Thessalicus and Dionysodorus. Also he sent away Iphsicrates of Athens who was the son of that famous Iphicrates. Euthycles the Lacedemonian, he committed first to custody and later released him from irons. Later when everything went well for Alexander, he was sent away too. (Arrian. l. 2.)
1786. Alexander left Maratho and captured the city Biblus which conditionally surrendered to him. The Sidonians who had not long before been so terribly abused by Ochus sent to Alexander and desired to submit to him. They hated the Persians and king Darius. (Arrian. l. 2. Curt. l. 4. c. 2.) At that time Strabo reigned there. Because this surrender came more from the people than from Strabo, Alexander replaced Strabo by Abdolominus who lived by tending a poor garden there. Alexander gave him not only the rich furniture of Strabo's house but added various other rich gifts from what he had taken from the Persians. The new king controlled all the adjoining territories of Sidon. (Curt. l. 4. c. 2. Justin. l. 11. c. 10.) Plutarch in his discourse of the fortune of Alexander, calls this man Alynomus the king of Paphon. Diodorus calls him Ballinomus and says that Alexander made him king of Tyre.
1787. All of Syria and Phoenicia except Tyre were under Alexander's control. Alexander and his camp were on the continent. Between him and Tyre was a narrow channel of the sea. The Tyrians had sent a very massive crown of gold to him for a present and congratulated him for his great success. They sent him many provisions from their city. He received their presents as he would from good friends. He used many gracious and friendly words to them expressing his great desire to see their city and to sacrifice to Hercules. They told him that there was an alter in Palaetyrus or Old Tyre in the continent near by and that it would be better to offer sacrifice to Hercules on that one since it was the older of the two altars. When he heard this he was so enraged that he vowed to destroy their city. It happened that at the same time there came certain select men from Carthage to perform a yearly sacrifice to Hercules. The Tyrians were the founders of Carthage and the Carthaginians had honoured them as the father of their city. These men exhorted them to hold out and to endure the siege like men. They assured them of speedy supplies and aid from Carthage for at that time the Carthaginians, were a very strong naval power. (Curt. l. 4. c. 5, 6. Justin. l. 11. c. 10.)
1788. Thus Tyre was resolved for a war and they endured a 7 month siege. (Diod. Sic. year 1. Olymp. 112. Josephus Antiq. l. 11. c. 8. Curt. l. 4. c. 15. Plutarch in Alexander.) Their king Azelmious was absent at sea. He left Autophradates, his son behind him in the city. (Arrian. l. 4.) Alexander levelled Palaetyrus or old Tyre to the ground. He sent for all the men in the surrounding country to come and help his men throw the stones and rubbish of the entire city into the channel that ran between the two cities. He made a causeway of half a mile long over to Tyre from the old city according to Diodorus. Curtius, (l. 4. c. 5.) agrees with him. Pliny (l. 5. c. 19) said it was 700 paces long. (Diod. Sic. year 1. Olymp. 112., Curt. l. 4. c. 8.)
1789. Amyntas the son of Antiochus had with him 4000 Greeks who had fled from the battle of Issos (as I mentioned previously). Sabaces a Persian and governor of Egypt was killed in the battle of Issos. They set sail from Cyprus to Pelusium and seized the city. Amyntas pretended that he came to take charge of it by the order of Darius to replace Sabaces. From there he went with his army to Memphis. At the news of his coming, the Egyptians came from the towns and the country to help him against the Persians. With their help, he routed the Persians when they attacked him and forced them into the city again. Soon after by the advice of Masases their captain when he saw the Greeks scattered about the country and busy plundering it, Masases sallied forth again. In a surprise attack, he cut Amyntas and all his troops in pieces. (Curt. l. 3. c. 22., l. 4. c. 3.)
1790. Some of Darius' captains and their troops who escaped from the battle at Issos along with some Cappadocians and Paphlagonians went to retake Lydia. Antigonus, who was Alexander's commander, routed them in three battles. At the same time, the Macedonian fleet came from Greece and attacked Aristomenes, who was sent by Darius to retake the Hellespont. They sunk or took all the Persian fleet. (Diod. Sic. year 1. Olymp. 112., Curt. l. 4. c. 4.)
1791. While Alexander besieged Tyre, he sent to Jaddua the high priest at Jerusalem and demanded from him supplies and other provisions plus the tribute they formerly paid to Darius. Jaddua replied that he was bound by a former oath of allegiance to Darius and that he could not be freed from that oath as long as Darius lived. Alexander was very angry and swore that as soon as he had taken Tyre, he would march against Jerusalem. (Josephus Antiq. l. 11. c. 8. s. 3.)
1792. At the start of the siege of Tyre, Sanballat the Cuthite, defected from Darius and came with 8000 men. (Newer additions of Josephus say 7000 not 8000. Editor) Alexander graciously received him. Sanballat asked permission to build a temple on his own land and to make his son-in-law, Manasseh the high priest who was the brother to Jaddua the high priest at Jerusalem. When he obtained permission and because he was now growing old, he started the work quickly. He built a temple and made Manasseh the high priest of it. He thought that by this he would bestow great honour to the posterity of his daughter. (Josephus Antiq. l. 11. c. 8. s. 4.)
1793. Alexander purposed to make a broader causeway from the continent for an easier approach to Tyre. After he had built new engines of war, he marched with his targeteers and a squadron of Agrians, to Sidon. There he gathered as many ships as he possibly could for he knew it would be impossible to take Tyre as long as the Tyrians were masters at sea. (Arrian. l. 2.)
1794. Meanwhile, when Gerostratus the king of Aradus and Enulus the king of Byblus found that all their cities were already taken by Alexander, they abandoned Antophradates and his fleet and came with their fleets to Alexander. Some ships of the Sidonians also came with them. Now Alexander had a navy of 80 ships. At the same time Rhodes sent a fleet of 10 ships to Alexander. One ship, was called Periplus. 3 more came from Soli and Mallus. 10 came from Lycia. Macedon sent a ship of 50 oars under Captain Proteas, the son of Andronicus. A little time later certain kings of Cyprus sent 120 ships to the port of Sidon. They heard of his victory at Issos and the news that all Phoenicia had yielded to him. Alexander forgave them their previous wrongs they had done to him. For previously they sided with Darius of necessity not by their free choice. (Arian. l. 2.) Azelmicus, the king of Tyre, left Antophradates and came to his own city of Tyre while it was thus besieged. He was in it when it was taken later according to Arrian.
1795. In Mount Lebanon, Alexander cut timber for his ships. The wild Arabians suddenly attacked the Macedonians while they were busy at their work. They slew 30 of them and carried away almost as many prisoners. Alexander left Perdiccas and Craterus, or as Polyaenus seems to say, Parmenion, to continue the siege of Tyre. He went with a running camp into Arabia. (Curt. l. 4. c. 8.) Polyaenus confirms that he made an excursion into Arabia. (l. 4. Stratag.) Arrian gives more details. He says that Alexander with certain cavalry troops, light targeteers and his squadron of Agrians went into Arabia as far as to Anti-Lebanon. Plutarch tells us that he marched against the Arabians who dwelt opposite Anti-Lebanon.
1796. When he was come to the mountainous country of those parts, he planned to leave his cavalry and march on foot as others did. The body of his army had gone a good distance before him and the night was approaching and the enemy was close. Lysimachus, his childhood instructor was exhausted from the journey and Alexander did not want to leave him in that condition. Alexander encouraged him and helped him along. Before he knew it, he and his group were separated from the rest of his company. He would have to pass that night in the dark in a bitter cold frost and in a place devoid of all relief. Nevertheless, he saw not far off many fires made by the enemies. Since he had a nimble and active body, he ran to the next fire and killed the enemies that sat by it. He brought away a firebrand and kindled a fire for himself and the small group of Macedonians that were with him. This fire became so large that the enemies were terrified and did not move against him. So he and his company lay safely all that night. This story Plutarch tells of him from Charaetes, a Mitylean and one of those who wrote the Deeds of Alexander.
1797. When he had taken all that country, partly upon amicable terms and partly by force, he returned to Sidon after only 11 days from the time he left. He found Alexander the son of Polemocrates, had recently arrived with 4000 Greek mercenaries. (Arrian. l. 2.)
1798. His navy was now outfitted and totalled 190 ships according to Curtius or to 200 according to Diodorus. Alexander sailed from Sidon for Tyre in a very good formation. He was in the right wing, in a Quinquereme, or ship of five decks high. In that squadron were also the kings of Cyprus and the rest of the Phoenicians except for Pintagoras or Pythagoras. He and Craterus commanded the left wing. (Arrian. l. 2. Curt. l. 4. c. 10.)
3672c AM, 4382 JP, 332 BC
1799. Thirty commissioners arrived from Carthage and brought Tyre word that the Carthaginians were so embroiled with war at home that they could not possibly send help to them at this time. This did not discourage the men of Tyre. However, they sent away their wives and children to Carthage, as being a safer place for them no matter what happened at Tyre. (Curt. l. 4. c. 11. with Diod. Sic. year 1. Olymp. 112. Justin l. 11. c. 10.)
1800. When Apollo had appeared to various men in dreams and signified that he would leave the city, the superstitious men of Tyre took good golden chains and bound his image tightly to the foot of his shrine. His image was sent there from Syracuse according to Curtius or from Gela in Sicily by the Carthaginians as we have noted from Diodorus. (See note on 3599 AM.) They fastened the chain to the altar of Hercules the tutelar god of that city as if he should be able to hold Apollo by his strength from leaving. (Curt. l. 4. c. 11. Diod Sic. year 1. Olymp. 112. Plutarch in Alexander.)
1801. While Alexander besieged Tyre, ambassadors from Darius came to him and offered him 10,000 talents (not as Valer. Max. wrote 1,000,000) to ransom his mother, wife and children and all the territory lying between the Hellespont and the river Halys. Darius would give his daughter in marriage to Alexander. This offer was discussed in a council of his friends. It is reported that Parmenion said that if he were Alexander, he would not refuse those conditions. Whereupon Alexander replied that no more would he if he were Parmenion. Alexander wrote back to Darius that he offered him nothing but what was already his. Therefore he wished him to come in person to ask for his wife back and to accept such conditions as Alexander would give him. (Arrian. l. 2. Justin l. 11. c. 12. Curt. l. 4. c. 16. Plutarch in his Apostchegmes and in his Alexander Valer. Max. l. 6. c. 4.)
1802. Tyre was taken, when Anicetes, (or Nicetes according to Dionys. Halicarnas. in Dinarchus) was archon in Athens in the month of Hecatombaeon. (Arrian. l. 2. p. 49.) In the middle of that month, the 112 Olympiad ended. In Plutarch we find that it was on the 30th day of the month Loi according to the Macedonian calendar and the 5th of Hacatombaeon on the Athenian calendar. This was July 24th as I have shown, in the end of chapter 5. of my discourse of the Solar years of the Macedonians and Asians.
1803. Justin, (l. 1. c. 10.) says it was taken by treason, Polyaenus by a stratagem, (l. 1. stratag.) and Diodorus, Arrian., Curtius say by pure force. When the enemies had got into the city, yet the townsmen maintained the fight until there were 7000 thousand of them cut in pieces. (Diodorus)
1804. Arrian states that there were 8000 of the inhabitants killed. Curtius says that after the battle 2000 more were hung up all along the shore. Diodorus states that Alexander hanged 2000 young men all in their prime. Justin says that in remembrance of the old slaughter the inhabitants had made, he had all that were captured, crucified. He put them to a death befitting a slave because the Tyrian slaves had made a conspiracy against their own masters and had murdered all the freemen of that city with their own masters. They set up their own government and killed everyone except Strato an old man and his son. On him and his posterity, they established the kingdom.
1805. Concerning Alexander, Justin further adds:
``that he spared all the descendants of Strato and restored the kingdom to him and his posterity.''
1806. (This means perhaps Ballonymus, whom Diodorus confounds with Abdolominus, whom Alexander made king of the Sidonians a short time earlier.)
``Alexander left the city to be repopulated by its innocent and harmless inhabitants. When he had abolished that wicked generation of slaves, he hoped to be considered the founder of a new and better people there.''
1807. By this means it was, that Justin from Trogus, made Alexander the restorer and rebuilder of Tyre. (l. 18. c. 3,4.) All other writers made him not its founder but its destroyer. The prophecy of Isaiah concurring with this, Isa 23:1 compared with /APC 1Ma 1:1 For if we believe Curtius, Alexander spared those who fled to the temples and slew everyone else and set fire to their houses. According to Diodorus, he made slaves of all that were not able to bear arms, together with the women and girls. This was over 13,000 even though most had been sent away to Carthage. However, according to Arrian, Alexander spared all that Azelmicus and the commissioners who came from Carthage had brought to the sacrifice of Hercules. He sold all the rest for slaves, to the number of 30,000.
1808. Curtius says that the Sidonians which joined in with the rest of Alexander's soldiers did not forget their blood ties between them and the Tyrians. For they believed that they were all brought there by Agenor who was the founder of both cities. The Sidonians got 15,000 on their ships and saved them. Curius (l. 4. c. 15.) states:
``Tyre quickly recovered and later grew to be a city again.''
1809. Strabo (l. 16. p. 754.) states:
``After this enormous calamity brought on them by Alexander, they quickly overcame their misfortunes by their navigational skills and with their purple dye industry.''
1810. Justin (l. 18. c. 4.) states:
``By their parsimony and industry, they quickly recovered strength again.''
1811. This happened so quickly that in the 18th year from then, they endured another siege from Antigonus who was then lord of all Asia. This siege lasted not 7 months as in the case of Alexander, but a full 15 months. (Diod. Sic. l. 19. year 2. Olymp. 116.) They were not now content with their little city which was joined to the continent by Alexander's causeways and other works. They so enlarged their boundaries that in Pliny's time the wall of their city enclosed almost 3 miles. When one included Palaetyrus or Old Tyre with it the whole enclosure came to no less than 19 miles. (Pliny l. 5. c. 19.)
1812. Admetus, who first got onto the wall with 20 targeteers were all slain at the very first encounter with the enemy. In the whole time of the siege, no more than 400 Macedonians were lost. (Arrian. l. 2.)
1813. Alexander offered sacrifices to Hercules and went in procession with his whole host in full armour to his temple. He held a show also with his ships and caused wrestling and other games to be performed by torch light. There was a certain Tyrian ship consecrated to his honour which he had captured. This he rededicated to himself. (Arrian. l. 2.) He took the golden chain from off of Apollos' image and the robes he was attired with. He gave the image a new name, "Alexander's friend". (Diod. Sic. year 1. Olymp. 112.) Timaeus states that Alexander captured Tyre on the very exactly the same day that the Carthaginians had taken the image of Apollo from Gela in Sicily. The Greeks offered to Apollo a magnificent and solemn sacrifice as if by his power and favour they had captured Tyre. (Diod. Sic. year 4. Olympiad 93.)
1814. As soon as Alexander had taken Tyre, he marched into Judah. (Euseb. Chron. with Pliny, l. 12. c. 25.) and subdued all that part of Syria which is called Palestina. (Arrian. l. 2. p. 50.) He went in person against those places that would not willingly submit to him. (Curt. l. 4. c. 17.) When he was on his march to Jerusalem, Jaddua the high priest who was terrified by his former threats and now feared his rage, resorted to God by prayers and sacrifices for the common safety of all. God warned him in a dream that he should make a holy day in the city and open wide the city gates. He and the rest of the priests would go forth in their priestly raiment and all the rest of the people would be clothed all in white and accompany him to meet Alexander. When Alexander saw this company coming to him from a distance, he went all alone to the high priest. After he prostrated himself before that God whose name he saw engraven in the golden plate of his mitre he greeted him. When Parmenion asked the reason for his behaviour, he replied that while he was still in Macedon planning the conquest of Asia, there appeared to him a man clothed like this high priest who invited him into Asia and assured him of all success in the conquest of it. The priests went before him as he entered into Jerusalem. He went up to the temple and sacrificed to God in the manner the priests showed him. They had showed him the book of the prophet Daniel in which it was written that a Greek should come and destroy the Persians. Da 8:7,20,21 11:13 He did not doubt but he was the one in the prophecy. After this he dismissed the company. (Joseph. l. 11. c. 8. s. 5.)
1815. The next day, he assembled the people and asked them what they wanted from him. They replied they wanted nothing but that they might live according to the laws of their own country and that every 7th year, (in the sabbatical year when there was no harvest) they might be exempt from paying any tribute. He granted all they asked. When they asked further that he would allow the Jews who dwelt in the countries of Babylon and Media to live according to their own rites and laws he answered, that he would grant that request as soon as he had taken those countries too. When he told them that if any of them would follow him in his wars they could use their own rites wherever they came, many enlisted to serve him. When he had settled all matters in Jerusalem, he left and went to the rest of the cities of that country and was joyfully received everywhere. (Joseph. l. 11. c. 8. s. 6.)
1816. One of Alexander's captains, Callas went and recaptured Paphagonia, which defected from Alexander after the battle at Issos. Alexander's captains Antigonus Lyconia and Balacrus captured the city of Miletus after they defeated Darius' captain Idarnes. (Curt. l. 4. c. 17.)
1817. Alexander had given the government of Cilicia to Socrates and wanted Philotas the son of Parmenion, to take care of the country about Tyre. Coelo-Syria was committed to Andronicus by Parmenion. He wanted to follow Alexander in the war. Alexander commanded Hephastion with the fleet, to scour the coast of Phoenicia. He went with his whole army to Gaza (Curt. l. 4. c. 17.) and besieged the garrison of Persians for two months. (Diod. Sic. year 1. Olympiad. 112. Josephus l. 11. c. 8. s. 6.) (It appears modern editions of Josephus have deleted part of chapter 8. Editor.)
1818. According to Josephus, the name of the captain of the garrison at Gaza was Babemeses, or according to Curtius and Arrian, Batis an Eunuch. He was very loyal to his king:. He hired some Arabian mercenaries and made good provision of food and other things. He defended the walls, which were very strong with a small company of men.
1819. Alexander received two wounds at this siege. When Batis was taken alive, Alexander had cords or thongs drawn through his ankles and tied him to a chariot. He was dragged around the city. In that siege 10,000 Persians and Arabians died. The Macedonians also lost men. (Curt. l. 4. c. 10.) Alexander sold all the women and children there for slaves. He repopulated the place with inhabitants from the neighbouring parts and made that the location of his garrison. (Arrian. l. 2. in fin.) Those words of Strabo are not easily understood unless they refer to the former state of that city. He states: {*Strabo, l. 16. 7:277}
``Gaza which was formerly a glorious city, was destroyed by Alexander and remained desolate.''
1820. We will say that this was meant of a later Gaza built in another place which Jerome in his book, De Locis Hebraicis: i.e. of places in Judea, affirms in this way:
``The question is, how in one of the prophets it is said, And Gaza shall be turned into an everlasting heap? which is thus answered. There are scarcely left to be seen any sign of the old city. The present city of Gaza was built in another place instead of the location of the one which was destroyed.''
1821. When Alexander had done what he wanted to do to Gaza, he sent Amyntas the son of Andremon, with 3 ships to Macedon to bring him the best of the youth for his army. (Diod. Sic. year 2, Olymp. 112. Curt. l. 4. c. 19.)
3673a AM, 4382 JP, 332 BC
1822. From Gaza, Alexander marched into Egypt as he formerly planned. 7 days after he left Gaza, he came to a place which he named Alexander's Camp. From there he came to the city Pelusium. (Arrian. l. 3. in pri. Curt. l. 4. c. 20.) He did not go back again from Gaza to Jerusalem, as Josephus incorrectly reports.
1823. A large number of the Egyptians who were expecting Alexander's arrival, assembled at Pelusium. They were offended by the Persian's pride, avarice, and sacrilege and eagerly welcomed the arrival of the Macedonians. (Curt. l. 4. c. 20. Diod. Sic. year 2. Olymp. 112.)
1824. Alexander left a garrison in Pelusium and ordered his ships to go up the river to Memphis. He marched by land to Heliopolis having the Nile on his right all the way. Wherever he went, all the cities opened their gates to him. He passed the desert of Egypt and came at last to Helsopolis. After crossing the river, he marched toward Memphis. (Arrian. l. 3.) The Persians who were there did not hinder his coming when they saw the general defection of the Egyptians from them. When he was not far from Memphis, he was met by Astraces, who commanded the garrison for Darius. He gave Alexander 800 talents and all his master's wardrobe. (Curt. l. 4. c. 20.) However Curtius writes the name Astraces instead of Mazaces as he does in chapter 4 of the same book. Likewise, Arrian in the beginning of his third book, states that Mazaces a Persian whom Darius had made governor of Egypt received Alexander into that province and its cities in a very friendly way.
1825. Alexander offered his sacrifices at Memphis and there held games of wrestling and other activities and music. The most expert and skilful men of all Greece entered these games to try to win the prizes. He came down the river to the sea. He put his targeteers, archers and Agrians and the his troops aboard the ships of his confederates and they sailed to Canopus. There he picked a choice site for the city of Alexandria which was between the Egyptian Sea and Marea or Lake of Mareotis. He named the future city after himself. (Arrian. l. 3.) In that part of it which lies next to the sea and the shipping docks, there was a street called Racotis. (Strabo. l. 17. p. 792. Pansanius, in his Eliaca. p. 169. Tacit. Histor. l. 4. c. 84.)
1826. Alexandria was built not in the 7th, (as Eusebius in Chron and from him, Byril. of Alexandria, l. 1. cont. Julianuni and Cedrehus state) but in the 5th year of Alexander's reign and in the very first year of the 112th Olympiad as Solinus has it in chapter 32 not as Diodorus in the 2nd year and much less, as Eusebius in the 3rd year.) For the exact time when Alexandria was built we can determine precisely from the interval of time between the taking of Tyre and that great battle at Gaugamela and his deeds in that interim. From this and from the 5th year of Darius and Thoth in 417th year of Nabonasar's account which falls in with the 14th day of September according to our Julian calendar or year 1. of the Olymp. 112th. Ptolemy of Alexandria, deduces the years of Alexander, whom in the Preface of his Procgeiroin Kanomoun (whereof this is one) he, after the fashion of all Alexandrians, calls Ktishn i.e. his founder.
1827. Dinocrates was the man who designed and laid out streets of this city (whom Plutarch both "in his life" and also in the 2nd book of the fortune of Alexander, calls Stesicrates and other books, call otherwise.) Dinocrates was that famous architect whose skill and industry the Ephesians used in the rebuilding of their temple of Diana. For the excellency of his workmanship showed in the temple deserves the second place after the original builders of the temple, in the annals of the world. (Strabo, l. 14. p. 641. Valer. Max. l. 1. c. 4. Vitruvins, in the Proaeme of his second book. Pliny l. 5. c. 10., l. 7. c. 37. Solin. c. 32, 40. Ammia. Marcell. l 22.)
3673b AM, 4383 JP, 331 BC
1828. Alexander got them started and wanted them to work quickly. He journeyed to the temple of Jupiter Ammon, (Plutarch in his Alexander, with Arrian. l. 3.) from an ambition which he had because he was told that Perseus and Hercules had been there. Callisthenes, in the history which he wrote of Alexander affirms this and is cited by Strabo. (l. 17. p. 814.)
1829. Therefore he went as far as Paraesonium along by the seaside. He found some fresh water by the way 200 miles from Alexandria according to Aristobulus. (in Arrian. l. 3. p. 53.)
1830. He was met about midway by the ambassadors from the Cyrenians. They presented him with a crown and other costly items. Among these were 300 horses that were trained for war and 5 chariots each drawn by 4 horses. These were the best horses that could be found. He accepted these gifts and made a league of friendship with them. (Diod. Sic. Olymp. 112. year 2.)
1831. He went from Paraetonium to Mesogabas where the temple of Hammon was through dry countries. He wandered over the plains while the hot wind blew from the south. Callisthenes says that he was saved from death partly by a shower of rain that fell which settled the sand and partly by a flock of crows which led him on the way. (Strabo l. 17. p. 814.) He adds further this fable to the story. Often when the men wandered out of the way in the dark, the crows with their cawing would call them back into the right way again. (Strabo. l. 17. p. 814. Plut. in his Alex.)
1832. Ptolemy the son of Lagus states that there were two dragons which went before the company making a noise and led them into and from the temple again. However Aristobulus, with whom most writers agree, states that there were two crows which still kept on flying before the army and that these were Alexander's guides on the way there. (Arrian. l. 3.)
1833. When he came to a lake of bitter waters, as they called them, he went about 12 miles from there. He passed by the cities called after Hammon's name. After a day's journey from there they came to Jupiter Hammon's grove and temple. (Diod. Sic. Olymp. 112. year 2.)
1834. There the priests of the temple were secretly bribed before hand and instructed what to say. As soon as Alexander came to enter within the temple doors, they all came and greeted him by the name of Hammon's son. (Justin l. 11. ca. 11.) So we learn by this event that the god although deaf and dumb had the power through the priests to lie as they wished. One who comes to consult the oracle could be told exactly what he wanted to hear. (Oros. l. 3. c. 16.)
1835. Callisthenes states that the priests permitted no one but Alexander to come into the temple in his ordinary dress. All the rest were required to change their clothes and to hear the oracle from the outside. The oracle told Alexander various things by signs and vague language. However, the oracle told Alexander plainly that he was Jupiter's son. (Strabo l. 17. p. 814.) Yet Alexander in a letter to his mother Olympias, said that he had received many secret oracles there which he would tell to her alone when he returned. (Plut. in Alex.)
1836. At the same letter or in some other letter to his mother, (which I am sure was meant by Tertullian in his book de Pallio) Alexander said that he was told by Leo, a principal priest among the Egyptians, that they who were now gods were formerly men. In worshipping them, the nations preserved the memory of their kings and ancestors. (Aug. de Civit. Dei, l. 8. c. 5, 27. and de Consen. Evangelist. l. 1. c. 23. Minutius Felix, in Octavio. with Cyprian, in his book de Idosor. vanitate.) In the beginning of his letter that he had written this to his mother, he opened with:
``Alexander the king, the son of Jupiter Hammon, sends greetings to his mother Olympias.''
1837. She very wittily in her answer replied:
``Now my good son I pray thee be content and do not accuse me nor lay anything to my charge before Juno. For she will do me some shrewd turn, if you in your letters make me a step-queen to her.'' (M. Varro, in a book of his, entitled Orestes, vel de Insania: in Aul. Gellius l. 13. c. 4.)
1838. When Alexander had received such an answer, it pleased him well as he by his own confession admits. He returned from there to Egypt by the same way as he went according to Aristobulus. Ptolemy says he went by a shorter way to Memphis. (Arrian. l. 3.)
1839. When he arrived at Memphis, Antipater had sent 400 Greek mercenaries under the command of Menaetas the son of Hegesandrus. About 500 cavalry from Thracia, were led by Asclepiodorus. At Memphis, Alexander sacrificed to Jupiter and made oblations to him with his whole army. They were all in their complete armour. They held games, activities, wrestlings, other events and music. (Arrian. l. 3.)
1840. He ordered the inhabitants of the neighbouring towns and cities to leave their dwellings. He moved them into Alexandria and populated that place with a huge number of inhabitants. (Curt. l. 4. c. 21. and Justin l. 11. c. 11.) He also moved a colony of the Jews there whose virtue and good behaviour he much approved of and deemed them worthy of special trust. As a reward for their service in the war he made them free citizens and gave them equal honours and privileges with the Greeks. The group that was there went by the name Alexandrians and also by the name of Macedonians. (Josep. l. 2. de. Bello Jud. c. 36. p. 815. and l. 2. cont. Ap. p. 163. in the Greek and Latin Edition.)
1841. He also gave lands to Sanballat's soldiers, whom he ordered to follow him into Egypt into the country to Thebais. He entrusted them with the keeping of that territory in his absence. (Josephus Antiq. l. 11. c. 8. s. 6.)
1842. Alexander had a burning desire to go and visit the inner and more remote parts of Egypt and Ethiopia. His present war with Darius forced him to delay such expeditions. He made Esehilus and Pencestes, the Macedonian governors of Egypt with a 4000 man army. He ordered Polemon to defend the mouths of the Nile River with 30 ships. (Curtius l. 4. c 21.) Although, Arrian tells us that he made Pencestes the son of Macatetus and Balacrus the son of Amyntas, commanders of the foot soldiers whom he left there. He made Polemon the son of Theramenes, admiral of the fleet to defend the mouths of the Nile River with all the sea lying next to Egypt. For the civil government of the whole country, he committed its care to Doloaspes, a native of Egypt according to Arrian.
1843. Curtius further tells us that he left Apollonius to govern Africa that bordered on Egypt and Cleomenes to gather the tribute from both Africa and Egypt. To much the same end, Arrian tells us, that he left Apollonius the son of Charinus to govern Libya which bordered on the west of Egypt. He appointed Cleomenes to take care of Arabia on the east from the city called Urbs Heroum which borders on Arabia Petraea. He was ordered to receive all tribute. He committed the judicial administration to the presidents and justices of the country as it was done before. In the second book of Aristotle's Occonomicks Cleomenes of Alexandria is mentioned as governor of Egypt. He is the same person whom Arrian. (l. 3. of the History of Alexander) called Ecnaucratius. Freinshemius who is very good at finding errors, says that in the one it should be, "of the Nauacritians or Naucratites" and in the other, "commander of Alexandria in Egypt". The result of this is that Cleomenes governor of Alexandria was a native of Naucratis which was an ancient colony made in Egypt by the Milesians. He was in charge of the administration and populating this city. We may partly gather from Aristotle who says that Alexander ordered him that he should populate a city near Pharos. (Alexandria is only a mile by sea from there.) He should redirect all the trade from Canopus to Alexandria. Justin, (l. 13. c. 4.) clearly states that Alexander committed the building of Alexandria to Cleomenes. It may be added that Alexander wrote to him 8 years later and ordered him to build two temples to the deceased Hephaestion, one in Alexandria and the other in Pharos. Also all bills of lading and other contracts of merchants should have the name of Hephaestion inscribed on them according to Arrian. (l. 4. Histor.) He adds further that this Cleomenes was a most wicked man and one that did the Egyptians a thousand injustices.
1844. When Alexander was gone down the Nile, Hector, a son of Parmenions, who was in the flower of his youth and a great favourite of Alexander desired to catch up to him. He jumped into a little boat and others jumped in also. So much so that the overloaded boat sank and Hector drowned. The king was very grieved at the loss of him and when the body was recovered, he gave it a splendid funeral. (Curt. l. 4. c. 21.)
1845. Shortly after this, Alexander received news that Andromachus was burned alive by the inhabitants of Samaria. He immediately marched away as quickly as he could to exact vengeance of them for it. (Curt. l. 4. c. 21.)
3673c AM, 4383 JP, 331 BC
1846. Alexander made bridges over the Nile and every point of it around Memphis at the beginning of spring. He went from there toward Phoenicia. (Arrian. l. 3. p. 55.) While he was on his way, those who had murdered Andromachus, were delivered into his hands and executed. He sent Memnon to replace Andromachus. (Curt. l. 4. c. 21.) When he captured the city of Samaria, he gave it to be inhabited by his Macedonians. (Eusebius in his Chron. and from him Cedrenus derived it.) However, the territory that belonged to it, he gave to the Jews for their loyalty to him. They did not pay him any tribute for it according to Josephus who gets it from Hecaraeus of Abdera. (l. 2. cont. Apion. p. 1063.) The temple in the mount Gerisim was spared. If any at Jerusalem were in trouble for eating forbidden meats, breaching sabbath or such like crime, they immediately defected to the Sichemites and said that they were falsely accused. (Josephus Antiq. l. 11. c. 8.) Similar quarrels between the Jews and Samaritans did not only happen here but in Egypt at Alexandria because of the different customs and rites used in the two temples. (Josep. l. 11. c. 1. and l. 13. c. 6.)