3603 AM, 4313 JP, 401 BC

1435. Cyrus sent messengers to Lacedemon and asked them that as he from time to time had supported them with men and money against the Athenians, so now they would send him men. He bragged that if they sent them footmen, he would give them horses, if horsemen, chariots, if they had lands, he would give them towns, if towns, cities for their reward. For their wages, they would have it not by number but by weight paid to them. Hereupon, the Lacedemonians determined what he asked for was right and that this war be to their advantage. Ignoring the fact that this war was against Artaxerxes, they planned to send him aid hoping to ingratiate themselves to Cyrus. If things did not go as planned they had a good excuse to Artaxerxes that they had decreed nothing against him in person. The Ephori sent letters to their admiral at Samos to do whatever Cyrus required. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 3. Diod. Sic. year 4 Olympiad 94. Justin l. 5. c. ult. Plutarch in the Life of Artaxerxes.)

1436. Therefore the Lacedemonian admiral with his ships sailed to Ephesus to meet with Tamos the Egyptian, admiral to Cyrus and offered Tamos his services to the best of his ability. He joined his fleet with Tamos' fleet. They sailed around the coast of Ionia to Caria so that Syenesis the governor of those lands, would not move to hinder Cyrus in his march by land against his brother. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 3., Diod. Sic. year 4. Olympiad 94., Xenophon, Cy. l. 1. p. 248, 252.) Diodorus says, that Samos, the Lacedemonian admiral at Samos, had 25 ships and Tamos had 50. Upon the more accurate testimony of Xenophon, in his book of this journey, undertaken by Cyrus, Tamos had only 25 ships and Pythagoras the Lacedmonian, 35, (for he makes him to be the other admiral and not Samos)

1437. Cyrus with his army of foot soldiers resolved to march into upper Asia under the pretence that he went against the Pisidians who often attacked areas under his control. Thereupon he sent for Clearchus the Lacedemonian, Aristippus of Thessaly, Xenes of Arcadia, the banished of Miletus, the army which besieged Miletus. He sent Proxenus a Boeotian with all the speed he could make to the Greeks and others to come quickly to Sardis. (Xenoph. de Exped. Cy. l. 1.)

3603b AM, 4313 JP, 401 BC

1438. When Tissaphernes determined that a much greater force was being assembled then an attack on the Pisidians would require, he hurried away with 600 cavalry as fast as he could to Artaxerxes. When he knew what was happening, he prepared for war. (Xenoph. de Exped. Cy. l. 1.)

1439. Cyrus left some of his trusted Persian friends to manage affairs at Lydia. He entrusted his good friend Tamos, the Egyptian admiral to take care of the cities of Ionia and Eolia in his absence. He marched with his army towards Caria and Pisidia under the pretence that certain persons in those parts were unruly. (Diod. Sic. year 4. Olympiad 94.)

``But how Cyrus gathered his army, marched against his brother, how the battle was fought and how Cyrus perished in it and how those Greeks who went with him, came back again safely to the sea, i.e. into Asia Minor, Themistogenes of Syracuse has recorded. Xenophon states this in the beginning of the third book of his Greek History. If we compare this part of the history with Plutarch's book, (de Gloria Athenicusium), he says that Xenophon wrote a history of himself. He recorded how he was a captain and what exploits he did. Then he said that Themisogenes of Syracuse had written it, thus giving away the glory of this his writing to another man so that the things therein written of himself, might find the more credit in the world.''

1440. And another place in Suidas, he shows:

``That the Expedition of Cyrus, which commonly goes with Xenophon's History of the Greeks and some other pieces concerning his own country, were all of Xenophon's own writings.''

1441. For indeed, these books of the Expedition of Cyrus went before with the rest of his Greek Histories. In the end of it, he plainly says, that the writer of it was present at all those events. Therefore the work itself, which is everywhere full of Xenophon's noble acts, is attributed to him not only by Plutarch but long before him by Cicero, Dionysins, Halicarnassaeus, Hermogenes, Laertius, Athenaeus and (not to speak of our Divines, Eusebius, and Jerome) by Arianus of Nicomedia. Themistogenes also had the nick name of New Xenophon as we read in Photius and Suidas because he compiled the discourses of his teacher Epictetus in 4 books, as Xenophon had done for those of his teacher Socrates. Also, as Xenophon had written that Expedition of Cyrus in 7 books, so he had written the Expedition of Alexander in 7 books. Although Xenephon in his Expedition of Cyrus which has a brief preface to every book but not to the set in general as Laertius has noted. Where as in every book except the 6th, Themistogenes made a preface using a summary of the previous books which Xenophon did not do in his books. Themistogenes has details in those books which do not flatter Xenophon. Therefore, I am rather inclined to think that these books were written by Themistogenes and not by Xenophon. However, I followed the authority of those ancient writers. I have all along cited him by the name of Xenophon, as they have done before me.

1442. Now of those five points mentioned by Xenophon (Xenop. Hellen. l. 3.) and said to have been written by Themistogenes the first four are entirely in the first book of this Expedition of Cyrus.

1. The gathering of his army.
2. Their marching into upper Asia and coming to the place where they fought.
3. The details of the battle.
4. The fall of Cyrus in that battle.

1443. Cyrus left Sardis, where Xenophon had met him after being sent for from Athens by Proxenus the Boeotian. There he volunteered for the action, as we find in the 3rd book and came to Celaenae in Phrygia. He stayed there 30 days. During that time Clearchus and other Greek commanders came from various parts to him. They assembled a force of 11,000 foot soldiers and about 2000 targeteers.

3603c AM, 4313 JP, 401 BC

1444. From Celaenae, Cyrus came with his army to the bank of Cayster. He received money from Epiaxa the wife of Syenesis the king of Cilicia. (Cyrus was formerly thought to have been too familiar with her.) He paid his army the 3 back months he owed them plus the next month in advance. Epiaxa arrived at Tartius in Cilicia 5 days before Cyrus. She persuaded her husband Syenesis to come there also and to give Cyrus a vast sum of money toward the support of his army. Both Ctesias and Diodorus add, that Syenesis, like a wise man, supplied both Cyrus and Artaxerxes with the necessities for the war. For having two sons, he sent one of them to Cyrus with a competent number of men for his service. However he had sent away the other privately before to Artaxerxes to let him know that with such an army as Cyrus had, he dared not oppose Cyrus but publicly joined with him. Nevertheless he was loyal to Artaxerxes and would defect to him as soon as he could find an opportunity. Cyrus stayed 20 days at Tarsus where the Greek companies told him plainly that they would march no farther. Clearchus by his tact, changed their mind so they marched to Issus. This was the remotest city of Cilicia where Cyrus' fleet met him bringing him 700 foot soldiers, but Diodorus says 800. The Lacedemonians had sent these men to Cyrus under the command of Chirosophus. Also 400 foot soldiers who had formerly served Artaxerxes under their captain Abrocomus came into his camp. However, Abrocomus left Phaenicia with 300,000 men and marched to Artaxerxes and arrived 5 days before the battle. By leaving the place where he was, Cyrus passed the straits of Syria and without halting came to the place of the pending battle. He travelled from Ephesus to that place in 93 days and marched 535 parasanges or about 2000 miles or over 21 miles a day.

1445. According to Plutarch, the battle was fought at Cynaxa which is about 63 miles from Babylon. According to the 2nd book of the Expedition of Cyrus, that the fight was about 383 miles from Babylon. Jacobus Capellus, thinks it should be read, "from Susa". In the army of Cyrus there were about 13,000 Greek soldiers although Justin. (l. 5. c. ult.) says, there were not more than 10,000. Of these, there were 10,400 foot soldiers and 2500 targeteers. From the other nations, 100,000 men and about 20 hooked chariots. Artaxerxes had 900,000 men and 1500 hooked chariots. However, Ctesias Cnidius, who was in the battle is quoted by Plutarch and Ephorus who is cited by Diodorus state there were only 400,000. In the battle 15,000 soldiers of Artaxerxes died according to Diodorus and 3000 on the side of Cyrus. However, Ctesias in Plutarch states that Artaxerxes lost not more than 9000 soldiers and not more than 20,000 died that day. This battle was fought the 4th year Olympiad 94. when Xenaenetus was archon in Athens and one year before Socrates was put to death there. (Diogenes Laertius, in the life of Socrates)

1446. In this battle the two brothers met and Artaxerxes was first wounded through his coat of armour. Ctesias helped him recover from this wound. Cyrus carried on with good success against his brother, fearing no danger and was slain by an unknown hand in the battle. Artaxerxes spent his rage upon the dead body of his brother. He severed his head from the body of him and cut off the hand from the arm that had wounded him. He carried it about in a triumphant manner. When his sorrowful mother came to Babylon she tearfully gathered up his remains and buried them there. The battle between the two brothers is more fully described by Plutarch, from Ctesias and Dinon.

1447. When the king came to rifle his camp, he found and took the concubine of Cyrus. She was a woman much renowned for her wit and beauty. (Xenoph. l. 1. p. 270. Exped. Cy.) She was a Phoecaean who was born in Ionia the daughter of Hermotimus. Her name was Mitto but was changed by Cyrus to Aspasia because she seemed equal to Aspasia the Miletian, who was the mistress of Pericles. See note on 3564 AM. Artaxerxes was anxious to get her. When she was brought to him all bound, he grew exceedingly angry with those who had brought her and laid them in irons. She was most highly esteemed of all the 360 concubines he had and he doted on her the most. (Plut. in the lives of Pericles and Artaxerxes. Ilian. Var. Hist. l. 12. c. 1. Justin. l. 10. c. 2.)

1448. The Greeks on the other side did not know that Cyrus was dead so they kept on fighting. In their quarter they beat back Tissaphernes and all his forces with a squadron of about 6000 Greeks according to Isocrates. In his Panegyric, he adds:

``that they were not of the best Greeks but the mere refuse of them and such as could no longer live in their own homes. These now in a strange country, forsaken of their companions, betrayed by their companies and bereft of their captain whom they followed to this war.''

1449. The king came with most of his army to rescue Tissaphernes. He entered their camp and rifled it. However, when the Greeks returned from the pursuit of Tissaphernes, they recovered their camp and drove the king from it. They spent the night there with no food and went hungry the next day too. This is the end of Xenophon's first book of Cyrus' Journey.

1450. The second book describes how these Greeks under the command of Clearchus planned to return home again. Tissaphernes promised to escort them back with his own forces and to guide them. He broke this promise. He rounded up Clearchus, with Proxenus, Agias and Socrates with 20 more captains and 200 soldiers to be murdered. Ctesias also in his Persian History, (which the author of this book of the voyage of Cyrus had undoubtedly read) had formerly told us how cunningly Tissaphernes worked. Using Menon, a Thessalian and by his promises he captured Clearchus and the rest mentioned in the group. They were put in irons and sent to the king at Babylon. Ctesias tells how he was the physician to Parysatis, the king's mother. Through her he was able to help Clearchus while he was in prison. Through her request to the king, the king had promised that Clearchus would not be harmed. However, by the instigation of Statyra his queen, the king had Clearchus and all the rest of the commanders except Menon to be butchered. All the bodies were thrown out and devoured by wild beasts and birds. Only the body of Clearchus was covered and preserved by a huge sandhill caused by a strong wind. (Ctesias in the collections of Photius and Plut. in the life of Artaxerxes.)

3603d AM, 4313 JP, 401 BC

1451. In Xenophon's 3rd and 4th book, he narrates the journey back to Greece of the rest of the Greeks whom Tissaphernes did not capture. Xenophon had the soldiers choose new captains to replace the ones they lost. Xenophon was chosen to replace Proxenus. He describes their journey through many enemy countries and how they endured the very cold winter and many hardships and dangers. Finally they returned home safely. This account is found in Diodorus Siculus, (Diod. Sic. year 4. Olympiad 94.) and in Isocrates' Panegyric.

1452. For his good service in this war, Artaxerxes gave Tissaphernes all the governments which his brother Cyrus held in addition to what he had before. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 3. Diod. Sic. year 4. Olympiad, 94.) He lavished many other expensive gifts and favours on him. Lastly, he gave him his own daughter for a wife. Tissaphernes was his most confident friend and servant. (Diod. Sic. year 4. Olympiad 94.)

1453. For 10 days, Parysatis, the king's mother tortured the Carian who mortally wounded Cyrus in the thigh. She had his eyes pulled out and boiling lead poured in at his ear holes until he died. Mithridates, who first wounded Cyrus and bragged that he had killed him, was put between two boats. He lay there for 17 days until he was eaten out with worms. Parysates won Bagabaeus, the king's eunuch from the king at a dice game. It was he who ordered Cyrus' head and right hand to be cut off. She had him flayed alive and then his body was laid across three crosses and his flayed skin hung near it. After this by the humble suit of the king, Parysatis stopped mourning for her son Cyrus. (Ctesias and Plutarch in the life of Artaxerxes.)

1454. Parysatis had the queen Statyra, her daughter-in-law poisoned. Statyra had a trusted maid servant called Gingis or Gigis. Dinon says she willing helped in the death of Statyra. Ctesias said she did it against her will. The one who gave the poison was called Bellitara by Ctesias and Melantas by Dinon. There is a little bird in Persia called Rhintaces or Rhindaces which has no excrements at all but all its guts are full of fat. One of these birds, Parysatis cut in two with a knife and gave the poisoned half to Statyra as they sat at dinner. This is what Ctesias thinks happened. However, Dinon says that it was Melanta not Parysatis, who served her the poisoned bird. When the Queen died in extreme torments after this, the king suspected his mother for it. She was well known for her cruelty and implacable disposition of nature. He had the servants and carvers to be questioned and used the rack on them. Parysatis kept Gingis a long time in her own chamber and though the king required her yet would she not give her up to justice. At last Ginges desired to steal secretly to her own home by night. Artaxerxes captured her and punished her as a poisoner. He did not harm his mother but when she asked permission to go to Babylon, he gave it to her. However, he told her that while she lived, he would not come there. (Plutarch, in the life of Artaxerxes.)

1455. Aristo, with some others, surprised the city of Cyrene. In the battle they slew 500 of the principal men of the inhabitants. The rest escaped. These joined with some 3000 of the Missenians, whom the Lacedemonians at this time had expelled from their country. They fought in an open field with those who had taken their city. In the fight, many of the Cyrenians on both sides were killed. Almost all the Missenians were killed. When the fight was over, the Cyrenians agreed with an oath to forget the past and live together peacefully. (Diod. Sic. year 4. Olymp. 94.)

3604a AM, 4313 JP, 401 BC

1456. Tissaphernes (Diodorus incorrectly writes Pharnabazus) was sent by Artaxerxes to take charge of all the governments in Asia Minor. He also wanted all the cities of Ionia. (Xenoph, Hellen. l. 3. Diod. Sic. year 1. Olymp. 95.)

1457. When Tissaphernes came, all the governors and cities who had followed Cyrus were afraid and sued for peace. Tamos the Egyptian who was the most important of these, was governor of Ionia. (See notes on 3593 & 3603b AM.) He loaded his fleet with all his treasure and his sons except Gaus, (who later became the king's general) and sailed to Egypt. He visited Psammyticus the king and was confident of good treatment because of how he had treated Psammyticus in the past. However, Psammyticus disregarded past favours done to him and butchered him and his children to get the ships and treasure which he had brought. (Diod. Sic. year 1. Olymp. 95.)

1458. The Greeks (of whom I spoke before) departed from Trapezus which was the first Greek city they came to. It is situated on the coast of the Euxine Sea in the country of Colchos. After a 3 day march, they came to another Greek city in the same country of Colchos. It was also a sea town as was the former town and was called Cerasunta. They stayed there 10 days and numbered their men. Only 8600 remained of the 10000 they started with. The rest were lost. Either they were killed by the enemy in the battle or they died in the snow or of other sicknesses on their return journey. From there, they went through the countries of the Mosynaecori, the Chalybes and Tybarenians and came to a Greek town called Catyora, a colony of the Synopians. 8 months or rather, as the order of the history implies, 5 months after the battle in the country of Babylon. They journeyed from there to this place in 122 days and marched 620 parasanges or 4650 miles (about 38 miles per day). They stayed here 45 days. (Exped. Cy. l. 5.)

3604b AM, 4314 JP, 400 BC

1459. During their stay here, they got their provisions partly from the market of Colyora and partly by plundering the countries around Paphlagonia. On the other hand, the Paphlagonians, if they found any of them straggling from the camp, they attacked them. Finally, Corylas, who was governor of the Paphlagonians, made peace between them. Afterward these Greeks were transported by ship by the men of Heraclea and Synope. They came to Harmone, a port of Synope where they stayed 5 days. From there they went to Heraclea in the country of the Myrianden. It was a colony of the city of Megara. They came to a peninsula called Acherusia and divided themselves into three companies.

1460. The 4500 plus foot soldiers of the Arcadians and Achaeans were transported by ship by the Heracleans. They hurried aboard hoping to surprise the Thracians who inhabited Bithynia so they might get all the more spoil. They landed at night at Calpe which is in the middle of their sea coast. They went to the next towns and villages about 6 miles up the country. When these Thracians were attacked, they fought back and killed many of the Greeks. One regiment of them with their colonel Smicrates was entirely cut off. Only 8 soldiers and their captain Hegesandrus escaped in another company. The rest fled to a hill for safety and were besieged by the Thacians.

1461. Chirosophus with 1400 foot soldiers and 700 targeteers, (who were Thracians and had followed Clearchus on that journey) went from Heraclea all along the country by foot. He finally came into Bithynia. Not feeling well, he with his men sailed to Calpe.

1462. Xenophon with his brigade of 1700 foot soldiers, 800 targeteers and about 40 cavalry came by sea into a country which separates the Thracians of Bithynia from the country of the Heracleans. He marched through the centre of the country and came and rescued those who were besieged in the hill by the Thracians. Finally they assembled again as one body at the port of Calpe. (Exped. Cy. l. 6.)

1463. Chirosophus died here and was replaced by Neo, an Asinian. When he saw his troops hungry and short of supplies, he gathered 2000 men and went foraging all over the country of Bithynia. Pharnabazus sent his cavalry to help the Bithynians. He hoped to keep these Greeks out of his lands. On the first attack, the cavalry killed at least 500 Greeks and the rest fled to a hill for safety. Xenophon rescued them from the enemy and they all returned safely to the camp before sunset. When Spithridates and Rhathines came with more troops to help the Bithynians, the Greeks won a notable victory and erected a monument in memory of it there. They returned the 7 or 8 miles to their camp by the seaside. After this victory, their enemies provided for their own safety by driving their cattle and carrying away their families and goods to more remote parts. When the Greeks passed through Bithynia, they found nothing of use to them. They returned back a day and a night's journey into Bithynia again. They found and brought from there some prisoners, sheep and other provisions for their own needs. After 6 days, they came to Chrysopolis, a city of the Chalcedonians and stayed here 7 days. They sold their plunder here. (Exped. Cy. l. 6.)

1464. Pharnabazus feared that these Greeks would make war on his country. He arranged with Anaxibius, the Lacedemonian admiral to ship them all out of Asia to Byzantium. When Anaxibius returned from there with Xenophon into Asia, he received word at Cyzicum from Aristarchus the new governor of Byzantium. Polus was appointed admiral in his place and he was on his way as far as Hellespont. Therefore he sailed from thence to Patros. He sent to Pharnabazus and requested the money which he had promised him for shipping the Greeks from Asia. When he did not get it, he planned with Xenophon to hastily carry the Greeks back again into Asia. Pharnabazus prevailed upon Aristarchus, the governor of Byzantium so that he thwarted that plan. Since the winter was not over, Xenophon hired himself to Senthes the king of Thracia. The cold was so extreme that many Greeks lost their noses and ears from frostbite. (Exped. Cy. l. 7.) Diodorus tells us that some Greeks returned into their own country but almost 5000 followed Xenophon into Thracia. (Diod. Sic. year 1. Olympiad 95.) Hence, it appears, that his number is incorrect where he says that only 3800 men came to Chrysopolis. (Diod. Sic. year 4. Olympiad 94.)

3604c AM, 4314 JP, 400 BC

1465. The Ionian and other Greek cities throughout Asia did nor accept Tissaphernes' government. They wanted their freedom and feared Tissaphernes because they had always preferred Cyrus over him. They sent messengers to the Lacedemonians asking them for help. Since they were the protectors of all Greece, they wanted them to take over so that their country could be free from war and they could have liberty as other Greeks. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 3. Diod. Sic. year 1. Olymipiad 95.)

1466. This petition was very welcome to the Lacedemonians. Like most men, the more they had the more they wanted. They were not content to have doubled their empire by taking over Athens. Now they wanted to control all of Asia too. (Justin. l. 6. c. 1.)

1467. Therefore, the Lacedemonians promised them aid in the first message they sent back. They immediately sent to Tissaphernes to ask him not to make war on the Asian Greek Cities. Out of contempt for them, he wasted all the region around the city of Cuma and took many prisoners. Then he came with his army and besieged the city. Because the winter was coming, he could not take it at that time. So he set a great ransom on the prisoners and abandoned his siege. (Diod. Sic. year 1. Olymipiad 95)

1468. After this Thimbron went into Asia with an army of 1000 newly made citizens of Laconia, 4000 of Pelopnoesus and 300 Athenian cavalry. The cavalry had formerly served the 30 tyrants of Athens. The city desired that this group should be wasted by foreign services rather than be kept at home to do greater mischief. When Thimbron, came into Asia, he increased his army by troops from the confederate cities there. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 3.) At Ephesus, he added 2000 more troops from these cities for a total army of about 7000 men. He marched about 15 miles into the country and took Magnesia on his first assault. It was a city under Tissaphernes' government. From there he went to Tralles a city of Ionia and began to besiege it. Since its location was very strongly fortified, he left it and went back to the unwalled town of Magnesia. He feared that as soon as he was gone, Tissaphernes would take it again. He moved it to a hill nearby called Thorax which was a more easily defended position. He plundered the enemies' country and greatly enriched his army. When he heard that Tissaphernes was coming down upon him with an army of cavalry, he retired to Ephesus. (Diod. Sic. year 1. Olymipiad 95) He was not a match for the cavalry and dared not stay in the plain. He thought it enough if he were able to keep the countries where he was from being plundered by the enemy.

1469. When the Greeks under Xenophon had served Senthes 3 months in Thracia, Charminus and Polynicus were sent from Thimbron to tell them that he needed their help in Asia against Tissaphernes. He would pay each soldier a daric a month. Each captain of a company would be paid 2 darics and every colonel 4. Xenophon told them that he personally planned to return home. Most of the army came to him and earnestly asked him not to leave them until he had led them to Thimbron. Therefore, he went aboard with them and sailed to Lampsacus. There he met and conferred with Euclid, the Phliasian poet. After they passed through the territory of Troas, they came to Pergamus. Xenophon was entertained by Hellas the wife of Gongylus of Eretria and her two sons, Gorgius and Gongylus. By her counsel, he went to capture Asidates the Persian. This he failed to do and exposed himself and his men to great danger. Finally by chance, his soldiers captured him with his wife and children and cavalry and all that they owned. They were very rich. Thimbron came and received the army from Xenophon. He added these troops to the rest of the Greeks in his army and he led them against Tissaphernes and Pharnabazus. (Exped. Cy. l. 7.)

1470. Here ends the 7 books of the Expedition of Cyrus. The writer of it, whomever he was, was present for all these events. He concludes his book, with this epilogue. The king's governors in the counties which we passed through, were these:

``Artimas of Lydia, Articamas of Phrygia, Mithridates of Lycaonia and Cappadocia, Siennesis of Cilicia, Dernes of Phenicia and Arabia, Belesis of Syria and Assyria, Rhoparas of Babylonia, Arbacas of Media, Teribazas of Phasis and Iberia, the Carduchi, the Chalybes, the Azacrones, the Colchi, the Mosynacci, the Coeti. The Tybareni had no governors but were all free people. Corylas was governor of Paphlagonia, Pharnabazus of Bithynia, Seuthes was king of the Thracians, on the European side.''

1471. The whole journey, going and coming, lasted 215 days. They travelled 1150 parasanges, or 4282 miles (4313 miles allowing 3.75 miles per parasange.) The whole expedition lasted 15 months.

3604d AM, 4314 JP, 400 BC

1472. When Thimbron was strengthened with these new troops he dared to pitch his camp in the fields under Tissaphernes' nose. Pergamus voluntary surrendered to him. Likewise did Tenthrania and Halisarnia which were commanded at that time by Eurysthenes and Procles, the descendants of Demaratus of Lacedemon. Gorgins and Gongylus, the two brothers mentioned previously had already joined him. One held Gambrius and Palegambrius, the other Myrina, and Grinium and Thimbron captured the other weaker places by force. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 3.)

3605 AM, 4315 JP, 399 BC

1473. Thimbron besieged Larissa, a town in Asia called Egyptia when it would not surrender to him. While he besieged it with little effect, the Ephori at Sparta sent him letters stating that he should leave Larissa and march to Caria and on to Ephesus. Dercylidas, an excellent engineer and for his wit he was surnamed Sisyphus, was on his way to take command of the army. When Thimbron returned to Sparta, he was there accused by various confederate cities, for allowing his army to plunder them. Therefore he was banished from the city. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 3. Diod. Sic. 2nd year of the 95th Olympiad.)

1474. Mania was a woman of Dardania, of manly courage. After the death of her husband Zenis, she had managed very well the government of Eolia under Pharnabazus and had taken in various sea towns, as Larissa, Hamaxitus and Colone. She was most treacherously murdered by her son-in-law Midias when she was about 40 years old. Her 17 year old son was murdered with her. Midias seized the two strong towns, Scephis and Gergitha where she had stored most of her treasure. The garrisons in the rest of the towns remained loyal to Pharnabazus. Midias sent messengers to Pharnabazus with great presents desiring that he might manage the whole government of those parts upon the same terms that Mania did. This was for nought. Pharnabazus answered that he should never rest if he did not avenge the murder of Mania. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 3. Polyae, l. 8. in Tania, or Phania, for so by a misprint Mania is called.)

1475. Dercylidas saw that he had to deal with both Pharnabazus and Tissaphernes, two great commanders each supported by a large army. When he saw that they were at odds with one another, he made peace with Tissaphernes (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 3. with Justin l. 6. c. 1. where yet Hercylidas is put for Dercylidas.)

1476. After Dercylidas had first conferred with Tissaphernes, he marched to Eolia without plundering the country. Eolia was under Pharnabazus' government. He had an old grudge against Pharnabazus for an insult he received from him while he commanded at Abydus under Lysander. Larissa, Hamaxitus and Colonae surrendered to him without a fight. (Note that here Diodorus Siculus has Arista instead of Larissa.) Neandrus, Ilium also surrendered to him. The Cocylitae did not fight with him. Cebrene, a very strong and fortified city did not wish to be assaulted and also surrendered. He left a large garrison there and he immediately marched with the rest of his army to Scephis and Gergithe. Midias feared the very inhabitants of that place and Pharnabazus. He went out with hostages to parley and to seek to join forces against a common enemy. Dercylidas laid hold of him and told him plainly that there was no hope of any friendship between them unless he would set free all the citizens of those places which he held to live according to their own laws. He marched into Scepsis with him and there offered sacrifice to Minerva. He expelled Midias' soldiers and persuaded the inhabitants to defend their newly acquired liberty. He next went to Gergithe with his army. When Midias desired that he would at least leave him that city, he ignored Midias' request. Midias ordered the gates to be opened and Dercylidas entered the city. He found the money which Mania had there, sufficient to maintain an army of 8000 men for almost a whole year. He took the money and sent back Midias to live as a private citizen at Scepsis. Xenophon tells us, that in 8 days, he took 9 cities. Diodorus (Diod. Sic. 2nd year of the 95th Olympiad), writes that what by force and tricks he used to take over all the cities and country of Troas.

1477. There was a quarrel between Artaxerxes and Euagoras the king of Salamis in the isle of Cyprus. He had expelled from there Abdemon Thyrsius who was governor of the place and one who was a good friend of Artaxerxes. Theopompus, (Excerpta Photii, num. 176.) calls him, Abdymon Cityces. This quarrel was settled by the mediation of Conon the Athenian, who had lived with Euagoras and Ctesias the Cnidian, who had long lived in the court in Persia. The condition was that Euagoras would pay a certain tribute to Artaxerxes and also a gift was sent to Satibarzanes. Ctesias also sent letters to Euagoras to make amends with Anaxagoras a king of the Cyprians. Other similar letters were written by Euagoras and Conon. Ctesias has all these inserted into his History of the Persian Affairs.

1478. When Dercylidas had gone this far into these parts, sent to Pharnabazus, to know whether he wanted war or peace. Pharnabazus was afraid what might happen to Phrygia where he lived. Phrygia bordered Aeolia, which was now controlled by Dercylidas. Therefore, Pharnabazus wanted a truce. (Xenophon Hellen. l. 3.)

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1479. When this truce was concluded, Dercylidas marched into that part of Bithynbia which the Thracians held and there spent the winter. Pharnabazus liked this because the Thracians of that country often made inroads on Phrygia and Dercylidas plundered that part of Bithynia at will. He had plenty of provisions for the winter. (Xenophon Hellen. l. 3.)

1480. About 200 Odrysian cavalry and 300 targeteers were sent from Senthes, the king of Thracia, to help Dercylidas. When they first arrived, they forraged Bithynia and were almost cut off there. After this they stayed close with the Lacedemonian army and heavily plundered the territories of the Bithynians. (Xenophon Hellen. l. 3.)

1481. When spring was coming, Dercylidas moved from Bithynia and came to Lampsacus. Three ambassadors from Sparta, told him that his command was extended for another year. The Ephori of Sparta told the army there, that in the former time the soldiers had been extremely injurious to their confederates. They were commended for their good behaviour. He replied that it was the same soldiers who followed Cyrus in his wars but that they were under new commanders. This was the reason for the change of behaviour. When this was done, Dercylidas sent the ambassadors from Ephesus to take their journey through the Greek cities and countries in those parts. He told them how glad he was that they would find them all in so peaceable and prosperous estate. (Xenophon Hellen. l. 3.)

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1482. When the ambassadors left, Dercylidas sent again to Pharnabazus, to know whether he would extend the truce from the previous winter or if he wanted war. Pharnabazus wanted to continue the truce. Therefore, Dercylidas passed with his army over the Hellespont and came into the Chersonesus of Thracia. This city contained 37 furlongs which he enclosed with a strong wall. This work started in the spring and was finished before the beginning of autumn. (Xenophon Hellen. l. 3. Diod. Sic. year 2. Olympiad 95.) Contrary to his custom, Diodorus combines the events of two years in one passage.

1483. Conon the Athenian wrote his letters from Cyprus to Artaxerxes, concerning his own affairs. He desired these to be presented to him, either by Zenon of Crete, a dancer, or by Polycritus of Mendes a physician, or in their absence, by Ctesias, who was likewise a physician. It is said that when this letter came into Ctesias' hands, he added his own letter with it. Conon asked the king to send Ctesias to him, as an important man for the king's service in those parts especially in matters pertaining to the sea. Ctesias wrote that the king of his own accord sent and employed him in that service. Plutarch, (Plutarch in Artaxerxes,) wrote concerning the letters of Conon to the king and to himself and the speech which he gave to the king to understand the matter. These he has inserted into his own history. He relates also that at the same time when the Lacedemonians had sent ambassadors to the king, he committed them to custody and kept them there.

1484. After Pharnabazus made truce with Dercylidas, he journeyed to the king and charged Tissaphernes before him. He said that Tissaphernes had not opposed Lacedemonian's army when it came into Asia. Instead, he supported them there at the king's expense. He told the king that it was a shame that the king's war should not be pursued to a conclusion. Rather, his enemies should not be bribed with money and but driven out with armies. He persuaded the king to supply a fleet and make Conon the Athenian the admiral. He together with the advice of Euagotas the king of Cyprus persuaded the king to give 500 talents to Pharnabazus for this purpose. The king commanded him to commit the charge of the Phoenician fleet to Conon and to make him commander-in-chief, over all his naval matters. (Diod. Sic. year 2 of the 95th Olympiad, with Isocrates in his Euagoras and in his Oration ad Philip. and Pausanias, in Attices and Justinus, l. 6. c. 1.)

1485. When Pausanias returned from the court, he made Conon admiral of the seas. He made many generous promises on the king's behalf. Conon was not fully furnished with a fleet. He took the 40 ships he had ready and sailed into Cilicia. There he prepared for war. (Diod. Sic. year 2 of the 95th Olympiad)

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1486. Ctesias was sent by Artaxerxes to the seaside. He went first into Cnidia his own country and from there to Sparta. He says toward the end of his History which as Diodorus says ended with the third year of this 95th Olympiad.

1487. Dercylidas returned from Chersonese into Asia. As he reviewed the cities he found that the bandits of Chios had taken over Atarne. They were using this as a base to make inrodes upon Ionia and lived on the spoil they found. Although Atarne was well fortified and contained much food, he besieged it for 8 months. (Xenophon, Hellenic. l. 3.)

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1488. When Atarne surrendered, he put Dracon of Pellene in charge of it. He supplied the city with ample provisions so that he could use it for a good place to retreat to. He went to Ephesus. (Xenophon, Hellenic. l. 3.)

1489. When the ambassadors from Ionia came to Sparta, they stated that if Caria where Tissaphernes resided was invaded, they thought that Tissaphernes would quickly grant them permission to live according to their own laws. The Ephori wrote to Dercylidas that he should march to Caria with his army. Pharaces their admiral was to sail the fleet into those parts also. (Xenophon, Hellenic. l. 3.)

1490. At this time Pharnabazus went to Tissaphernes because Tissaphernes was the chief general and to let Tissaphernes know that he was ready to join with him in making war on the Greeks. Therefore they went to Caria to settle matters there. When they had put garrisons there, they returned to Ionia. Dercylidas heard that they had crossed the river Meander. He conferred with Pharaces and showed him that he feared lest Tissaphernes and Pharnabazus would both attack Ionia which now had no of garrisons. Then, Dercylidas crossed over the Meander also. (Xenophon, Hellenic. l. 3.)

1491. In the Persian army there were 20,000 foot soldiers and 10,000 cavalry. Dercylidas' army had about 7000 men. (Diod. Sic. 2nd year of the 95th Olympiad) The soldiers from Peloponesus were prepared to fight. The ones from Priene and Achilium, the isles and the other towns of Ionia were cowards. They abandoned their weapons in the grain which grew abundantly in the fields lying upon the Meander and fled. However, Tissaphernes remembered how well the Greeks who were in Cyrus' army had fought against himself and imagined that all Crecians would likewise be cowards. Therefore he did not attack them as Pharnabazus wanted to. He sent to Dercylidas and desired to come to talk with him. After an interchange of hostages, they met to discuss a peace treaty. Dercylidas demanded, that the king should allow all the Greek cities to be free. Tissaphernes and Pharnabazus demanded that the Lacedemonian forces should withdraw from the countries of the king's dominions and their commanders from the cities. A truce was to continue until Dercylidas could receive an answer from Sparta. Likewise Tissaphernes and Pharnabazus waited for an answer from the king. So both armies withdrew. The Persians returned to Tralles and the other to Leucophris. (Xenophon, Hellenic. l. 3.) (Diod. Sic. 2nd year of the 95th Olympiad)

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1492. Now a certain man called Herodas of Syracuse in Sicily was living at that time with a ship captain in Phoenicia. He noticed that war ships were arriving daily. Others were being outfitted and others were being constructed. A navy of 300 ships was being prepared. Herodas boarded the first ship bound for Greece and went to Sparta. He told them that a large fleet was being made ready at Phoenicia. The purpose and destination of this fleet, he did not know. The Lacedemonians were much troubled by this news. Agesilaus one of their two kings was asked by Lysander to go with an army into Asia against the Persians. He was to take with him 30 men of Sparta whom they would choose to manage that war. The first man they picked was Lysander. He hoped to use this occasion to restore the Decemvirates throughout all the cities in Asia which he had set up before. The Ephori later had abolished these and ordered every city to live according to their own laws. So Agesilaus took 2000 of the newly made citizens of Sparta and 6000 from their confederate cities with provisions for six months. They sailed from Geraeium a port in Eubaea, with all the forces that he could gather and came to Ephesus. He did this so quickly that he landed there before Tissaphernes and Pharnabazus heard that he had set out. Thereby it came to pass, that he found them all unprepared for his arrival. Xenophon in (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 3.) and in his Oration, of Agesilaus with Plutarch and Emil. Probus, in their several lives of Agesilaus and Pansa in Laconicis. Pansa says that he landed first at Sardis.

1493. Agesilaus raised 4000 more soldiers at Ephesus. He had an army of 10,000 foot soldiers and 400 or (as the Latin translation has it) 4000 cavalry. To this a rabble of other men who followed the camp for pillage. These were as numerous as the army. (Diod. Sic. year 4 of the 95th Olympiad.)

1494. Tissaphernes sent to him to know why he came into Asia. He replied that he came to restore freedom to the Greek cities. Tissaphernes desired him to wait for 3 months so that he might send to the king. He assured him of a favourable reply from the king. Agesilaus sent Heripadas, Dercylidas, and Migialius to him to take an oath of him that he meant no guile but would do what he possibly could to procure the peace which he had promised. On behalf of Agesilaus, they would swear to Tissaphernes to keep the truce if Tissaphernes would keep his part of the bargain. Tissaphernes disregarded his oath and sent to the king to increase his army. Although Agesilaus knew well what he intended to do, yet he kept the truce. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 3. and in his book of Agesilaus; with Plutarch and Emil. Probus. in Agesil.)

1495. While Agesilaus stayed at Ephesus, civil disorder broke out in the cities. Neither the democratic government was obeyed which the Athenians set up nor the Decemviral which Lysander had set up. All became suitors to Lysander who was well known among them that he would obtain from Agesilaus for them what they desired. Hereupon it was that Lysander always had a large court of attendants and suitors about him so that Lysander now seemed to be king and Agesilaus a private citizen. This was a thorn in Agesilaus' side. Therefore he began to take the administration of matters from Lysander's hands and to reduce his authority. Then he sent him on an errand into Hellespont. When Lysander found that Spithridates, a Persian, (Plutarch calls him Mithridates) was under Pharnabazus, he desired to speak with him. After a conference Lysander persuaded him with his children and such wealth as he had and 200 calvalry to defect from Pharnabazus. Spirthrides left what he had safely at Cyzicum and came with his son to Lysander. He escorted them to Agesilaus who was glad to see him. Spirthides told Agesilaus exactly how things were with Pharnabazus. (Xenoph. Hellen. 3. and Plut. in the life of Agesilaus and Lysander.)

1496. When Tissaphernes got more troops from the king, he became insolent and proclaimed war against Agesilaus unless he would leave Asia. Agesilaus was glad for this and ordered his men to prepare for war. He sent to the Ionians, Eloians and those of Hellespont to send to him at Ephesus all the troops they could spare. Tissaphernes thought that he would march into Caria but Agesilaus went with his army into Phrygia. In a suprise attack on the cities there, he obtained a vast some of money and other provisions from them and so came safely and without halting near to Daseylium. His cavalry scoured the country ahead of the army. They met with the cavalry of Pharnabazus and were routed. In that encounter they lost 12 men and 2 horses. When Agesilaus with his foot soldiers came to their rescue, the Persians on the other side retired having only lost one man. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 3. and in his Agesilaus, with Plutarch and Emil. Probus in their Agesilaus likewise.)

1497. Agesilaus spent most of that summer plundering Phrygia and the nearby countries. He enriched his army with plunder. Toward the autumn he returned to Ephesus, (Diod. Sic. year 1 of the 96th Olympiad) and there spent the winter. (Emil. Prob. in his Agesilaus.)

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1498. Nephereus or Nepherites reigned in Egypt for 6 years.

1499. The Lacedemonians sent to Nephereus to join them against the Persians. Instead, he sent them a gift of tackle and 100 war ships and 30,000 bushels of wheat. (Diod. Sic. year 1 of the 96th Olympiad.) Justin calls him Hercinion and so does Orosius. He relates the matter in this manner. The Lacedemonians' ambassadors asked for naval help from Hercinion They received 100 war ships and 600,000 bushels of wheat, (Justin l. 6. c. 2. and Orosius l. 3. c. 1.)

1500. Pharax the admiral of the Lacedemonian fleet, set sail from Rhodes with 120 ships and came to Sasanda a citadel in Caria about 19 miles from Caunus. He sailed from there and attacked the town of Caunus and Conon the Athenian who had 40 ships there. When Artaphernes and Pharnabazus came with an huge army to relieve Caunus, Pharax lifted his siege and returned with all his fleet to Rhodes. After this, Conon assembled 80 ships and sailed toward Chersonesus. At the same time the Rhodians kept out the Poloponesian fleet and revolted from the Lacedemonian state. They received Conon with all his fleet into their port and city. It happened that the Egyptian fleet which knew nothing of this change of affairs, boldly anchored off the island with all their cargo of wheat which was sent to the Lacedemonians. Conon with the Rhodians attacked them and brought all their men and cargo into the port and stored the grain there. (Diod. Sic. year 1 Olympiad 96.) The soldiers rebelled against Conon because the king's officers defrauded them of their pay. They asked for their pay the more boldly, because they were used in so great a service and served under so great a commander as Conon. (Justin. l. 6. c. 2.)

1501. Agesilaus knew that he was no match for the enemy in the plains without sufficient cavalry. He raised more troops. He ordered throughout all the confederate cities that such of them as were rich and did not want to fight themselves should send to him a horse with a rider in his place. When the spring was coming, he commanded all his army to assemble at Ephesus. He carefully trained both cavalry and foot soldiers for war. During this preparation, he made the city of Ephesus seem more important than before. He made it the centre of the war effort. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 3. and in his Agesilaus: and Plutarch and Emil. Pro. in the same man's life.)

1502. A whole year had elapsed since Agesilans came from Sparta. The 30 commissioners assigned to him returned to Sparta. Lysander the head of the commissioners returned with them. 30 others were sent to replace them of whom Heripidas was the leader. From these Agesilaus chose Xenocles and another one to lead the cavalry and Scythes to command the foot soldiers of the newly made citizens of Sparta. Heripidas was to lead them who had served under Cyrus. Migdon was over those who were sent by the cities of Asia. Agesilaus let it be known that he would march into the strongest part of the enemies' country so that they be mentally prepared for a fierce battle. Tissaphernes thought that he had done this to amuse him a second time and to keep him at home. He marched directly into Caria commanding his cavalry to stay behind and hold the plain of Maeander. However Agesilaus did indeed, exactly what he had said and his whole army attacked the country of Sardis. When he had marched for 3 days and saw no enemy, he gathered from there a huge stock of all kinds of provisions for his army. On the 4th day the enemies' cavalry was spotted. They found the Greeks scattered abroad and busy plundering the country. They attacked and killed most of them. When Agesilaus came to their rescue, he saw that the enemies' foot soldiers had not arrived. Since he was fully prepared, he attacked the enemy near the River Pactolus and won a great victory. He captured their camp. He found riches amounting to more than 70 talents of money. He transported all their camels into Greece. At this time, Tissaphernes stayed at Sardis. Therefore, he was charged by the Persians to be a deserter.

1503. That is according to Xenophon. However, Diodorus, states that Tissaphernes was present in the fight with 10,000 cavalry and 50,000 foot soldiers. Agesilaus came down from the hill country of Sipalus and overran all the plain around Sardis. He pillaged the land and destroyed a garden of Tissaphernes. It was enclosed and set with all sorts of trees and other things for pleasure, infinitely sumptuous and of most exquisite workmanship and beauty. Agesilaus turned from there and sent Xenocles with 14,000 to lie in ambush midway between Sardis and Tybarnae to intercept some Persians who were to pass that way. In this second battle with the Persians, he defeated them and killed over 6000 men. He took a great multitude of prisoners and captured their camp that was full of wealth. After all this, Tissaphernes fled to Sardis and Agesilaus returned to the seaside with his army. Pausanias also in his Laconica, writes, that Agesilaus fought with Tissaphernes in the plain country of Hermus and there defeated the cavalry and foot soldiers of the Persians. This was the largest Persian army since the time when Xerxes went into Greece or when Darius went into Scythia. It is best to trust Xenophon's account who was not only a reader to Agesilaus, (as Cicero 3 de Orators affirms,) and was very intimate and familiar with him. (as Emil. Pro. Says in the Life of Agesilaus and Diogenes Laertius, in the Life of Xenophon reports) Moreover, he was with him in all this war in Asia and the next year returned with him to Greece.

1504. Conon the admiral of the Persian fleet had often sent letters to the king asking for pay for the navy. When this failed, he went personally to the king. Pharnabazus also encouraged him to accuse Tissaphernes of treason to the king. Therefore, Colon committed the charge of the navy to Hieronimus and Nicodemus (both of Athens) in his absence. He sailed into Cilicia and from there came to Thapsacum in Syria. He went on a barge down the river Euphrates to Babylon. There he talked with Tithraustes the Chiliarch who held the highest position next the king. Colon showed him who he was and that he desired to speak with the king. He could not be admitted to the presence or speak with the king without adoration, that is by prostrating himself before the king. Therefore he did his business with him by letters and messengers. He was successful. The king declared Tissaphernes to be a traitor and ordered Conon to take charge of the war against the Lacedemonians and to pay the navy using whomever he pleased to choose for that office. He was highly rewarded for his service and sent to the sea with authority to order what shipping he needed from the Cypriots and Phoenicians. These ships would guard the sea before the next summer and Pharnabazus was assigned to him for an assistant as Colon requested. (Diod. Sic. year 1. of the 96th Olympiad, Justin l. 6. c. 2. Emil. Pro. in the life of Conon.)

1505. Concerning the Cypriots, it is to be noted that at the very time while there passed courtesies and presents between Artaxerxes and them, the king intended to make war against them. It lasted 10 years before it ended, 8 of which he spent in preparations for it. This we shall show later when we come to the fourth year of the 98th Olympiad, from Diod. Sic. He speaks of the cause of that war, of which 8 years, it seems that only 6 were spent in preparation. At this time, Isocrates made his Panegirical oration in which he mentions many vain attempts made upon Euagoras by Artaxerxes. He says:

``He made war on Euagoras who was governor of one poor city in Cyprus and one who had formerly served him and became his vassal and lived on an island. He suffered a great loss at sea and had no more than 3000 targeteers to defend his state with. Yet, weak as he was, the king has not been able to have his will of him, though he has now spent six whole years in a war against him.''

1506. Parysatis, the queen mother, urged the king on against Tissaphernes. She hated him because of what he did to her son Cyrus. The king committed the war to Tithraustes and gave him letters for the cities and commanders in those parts ordering them all to do whatever Tithraustes required of them. (Diod. Sic. year 1. of the 98th Olympiad.)

1507. When Tithraustes left, the king gave him two letters. In the one for Tissaphernes, he requested him to continue the war against the Lacedemonians. In the other, he sent to Ariaeus the commander of Larissa requiring him to help Tithraustes in the murder of Tissaphernes. Tithraustes delivered to Ariaeus as soon as he came to Colossae in Phrygia. When Ariaeus had read them, he sent for Tissaphernes asking him to come to Colossae. He wanted to consult with him about the king's matters especially concerning the war against the Greeks. Whereupon Tissaphernes suspected nothing and left his army at Sardis. He came quickly to Colossae with a troop of 300 Arcadians and Milesians and stayed at the house of Ariaeus. When he went to take a bath he laid aside his sword. Ariaeus with his servants seized him and put him into a closed coach and sent him away as a prisoner to Tithraustes. He took him as far as to Celaena and there cut off his head and sent it to Artaxerxes. Artaxerxes ordered it carried to his mother who was exceedingly glad to see it. So were all the Greek women, whose husbands had followed Cyrus in his war and were afterward killed by Tissaphernes' treachery. (Diod. Sic. year 1. of the 98th Olympiad, Polyanus stratagem. l. 1. Xenoph. Hellen. l. 3. and in his book of Agesilaus. and Plut. in the lives of Artax. and Agesilaus.)

1508. Tithraustes sent messengers to Agesilaus to let him know that Tissaphernes who had started this war, had been punished for it. He stated that now the king had a good reason to withdraw his army from Asia and to leave the cities there to the use of their laws and pay the king their former tribute. Agesilaus told Tithraustes that he could not do this without the consent of his country. Finally, they came to this agreement, that he with his army would withdraw into Pharnabazus' country and would receive 30 talents to support them there until he received instructions from Sparta. (Xenophon Hellen. l. 3.) However, Diodorus writes, that after a parley Thithraustes and Agesilaus made a truce for 6 months. Xenophon in his book written to glorify Agesilaus, added that when Tithraustes offered him a great sum of money, if he would withdraw out of the king's territories, Agesilaus replied:

``Tithraustes, it is more honourable with us that a general to enrich his army rather than himself and to take spoils from his enemies rather than rewards.''

1509. While Agesilaus marched toward Phrygia which was under Pharnabazus' command, he received a Scytala or a letter from the magistrates of Sparta. They said that he should take charge of the navy as well as of the army. He should appoint as admiral of the navy whomever he saw fit. Whereupon in a short time, he raised a navy of 120 ships from the public contributions of the cities and the generousity of private citizens who desired to reward him personally. He appointed as admiral, Pisander, his wife's brother. He was a man desirous indeed of praise, honour and courage but unskilled in naval matters. (Xen. Hellen. l. 3. Plut. in his Agesilaus. Pausan. in his Laconica.)

1510. Pisander went away to the navy and Agesilaus continued on his way into Phrygia. Tithraustes knew that Agesilaus had no intention of leaving Asia but rather hoped to vanquish the king's forces right there. He sent Timocrates of Rhodes (for so Plutarch also calls him in his Laconical Apophthegmes, however the name of Hermoerates has crept in, in his life of Artaxerxes) into Greece with gold of the value of 50 talents of silver. He bribed the chief cities to conspire together, in a common war on the behalf of the Athenians against the Lacedemonian party. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 3. Plut. in his Artax. Pansanias in his Laconica and Messenica.)

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1511. About the beginning of autumn, Agesilaus entered into Phrygia which was under Pharnabazus' government. He pillaged all that country and took over all its cities either by force or voluntary surrender. He was persuaded by Spithtidates to march into Paphlagonia and to cause them to revolt from the Persians. Coyts its king, was previously sent for by Artaxerxes but would not go. He joined with Agesilaus. Spithridates persuaded Coyts to give 1000 cavalry and 2000 foot soldiers to assist him. Agesilaus rewarded Spithridates for this by procuring Cotys' daughter for his wife. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 4. and in his Agesilaus and Plutarch likewise in his.) Agesilaus was always very desirous to reward his friends as it appears by that Epistle Laconically written and attributed to him.

``If Nicias has not done you wrong, forgive him: if he has forgive him for my sake, however forgive him.''

1512. (Plutarch in his Agesilaus and in his Laconical Apophthegmes.)

1513. He marched from Paphlagonia to Dascylium where Pharnabazus' palace was. Around there were many towns full of provisions. Here he spent the winter and maintained his army. (Xen. Hellen. l. 4.)

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1514. When his soldiers were foraging, they were not as wary as they should have been of their enemy because up until now they had never been bothered by them. By chance, Pharnabazus attacked them with two hooked chariots and 400 men as they were pillaging the area. The Greeks saw him and rallied into a troop of 700 men. Pharnabazus put his hooked chariots in the front, followed them with his cavalry and ordered them to drive into the middle of them. When the chariots had broken in and disordered them, his cavalry attacked killing 100 of them. The rest fled back to Agesilaus who was not far off with his foot soldiers. (Xen. Hellen. l. 4.)

1515. Three or four days later, Spithridates found that Pharnabazus was with his army in a spacious unwalled town called Caije about 20 miles from there. He told Heripadas, chief of the council of war, about this. Spithridates asked Agesilaus to give him 2000 foot soldiers, 2000 targeteers and as many cavalry that would voluntarily go with him. Less than half of each type of soldiers went with him. However, he set out with those which he had as soon as it grew dark. He came upon Pharnabazus at the very dawning of the day and slew the Mysians who happened that time to be on guard. The whole army was terrified and fled. Spithridates entered their camp and there took much booty including Pharnabazus' pavilion with all his luxurious furniture and wealth. Pharnabazus feared the Greeks and like the Scythian nomads, moved his camp here and there, never staying long in any one place. His main concern was that the enemy would not know where to find him. Heripedas made a rigourous search for the spoil. His soldiers stripped Spithradates and his Paphlagonians of all there plunder. After this, they spent all the next night taking what they could and went to Sardis to Araeus. He had formerly revolted from the king and served against him. In this Asian expedition, Agesilaus was more troubled by this departure of Spithridates, Megabates his son whom Agesilaus exceedingly loved and of these Paphlagonian troops. (???) (Diod. year 1, 98th Olympiad and Plutarch in his Agesilaus.)

1516. After this, Agesilaus and Pharnabazus came to a parley by the mediation of Apollophanes from Cyzicum who was a friend of both of them. They tried to come to an agreement. Pharnabazus (as Xenophon has it in his oration concerning Agesilaus) openly stated that unless the king would make him absolute and sole commander of the army, he would revolt from him. If he could command all the forces then he would fight the war against Agesilaus as long as he could. Agesilaus told him that he would quickly depart out of his territory and not trouble him as long as he could find business elsewhere. As soon as Pharnabazus left, the son of his wife Pharapyta came running to Agesilaus and entered into a league of friendship with him. They gave each other gifts as tokens of their love. (???) (Diod. year 1, 98th Olympiad, and Plutarch in his Agesilaus.)

1517. When spring came, Agesilaus came into the plains of Thebes and pitched near the temple of Diana Astyrina. There he gathered an exceedingly great store of wealth. He outfitted his troops to march into the upper countries. He did not doubt that the countries which he left behind him would defect from the Persians. (Xenophon. l. 4. Hellen.) His fame was very great in Persia after spending two years in that war. (Plutarch, in his Agesilaus.)

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1518. The Lacedemonians learned that the Persians were bribing the principal cities in Greece to unite and revolt against them. They sent Epicidas to Agesilaus, to recall him to defend his own country. Although, Agesilaus was bothered by being taken from this great war, he wrote that he would obey their command. (Plutarch, in his Agesilaus.) He sent this letter to the Ephori which Plutarch inserted among his Apophthegmes.

``Agesilaus to the Ephori, greetings: we have subdued a great part of Asia, routed the barbarians and provided a great store of arms in Ionia. However because you have set a certain day to return by, I will obey your command and peradventure be back before that day. For I am king not for myself, but for you and our confederates. For a king is truly a king, when he is commanded by the laws, Ephori and the other magistrates of the city.''

1519. It is said also that he told his friends in jest that the king had driven him from Asia with 30,000 archers. He meant that Timocrates' agent had distributed 30,000 golden darics, which were stamped with archers among the leaders of every city to create a common war against the Spartans, (Plutarch in his Laconical Apophthegmes and in his Artaxerxes., c. 15. 5:43)

1520. When Agesilaus returned, he left Euxemus behind him to be commander-in-chief with 4000 soldiers to assist the Ionians if needed. So that he might return with a good army, he promised great rewards and honours to those cities and commanders who would send him the best cavalry and foot soldiers. Hence he made them all jealous of one another to see who could supply the best troops for him. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 4.)

1521. When Xenophon returned with Agesilaus into Boeotia to fight against the Thebans, he deposited half the gold which he had obtained on his expedition with Cyrus, at Ephesus with Megabyzus, the treasurer of the temple of Diana. He knew that by going with Agesilaus to battle he might be killed. He was killed later at Coronaea. Therefore, Xenophon ordered the treasurer that if he survived the battle he wanted the gold back. Otherwise all of it was to be consecrated to the goddess Diana. The rest of his gold he sent as offerings to Apollo at Delphi. (Expedit. Cy. l. 5. and Diog. Lacrtius in Xenophonte.) Agesilaus consecrated a tenth of all that he had obtained in his two years of war in Asia to Apollo at Delphi. This amounted to about 100 talents. (Xenoph. and Plutarch, in their several lives of Agesilaus.)

1522. When Agesilaus had crossed the sea at Hellespont, he received news of the victory which the Lacedemonians had near Corinth. Thereupon, he sent back Dercylidas into Asia to inform the Ionians. This was to encourage them and strengthen their loyalty to the Lacedemonian party. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 4. and Plut. in his Agesilaus.)

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1523. About this time the famous naval battle happened at Cnidus near the hill called Dorius. (Pausan, in the 2nd book of his Eliaca) Eubulus or Eubulis was governor at Athens. He took office at the very beginning of the 3rd year of 96th Olympiad according to Lysias, a very good author in his Oration concerning the acts of Aristophanes.

1524. The commanders of the Persian fleet lay near to Doryma in Chersonesus with more than 90 ships. Pharnabazus commanded the Phoenicians and Conon the Athenian commanded the Greek squadron. Pisander, (for whom Periarchus is incorrectly written by Diodorus) the Lacedemonian admiral sailed from Cnidus with 80 ships and came to a place called Physeus in Chersonesus. After he left there, he came upon a part of the king's fleet. He won the first battle with them. When the rest of the king's fleet came to their rescue, the friends of the Lacedemonians cowardly fled to land. Pisander with his ship attacked the thickest part of the enemy and slew many of them but died heroically in the fight. Conon with his men pursued the Lacedemonians hotly to land and took no less than 50 of their ships. The rest fled and returned safe to Cnidus. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 4. Diodorus year 2 of the 96th Olympiad. Justin l. 6. c. 3. Emil. Probus in the life of Conon.)

1525. When Agesilaus was now ready to invade Boeotia, he received news of the defeat of the Lacedemonian fleet and of the death of Pisander, his wife's brother. At that very instant, the sun was eclipsed and looked like a half moon. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 4. and Plut. in his Agesilaus) This happened on August 14th 394 BC, as appears by the astronomical accounts.

1526. After this great victory at Cnidus, Pharnabazus and Conon expelled all the Lacedemonian governors and garrisons from all the islands and sea towns. They were told that they would never put any citadels in their towns but that they should hence forth live according to their own laws. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 4. Hellen.) First the Coi, then the Nisaeans, then the Teians, and those of Chios defected from the Lacedemoians. Then they of Mitylene, of Ephesus and Erythrae, did so also. Almost immediately, all the rest of the cities defected from the Lacedemonians. Some expelled the Lacedemonian garrisons, set up and maintained their own government. Others put themselves into Conon's hands. From that time on, the Lacedemonians lost the sovereignty of the seas. (Diod. Sic. year 2. Olympiad 96.)

1527. Dercylidas, an old enemy of Pharnabazus, at this time was at Agidus. He did not yield to Pharnabazus' commands as the others did but having made a grave and pithy speech to the inhabitants. He urged them to remain loyal to the Lacedemonians. When other commanders were expelled from there cities, they came to Dercylidas and were warmly received. Those that did not come voluntarily, were invited to come. When a multitude of them were come, Dercylidas went over to Sesus on the other side and there wooed all who were expelled from their commands on the European side. He encouraged them as he had done to the rest on the Asian side. He told them that in Asia itself which from the beginning belonged to the king, various places, as the small town of Temneus, Egae in Eolia and other places remained loyal and did not yield to the king. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 4.)

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1528. When Pharnabazus planned to attack Ephesus, he turned over 40 ships to Conon. He ordered him to meet him at Sestus. He himself sent threatening letters to both places telling them that unless they expelled the Lacedemonians he would count them as his enemies. When they refused, he commanded Conon to blockade them by sea. Pharnabazus went and wasted all the country about Abydus. When they still refused to yield to him, he left and went home. He ordered Conon to deal with the cities bordering on the Hellespont. He was to assemble the greatest fleet that they could possibly make by next spring. So the winter was spent making this fleet.

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1529. At the beginning of spring, Pharnabazus assembled a mighty fleet and hired any ship he could. Pharnabazus took Conon with him and went through the middle of the islands of the Aegean Sea and came to Melus one of the Sporades. From there he could easily land in Laconia the country of the Spartans.

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1530. When Pharnabazus had wasted the country, he planned to return into Asia. Before he went, Conon prevailed with him to leave the navy with him. With it he would go to Athens and would repair the long walls and fortify the port of Poyroeum. He said that this would greatly trouble the Lacedemonians. Pharnabazus approved of this plan and gave him money to do that work. Conon came to Athens with 80 ships and started to repair the walls both of the city and port. He gave 50 talents that he received from Pharnabazus, to his fellow citizens. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 4., Diod. Sic. year 2. and 3. of the 96th Olympiad. Plut. in his Agesilaus and Laconical Apophthegmes. Justin l. 6. c. 5. Emil. Prob. in the life of Conon.)

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1531. When the Lacedemonians heard that the Athenians were rebuilding their walls, they sent Antalcidas to Tiribazus, another chief commander of the king who lived at Sardis. He wanted to make Tiribazus their friend and to mediate a peace between him and them. The Athenians also sent Conon and various others to him as did the Boeotians, Corinthians and those of Argos. Now when they all came before Tiribazus, Antalcidas told him that he was come to sue for a peace between the king and his country men as the king desired. To that end, the Lacedemonians would not fight with him for the Greek cities in Asia but would be content if all the islands and other countries outside Asia might be free and live according to their own laws. When all the rest of the messengers disavowed that motion, the meeting broke up and every man returned home again. Although Tiribazus saw that it was not safe for him to make a league with the Lacedemonians without the king's consent, yet secretly he furnished Antalcidas with money to build up their navy again. He did this so that the Athenians and their confederates might be the more agreeable to a peace with the king. He imprisoned Conon at Sardis charging him guilty of everything the Lacedemonians said of him. They said Colon had used the king's soldiers and money only to get towns and cities for the Athenians and to restore Ionia and Eloia to them. After that, Tiribazus made a journey to the king to inform him of the Lacedemonians' purposed treaty and to tell the king what he had done to Conon and why he had done it. He then wanted direction from the king as to what to do. (Xen. Hellen. l. 4. with Plut. in his Laconical Apophthegmes: an in his Agesilaus. Diod. Sic. 3rd year of the 96th Olympiad: Emil. Prob. in the life of Conon.)

1532. After Saryrus, King of Bosphorus died, his son Leuco reigned for 40 years. (Diod. Sic. 4th year of 96th Olympiad.)

1533. Parysatis the king's mother, had her trusted servant, hide slips of palm trees in the heap of sand and dust that buried the body of Clearchus as I mentioned earlier. Now after 8 years, a beautiful grove of palm trees grew which shaded all the place, as Ctesias reports in his Persica. He adds that when the king knew of this he greatly repented for killing Clearchus, a man whom the gods themselves respected. (Ctesias, in the Excerptions of Photius, and Plut. in the life of Artaxerxes.)

1534. Some write that Conon was carried away prisoner to the king and executed. (Isocrates in his Panegyric.) However, Dinon, an historian and of great authority in Persian matters says that he escaped from prison. Dinon did not know if this happened with or without Tiribazus' knowledge and consent. (Emil. Prob. in his Conon.)

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1535. While Tiribazus was with the king, the king sent Struthas into lower Asia to take charge of the naval affairs. The Lacedemonians knew that Struthas hated them for the many injuries which Alcibiades had inflicted on the Persians in those parts and that Struthas favoured the Athenian party and their confederates. Therefore, they sent Thimbron to attack him. Thimbron sailed to Ephesus. From there and other places, on the Meander and from Priene, Leucophrye and Achillium, he plundered the king's neighbouring countries. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 4.) He took over Ioadae and Coressus, a mountain 5 miles from Ephesus. He had 8000 men whom he had brought with him in addition to those which he raised in Asia. He often made incursions from there and wasted all provinces and nearby places that were under the kings control. (Diod. Sic. year 3. Olymp. 97.)

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1536. After a while, Struthas, with a large company of cavalry, 5000 foot soldiers and almost 12,000 targeteers camped near the Lacedemonian army. When Struthas knew that Thimbron did not keep military order in sending his men out for service, he sent some cavalry into the plain country. He intended that they would attack whomever they found. When he saw Thimbron send out forces in small numbers and not in military order to relieve them that were attacked, then Struthas and his main body of his cavalry, all in good battle array, attacked them. Thimbron and his dear friend Thersander were killed in the first attack. Thersander was an excellent minstrel and a very good soldier. Hereupon, the rest of the Greeks fled. The Persians chased them. Some they killed, others were captured and only few Greeks escaped to Cnidus and other Greek cities. (Diod. Sic. year 3. Olymp. 97)

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1537. Ecdicus was sent by the Lacedemonians with 8 ships to help the bandits of Rhodes. He came to Cnidus and found that the Rhodians were very strong on land and sea and had a fleet twice as big as his. Therefore he stayed at Cnidus without attacking them. (Xenoph. Hellen. 4. Diod. year 2. Olympiad 97.)

1538. In the same fleet, the Lacedemonians sent Diphridas with orders to land in Asia and to man all those cities which had adhered to Thimbron. He was to assemble the remaining troops from Thimbron's defeat and any other soldiers he could get. He started the war anew against Struthas. It was his good fortune to capture Tigranes, Strathus' son-in-law as he was going with his wife to Sardis. He let him go after extracting a large sum of money from him which he used to pay his army. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 4.)

1539. Euagoras the king of Salamis in Cyprus, ruled almost the entire island through the exploits of his son Protagoras. (Isocrates in his Euagoras.) The rest of the island, he took over partly by force and partly by persuasive words. The inhabitants of Amathusa, Solos and Citium sent to ask for help from Artaxerxes. They charged Euagoras with the killing of Argyris who was, while he lived, a confederate of the Persians and undertook to help the king get the whole island under his control. Artaxerxes wanted to check Euagoras and desired to control Cyprus so he could use it as a base to defend Asia. He ordered an attack against Euagoras and sent away the ambassadors. He ordered that all his sea towns in Asia to start building and outfitting all the ships they could. Artaxerxes went through the cities of upper Asia and raised a large army. (Diod. Sic. year 2. Olympiad 97.) He made Antophradates, the governor of Lydia the general of the army. and Hercatonnus the commander of Caria, the admiral of the naval forces. (Theopomp. in Biblioth. Photis, p. 176) Instead of making war against Euagoras, Hercatonnus secretly gave him money to hire mercenaries. (Diod. Sic. year 2. Olympiad 97. and year 3. Olympiad 98.)

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1540. When the Lacedemonians saw that Ecdicus did not have enough forces to help their friends, they recalled Telentias from the bay of Corinth and sent him with 12 ships to replace Ecdicus. Telentias was to support as best he could the Rhodians who favoured the Lacedemonian party and to repress their enemies. When Telentias came to Samos he added more ships to his fleet. From there he sailed to Cnidus and dismissed Ecdicus. He set sail for Rhodes with a fleet of 27 well furnished ships. (Xen. Hellen. l. 4. with Diod. Sic. year 2. 97th Olympiad.)

1541. As he was on his way to Rhodes he came upon Philocrates who was sailing from Athens to Cyprus with 10 ships to help king Euagoras. Telentias took these and carried their spoil to Cnidus where he sold it. So it happened that they who were enemies to the king of Persia, plundered them who were going to make war against the king. (Xen. Hellen. l. 4.)

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1542. The Athenians saw that the Lacedemonians were recovering their naval power. They sent Thrasybulus with a fleet of 40 ships against them. He sailed first into Ionia and gathered money from their confederates. He found that all the cities in Asia welcomed him because of that correspondence which was between the king and them. Therefore he set sail for Byzantium and farmed out the collection of the 10% duty on all ships that passed through that strait. When he made a league of friendship with the Chalcedonians, he returned from the Hellespont. (Xen. Hellen. l. 4. with Diodor. year 1. Olympiad 97.)

1543. After this he returned into Asia with his fleet and he sent for the required tribute from those of Aspendus which they paid. He anchored his fleet at the mouth of the river Eurymedon. However, some of his company went up into the country and plundered their goods. The men of Aspendus were furious and waited for a chance to strike back. When it came, they attacked and killed many of them including Thrasybulus while he was sleeping in his tent. This act terrified the Athenian captains and they quickly boarded their ships and sailed to Rhodes. The Athenians immediately sent Argyrius to replace Thrasybulus. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 4. Diodor. year 3. Olympiad 97.)

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1544. Although the Lacedemonians had little reason to find fault with Dercylidas' actions, yet they sent Anaxibius to replace him in the government of Abydus. Anaxibius was in favour with the Ephori and promised to do wonders if he might be furnished with men and money. Therefore they gave him 3 ships and money to hire and pay 1000 sailors. When he came to Abydus, he raised the land forces with the money which he brought. He caused various cities of Eolia to defect from Pharnabazus. He wasted the enemies' country. When he got 3 more ships, he troubled the Athenians which sailed along that coast. If he happened to find any of their ships straggling from the rest, he captured and brought them to Abydus. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 4.)

1545. When the Athenians heard of this, they sent Iphicrates who recently returned from Corinth, with 8 ships and 1200 targeteers, to maintain what Thrasybulus had gotten. He sailed into those parts against Anaxibius. When he came into Chersonesus both he and Anaxibius established a company of pirates and land robbers, to carry on the war for them. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 4.)

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1546. Anaxibius went to Antandrus with his mercenaries and his own country men and 200 foot soldiers from Abydus. There he was very kindly welcomed and entertained. Meanwhile Iphicrates placed ambushes for him in the mountain passages before Anaxibius could return from there to Abydus. The vessels which had carried Iphicrates over at night, Iphicrates ordered to row up the Hellespont that men might think that he was on-board and that he was going as his custom was to collect money. The men of Abydus who led the troops came into the plain which lies near a place called Cremastes, (where there are gold mines) and the rest were coming down the steep hill and Anaxibius with his Laconian troops followed them. Iphicrates with all his men, rose out of their ambush and attacked them. Anaxibius was thus entrapped, fought courageously and died along with 12 other Lacedemonians' governors of various cities. The rest fled and Iphicrates pursued them to the very gates of Abydus. Of these, 200 died in addition to 50 foot soldiers from Abydus. Iphicrates returned into Chersonesus. (Xen. Hellen. l. 4. in. fi.)

1547. The Lacedemonians sent Hierax to replace Teleutias as admiral of the fleet. Teleutias returned home. He was dearly loved and admired by his troops. (Xenophon Hellen. l. 5.)

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1548. Shortly after, the Lacedemonians sent Antalcidas to replace Hierax hoping that they would please Tiribazus. When Antalcidas came to Ephesus, he left Nicholochus' lieutenant there. Antalcidas and Tiribazus went together to the king to conclude the peace which was then being disturbed. (Xen. Hellen. l. 5. Diod. Sic. year 2. Olympiad 98.)

1549. To secure Abydus, Nicolochus sailed from Ephesus and on the way he landed at Tenedos. He wasted their country and extracted a sum of money from them and then went on his journey to Abydus. Meanwhile the Athenian captains, who were at Samothrace Thasus and other places nearby hurried to come to the relief of Tenedos. When they found that Nicolochus had safely arrived at Agidus, they left Chersonesus with 32 ships and besieged him as he stayed at Abidus with 25 ships. (Xenoph. Hellen l. 5.)

1550. Chabrias with 800 targeteers and 10 ships was publicly sent by the Athenians to help Euagoras. He did not leave the place till he had subdued the whole island for him. By this the Athenians became famous in the world, (Xenoph. Hellen l. 5. and Emil. Prob. in the Life of Chabrias.) Lysias the orator, in his oration upon Aristophanes, mentions the embassy sent from the Cypriots to the Athenians asking for aid.

1551. Artaxerxes detested the Lacedemonians and always said (as Dinon reports) that they were the most impudent of all men living. However, when he saw Antalcidas, the Leonidas and the Calicratidas dance before him, he fell infinitely in love with him. When Antalcidas was eating supper, Artaxerxes sent him a garland made of roses and saffron from his own head. It was dipped in a most costly ointment. He was to wear it for the king's sake. Antalcidas replied:

``Sir, I take and thank you for this noble gift and favour but the perfume of its ointment mars the natural scent and fragrance of the flowers.''

1552. (Plut. in his Artax. and in his Polopidas and in his Sympos. l. 7. ques. 8. Athenaeus Deiphos. l. 2. Elia. Varia, Histor. l. 14. c. 39.)

1553. Tiribazus returned from the king with Antalcidas when he had made a firm league and alliance in case the Atheninas and their confederates would not partake in that peace which he had negotiated. When Pharnabazus went to the king who was in upper Asia, he married the king's daughter. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 5.)

1554. When Antalcidas returned, he heard that Iphicrates and Diotimus besieged Nicolochus in Abydus with all their fleet. Antalcidas went there by land and sailed at night. He let on that he was summoned to Chalcedon. However, he besieged the port of Percope. When 4 captains on the Athenian side heard that Antalcidas sailed for Chalcedon, they planned to follow him upon the trade route to Proeconesus. As soon as they sailed by, Antalcidas sailed back to Abydus. By this stratagem, he placed 12 swift ships in an ambush and intercepted 8 ships which Thrasybulus the Athenian brought from Thrace to join the main Attic fleet. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 5.) Polyanus, l. 2. Stratag. in Antalcida.)

1555. Antalcides received 20 ships from Syracusae and other parts of Italy which were brought him by Polyxenus and others. From Ionia, Pharnabazus sent ships. He also received ships from Atiobarzanes, his old friend. With his fleet of 80 ships he was absolute master of the sea. Thereby he forced those ships which came from Pontus and were bound for Athens to discharge their cargo in a port friendly to the Lacedemonian party. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 5.)

1556. When Tiribazus had summoned all to come that would subscribe to the peace treaty of Artaxerxes, all the Greek cities sent their ambassadors. He showed them the document with the king's seals attached. He had it read to them:

``The King Artaxerxes thinks it reasonable that the cities which are in Asia as also the islands of Clazomena and Cyprus should be under his government. All other Greek cities, regardless of size, should be free and live according to their own laws. This excludes Leminus, Imbrus and Scirus, which are under the control of the Athenians. Those who shall not receive this peace, I will with those who agree to his peace, wage war by land and by sea with ships and with money.''

1557. The ambassadors returned to their respective cities with the terms of the peace. Although they were grieved to see the Greek cities in Asia under subjection, they accepted the peace. (Xen. Hellen. l. 5. Isocrates in Panathen, Diod. Sic. year 2. Olymp. 98. Plutarch in Agesil. and Artaxers. and in his Laconical Apophtheg. Aristides in his Leutric. 1 and 2.) This peace was proclaimed 19 years after the sea battle at Egospotamos and 16 years before the battle at Leuctra in Boeotia. (Polyb. l. 1.)

1558. When this peace was made, Agesilaus, (according to Xenophon) was very earnest to see that the terms were observed. The Lacedemonians appointed themselves defenders of the peace in Greece. Artaxerxes wrote a letter to Alcibiades which he sent by a Persian with Callias a Lacedemonian. He offered Alcibiades both hospitality and friendship. Alcibiades declined the offer and told the king's messenger to tell his master that:

``He need not trouble himself to write letters to him. For if he continued a good friend to the Lacedemonians, they would be good friends. But if he did any ill to them, he should not think that any of his letters should win him his friendship.'' (Plutarch in his Laconical Apophthegmes.)

1559. In those articles of Antalcidas' peace, formerly related from Xenophon, who could not be ignorant of its terms, we find that not all the islands bordering on Asia but only two were given to the king. However Plutarch in the life of Artaxerxes, seems to think otherwise. These islands were Clazomenae (which as I showed before, 3504 AM and 3509 AM was then an island) and Cyprus. The nature of this peace now drew Chabrias from Cyprus, when he had already subdued it for Euagoras. Euagoras armed almost every man in the island and mustered a huge army against Artaxerxes. When Artaxerxes had made peace with the Greeks, he ordered all his forces to prepare for the conquest of Cyprus. (??) (Diod. Sic. 2 year, Olympiad 98.)

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1560. Artaxerxes mustered 300,000 foot soldiers and prepared 300 ships to attack Euagoras, the king of Cyprus. Orontes, the son-in-law to the king was the general of the army. The admiral of his fleet was Tiribazus. These two assumed their positions at Phocia and Cuma. They first sailed to Cilicia and from there landed in Cyprus. They waged a fierce war against Euagoras. He procured supplies from the Egyptians, Tyrians, Arabians and others who were enemies of the Persians. He had a fleet of 90 ships of which 20 were from Tyre and the rest were his. He had 6000 foot soldiers and a huge number of auxiliaries from other parts. Since he had plenty of money, his army grew exceedingly large. (Diod. l. 15. year 3. Olympiad 98.)

1561. Euagoras encouraged a number of pirates he had at his command, to attack the enemy cargo ships. Some they captured, others were sunk and the rest dared not sail for fear of them. When the food ran out for the Persian army, some of the mercenaries killed their commanders and the whole army was in rebellion. Hence the officers of the army and Gaus the chief officer at sea were barely able to quiet them. Whereupon, the whole navy sailed for Cilicia and brought food from there for the camp. Acoris king of Egypt supplied Euagoras all the grain, money or other provisions that he could wish for. (Diod. l. 15. year 3. Olympiad 98.)

1562. Euagoras knew that his fleet was far too weak for the enemies. Therefore he furnished 60 more of his own ships and had 50 more sent to him from king Acoris. His fleet now totalled 200 ships. In the first encounter by land, he defeated the Persians and routed them again at sea. He suddenly attacked their fleet as they were sailing to Citium and sunk some of them and captured others which were separated from the main body of the navy. When the admiral of the Persian navy and the rest of the commanders had time to recover, they counter attacked and the battle was fierce. At first Euagoras had the upper hand. When Gaus attacked with all his forces and personally fought very courageously, Euagoras' men fled with the loss of many of his ships. After the Persians won, they assembled their land and naval forces at Citium. When they outfitted, they went to besiege Salamis, the chief city, by land and sea. (Diod. l. 15. year 3. Olympiad 98.)

1563. Immediately after the fight Teribazus went into Cilicia to carry the news of the victory to Artaxerxes. Euagoras left Salamis to be defended by his son Pythagoras. (Protagoras perhaps, of whom I formerly made mention from Isocrates in 3613 AM.) He committed the charge of the whole isle to him. Euagoras escaped by night with only 10 ships and sailed to Egypt. He persuaded Acoris to make a war upon the Persians with all the power he could. (Diod. l. 15. year 3. Olympiad 98.)

3619 AM, 4329 JP, 385 BC

1564. Euagoras returned to Cyprus but with far less money than he expected. When he found Salamis strongly besieged and himself abandoned by his confederates, he sent to Tiribazus to ask for peace. Tiribazus who was commander-in-chief, replied that he would grant peace provided that he would surrender all Cyprus except Salamis into the king's hand and pay the king's tribute. He would submit to the authority of the king. As hard as these conditions were, Euagoras agreed to them only he would be subject to the king as one king is to another not as a slave to his master. Tiribazus rejected this. (Diod. Sic. year 4. Olympiad 98.)

1565. Orantes the other commander-in-chief who envied the position of Tiribazus, secretly sent letters to the king, his father-in-law. Among other matters, he accused Tiribazus of planning a rebellion. Also that he had secretly made an alliance with the Lacedemonians and used all means to win over to himself all the main captains and commanders of the army. The king believed these lies and ordered Orontes to seize Tiribazus and send him to him. (Diod. Sic. year 4. Olympiad 98.)

1566. Orontes feared Tiribazus but devised this plan. There was a house which had a great vault in it. Over this vault he placed a bed and removed its bottom. He covered it over with tapestry and many costly covers. Then he asked Tiribazus to come to him, pretending that he wanted a conference about some urgent matters. When Tiribazus came in, he sat down on the bed and fell through into the vault. He was caught and sent bound in chains to the king. (Polyan. Stratag. l. 7.)

1567. Now Orontes commanded all the forces in Cyprus. He saw that Euagoras had taken fresh courage and endured the siege more stoutly than before. His soldiers were discontented by Tiribazus' misfortune. When Orontes received no commands he abandoned the siege. He granted Euagoras a peace on the terms Euagoras had purposed to Tiribazus. These were that he would pay a yearly tribute to the king, he would continue to be king of Salamis and as a king he would be obedient in all things to the king. Hence this war in Cyprus ended, which had lasted 10 years of which 8 years were spent in preparations and only 2 years in the war. The king had spent 50,000 talents on it. When all was done, Euagoras was in the same state as he was when the war began. (Isocrates in his Euagoras, Diod. Sic. year 4. Olympiad 98.)

1568. Gaus, vice-admiral of the navy and son-in-law to Tiribazus, feared lest he be thought to know of Tiribazus' plans that he might meet the same fate as Tiribazus. He thought of defecting from the king. With wealth and soldiers enough and having the loyalty of the chief captains of the navy, he confederated with Acoris king of Egypt and the Lacedemonians to make war on Artaxerxes. (Diod. Sic. year 4. Olympiad 98.)

1569. Artaxerxes followed the example of Cambyses, (Herod. l. 5. c. 25. Valer. Max. l. 6. c. 3.) and had certain of his judges to be flayed alive and their skins hung over the judgment seats. He did this so that they who judged would know what hung over their heads and might be the more careful to do justice to his people. (Diod. Sic. year 4. Olympiad 98.)

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