3590 AM, 4300 JP, 414 BC

1307. Pissuthnes the governor of Lydia, revolted from Darius. Therefore Tissaphernes, Spitladares and Pharmises were sent against him. Pissuthnes went to meet them. He had with him Lycon an Athenian with the Greeks under his command. The king's commanders bribed Lycon and his Greeks to abandon Pissuthnes. Then they drew in Pissuthnes with the promise of safely an brought him to the king, which they did. The king ordered, "Away with him to the ash heap" and gave his government to Tislaphernes. Lycon had cities and countries given to him for a reward for his treachery. (Ctesias.)

1308. Eusebius in his Chron. notes that Egypt rebelled from the Persians and that Amyrtaius Saites reigned there for 6 years. This seems to be the same Amirtaeus who Herodotus writes of, (Herod. l. 1. c. 140. l. 3. c. 15.) where he shows that he did the Persians much damage.

3591 AM, 4301 JP, 413 BC

1309. In the 19th summer of the Peloponesian war, when Nicias would have withdrawn his army at night from before the walls of Syracuse in Sicily, there appeared an eclipse of the Moon about ten o'clock at night in the month Metagiton. This was on the 27th of August, according to the Julian Calender. At the sight of this, he was so terrified that he did not withdraw at that time. By delaying he and his whole army perished. (Thucid. l. 7. Polyb. l. 9. Diod. Sic. year 4. of 91. Olympiad, Plin. l. 2. c. 12. Plutarch in the life of Nicias and in his book, De Superstition.)

1310. The next winter, Tissaphernes of Lydia and Pharnabazus of Hellespont, two governors of Darius whose countries bordered the sea coast in the lesser Asia, sought to recover the old tribute from the Greek cities lying within their control. Recently the Athenians had forbidden them to pay tribute to the king. They dealt with them underhandedly to make them defect from the Athenians. They solicited the Peloponesians in general to make a new war on Athens and had the Lacedemonians in particular become allies of the Persian king. When the Athenians power was thus weakened in Asia on whom Pissuthnes had founded all his hopes, Tissaphernes sought by all means how to capture Amorges a bastard son of Pissuthnes who had taken up arms in Casia. He was commanded to send him alive or dead to the king. When he found that the citizens of Chios and Erythrae were ready to revolt from the Athenians, he sent his messenger with theirs to Lacedemon to negotiate the matter by the common agreement. (Thucid. l. 9.)

1311. At the same time Calligetus of Megara and Timagoras of Cyzicum who were both banished from their country, came to Lacedemon. They were sent by Pharnabazus who had entertained them during the time of their exile. They went in the name of the inhabitants of Cyzicum, to got ships to carry them into the Hellespont. When the messengers of Pharnabazus and Tislaphernes each made their request separately, the Lacedemonians were divided as to what to do. Some advised that Ionia and Chios should be helped first, others the Hellespont. Alcibiades helped decide the matter. He was a condemned man at Athens who lived in Sparta, in a house with Endius, one of the Ephore who was a friend of his father. Therefore they made an agreement with the Chii and Erythraeans and ordered 40 ships to be sent to help them. Calligetus and Timagoras, who were there on the behalf of Pharnabazus and the men of Cyzicum, contributed nothing toward this fleet for Chios. They withheld the 25 talents which they had brought with them to hire ships for themselves because they planned to prepare a fleet of their own. (Thucid. l. 8.)

3592 AM, 4302 JP, 412 BC

1312. In the 20th summer of the Peloponesian war, Alcibiades an Athenian, and Chalcideus a Lacedemonian were sent by Endius and the rest of the Ephori with 5 ships into Ionia. They planned to try to make the Greek cities defect from the Athenian side. The Clazomenae went to the mainland and built a strong fort there so they would have a safe place to go if their island was attacked. Similarly, did the other islands that revolted from the Athenians. They built forts and prepared for war. (Thucid. l. 8.)

1313. Strombichides, the commander of the Athenians came with 8 ships to Samos. Another ship joined him here and they sailed to Teus. They persuaded them not to defect from the Athenians. Chalcidcus came there also with 23 ships and some foot soldiers from the Clazomenians and Erythreans. The Teians at first refused to receive the soldiers but when they saw the Athenians had fled, they took them in. These waited for the return of the Chalcideus from pursuing the Athenians. When they did not return, they threw down the wall which the Athenians had made on the land side with the help of those who were under the command of Tages Tissaphernes. When Chalcideus and Alcibiades had pursued Strombichides as far as Samos, more ships from Chios joined them and they sailed to Miletus. By the means of Alcibiades, who had an important acquaintance with the noble men there, they persuaded them also to defect from the Athenians. When the Athenians followed them there, they were kept out by the Milesians. They retreated to an island called Lada opposite Miletus. (Thucid. l. 8.)

1314. Therefore, the Chii sailed with 10 ships to the city, Anaea in Caria to learn the status of Miletus and to induce other cities to defect from the Athenians. They were called back by Chalcideus because Amorges the son of Pissuthnes was approaching with his army. They came to a small town Diosbierou in Ionia. When they saw a fleet of 16 Athenian ships that were sent from there under the command of Diomedon to join with Thrasicles, they dispersed themselves. One ship went to Ephesus, the rest to Teus. Four were captured by the Athenians but all the men on them had escaped to shore. The rest of the ships came safely to Teus. After this when the Athenians were gone to Samos, the Chii pursued their purpose with the remainder of their fleet and forces and drew over to their side cities of Lebedus and Eras in Ionia. (Thucid. l. 8.)

1315. After the foot soldiers of the Chii departed from Teus, Tissaphernes came there with his army and pulled down what was left of the walls of Teus and went away. No sooner was he gone then Diomedon, with 10 Athenian ships came there and was received by the Teians also. He went to Eras and when he was unable to capture it, he went his way. (Thucid. l. 8.)

1316. When the Athenians had taken the fort which the Clazomenians had built on the continent, they forced them to return to their island. The leaders of the revolt were sent to Daphnus. The Clazomenians again submitted to the Athenians. (Thucid. l. 8.)

3592c AM, 4302 JP, 412 BC

1317. That same summer, the Athenians with 20 ships, which were at Lada opposite Miletus, landed at Panormus. They attacked Chalcideus, the Lacedemonian and killed him and all that were with him. They returned from there 3 days later and erected a monument in memory of what they had done. Because this was done by those who did not control the country, the Milesians demolished it. (Thucid. l. 8.)

1318. In the end of the summer, the Athenians with 1500 soldiers and 1000 men from Argos and many of their other confederates sailed to Samos with 48 ships commanded by Phrynichus and Onomacles and Saronidas. From there they sailed for Miletus and positioned their army before the city. 800 Milesian soldiers attacked them, Alcibiades, with those whom Chalcideus had brought from Peloponesus and certain soldiers. These came from a foreign nation which followed Tissaphernes and were commanded by Tissaphernes. The Argivi which led the van in the wing where they were, trusting too much in their valour and were routed by the Milesians. The Ionians were held in contempt by the Argivi. They lost 300 men but eventually the Athenians won the battle. They set up a monument in the field and besieged the city on that peninsula. When news came that a fleet from Sicily and Peloponesus was heading that way, they followed the advice of Phrynicus and withdrew to Samos. (Thucid. l. 8.)

1319. When the fleet came with the ships of Chios which had formerly been beaten by Chalcideus, they were asked by Tissaphernes to attack Jasos. Here lived Amorges the bastard son of Pisluthnes, (who had revolted form the king). The Peloponesians under the command of Astyochus the admiral to whom Theramenes a Lacedemonian had brought that fleet and the Syracusans (who were very courageous under their general Hermocrates) suddenly attacked the Jasians and took the city. The Jasians incorrectly thought that these were friends. The Peloponesians took Amorges alive and gave him to Tissaphernes to be sent to Darius, if he pleased. They sacked the city of Jasos, which through a long peace was quite prosperous and took much spoil. The mercenaries hired by Amorges were spared because most of them were Peloponesians. They enlisted them for their own service. The town was handed over to Tissaphernes with all its people. Everyone was redeemed by paying half a crown. They returned to Miletus and they accompanied overland Paedaritus, who was sent by the Lacedemonians as governor for Chios and the mercenaries of Amorges. They went as far as Erythrae and left Philippus, governor of Miletus. (Thucid. l. 8.)

3592d AM, 4302 JP, 412 BC

1320. The next winter after Tissaphernes had put a garrison in Jasos, he came to Miletus and there according to a promise made at Lacedemon paid them and their mercenaries their wages. This was an Athenian drachma for each one. He bargained with them for the same wage for future service.

1321. Astyochus the admiral of the Lacedemonian fleet with 10 ships of Lacedemon and as many of Chios sailed to Clazomenae when the seige of the city Pteleum failed. There he ordered all who favoured the Athenians to leave and live at Daphnus. Tamos the governor of Ionia gave similar orders. When they refused, he attacked the unwalled town. He was unsuccessful and left. He encountered a violent storm at sea. He came safely to Phocaea and Cuma but the rest of his ships were driven ashore on the isles lying opposite Clazomenae, Marathusa, Pela and Drymissa. They stayed here for 8 days because of the storm. They spoiled the goods which the Clazomenians had transported there for fear of the war. The rest of the goods they put on board their ships and carried them to Astyochus at Phocaea and Cuma. (Thucid. l. 8.)

1322. The same winter Hippocrates of Lacedemon set sail for Cnidus from Peloponesus with 10 Thurian ships under the command of Dorieus and two others commissioned with him, one of Laconica and another of Syracuse. Cnidus had revolted from Tissaphernes. When the Milesians heard this, they sent to Hippocrates and asked him to leave one half of his ships at a garrison at Cnidus and to go with the rest and raid ships laden with cargo from Egypt. These ships lay at Priopium which is a cape of Cnidea. When the Athenians heard of this, they went from Samos and surprised the six ships which lay at Trippium to guard those places. However, the sailors escaped, and the Athenians found only empty ships. They came to Cnidus and almost took it by surprise when they attacked it. It was an unwalled town. They decided to wait and attack again the next day. The Cnidians cast up some earth works about the town that night. Also they were joined by those who were forced ashore at Triopium. When they saw it would be harder than ever to take the town, they plundered the country and returned to Samos. (Thucid. l. 8.)

3593a AM, 4302 JP, 412 BC

1323. When the Spartans evaluated the league between Chalcideus and Tissaphernes, they thought it a bit unfair to them. They drew up another one between the Lacedemonians and their confederates on the one side and Darius, his sons and Tissaphernes on the other. This was in clearer terms than the former one and was subscribed in the presence of Theramenes of Lacedemon. When Theramenes gave the command of the navy to Astyoctus, be boarded a little boat and left. (Thucid. l. 8.)

1324. Pharnabasus, the governor for the king in Hellespont, had previously sent Calligetus of Megara and Timagoras of Cyzicum to Sparta asking for ships. This was granted. 27 ships were sent under the command of Antisthenes, a Lacedemonian, in the middle of winter from Peloponesus into Ionia. The Lacedemonians also sent 11 commissioners of theirs (one was Lycas, the son of Arcesilaus) to advise Astyochus in the management of this war. After they came to Miletus, they were ordered to send some or all of these 27 ships to Pharnabazus in the Hellespont. Clearchus would be made commander of this fleet. If they saw cause, they could put Antishenes in charge of the navy instead of Astyochus. He was under suspicion by Pedaritus who had letters against him. These commissioners sailed from Malea, a port in Peloponesus and first came to the island of Melus. They sailed widely around it to avoid the enemy and landed at Caunus in Asia. (Thucid. l. 8.)

1325. When Astyochus came to Cnidus, he quickly left it to meet the Athenian fleet which waited for the Peloponesian ships coming from Caunius. The Athenians won the first battle here but when they lost the second one they retired and came to Halicarnassus. The victorious Peloponesians returned to Cnidus. After this the Athenians sailed to an island called Sima where they were soundly defeated. They dared not attack the Lacedemonian navy which lay at Cnidus but took only some tackle and baggage from Sima. When they attacked Lorymae on the continent, they returned again to Samos. (Thucid. l. 8.)

1326. When all the Peloponesian navy of 94 ships met at Cnidus, the 11 commissioners discussed with Tissaphernes matters already transacted. They looked for any fault in it and planned how the war for the future might be carried on for the best advantage on both sides. Lichas said that in view of what had happened, that neither of the two leagues which were made with Theramenes were as they should be. They could not tolerate that the king should hold onto all those countries which he or his ancestors had held previously. He said for this reason that all the islands, all Thessaly, Locri and all Baeothia must again be under the king's authority. The Lacedemonians, instead of freeing the Greek cities would enslave them to the power of the Persians more than ever. Therefore, they should form of a new league between them or abandon this one and never ask nor receive stipend more of the king of Persia according to the previous leagues. Tissaphernes grew angry, tore up the treaty and went his way. (Thucid. l. 8.)

1327. Letters came from the Peloponesians to Astiochus that he should remove Alcibiades as admiral. He was under suspicion and he was a professed enemy of Agis the king of Lacedemon. When Alcibiades heard about this, he fled secretly to Tissaphernes, he persuaded him not to pay so much for the Peloponesian navy but rather hold matters in a balance. This way neither the Athenians or the Spartans would win the war. When each side had been exhausted by warfare, they would more easily be brought under the king's control. Pisander with ten ambassadors from Athens entreated Tissaphernes and Alcibiades for terms that would benefit both states. However, Alcibiades in the name of Tissaphernes made such demands, they thought to abandon all discussion and do nothing even though they yielded to many of them. He demanded that they should surrender into the king's hands all Ionia and its adjacent islands. When they agreed, he then demanded that the king could make as many ships as he pleased and sail them where he pleased whenever he wanted to. When the Athenians knew that these demands were intolerable and they were being abused by Alcibiades, they broke off the talks in a rage and returned to Samos. (Thucid. l. 8)

3593b AM, 4303 JP, 411 BC

1328. Toward the end of this winter, Tissaphernes went to Caunus and planned to recall the Lacedemonian commissioners back to Miletus and pay them lest the Spartans become his enemies too. When they came he paid them all their arrears and made a third league with them. It stated:

``In the 13th year of the reign of Darius, when Alexipidas was Ephorus, i.e. agreements were made, in the field of Maander, between the Lacedemonians and their confederates on the one side and Tissaphernes and Hieramenes and the sons of Pharnacus on the other, concerning the affairs of the king and of the Lacedemonians and their confederates. It stated that whatever country in Asia is the king's that let him hold it still and of his own countries let him dispose as he will, &c.''

1329. But concerning the payment of their yearly stipend it was thus agreed:

``That Tissaphernes should pay the fleet that was there, till the king's ships came. After they were come then the Lacedemonians and their confederates would maintain their navy if they wished. If they would rather have a stipend for it, then Tissaphernes should furnish it, but on the condition that at the end of the war they should refund all the money which they had received,'' (Thucid. l. 8.)

1330. From this we may gather the full meaning of what Justin, (l. 5. 1.) more concisely stated:

``Darius the king of Persians, making a league with the Lacedemonians by Tissaphernes, his governor of Lydia, promised to bear all the charge of the war.''

1331. In the very beginning of the next summer which began the 21st year of the Poloponesian war, Decylidas, a Lacedemonian was sent from Miletus overland with a small company into Hellespont. He was to stir up the city of Abydus which was a colony of the Milesians to rebel against the Athenians. First this city, then two days later Lampsacus defected from Athens to Decylides and Pharnabazus.

1332. When Strombychides heard this news, he sailed from Chios to Lesbos with 24 Athenian ships. When the Lesbians attacked him, he routed them and took the unwalled town on the first assault. When he settled matters there, he went to Abydus. When they repulsed his attack, he sailed to Sestos and placed a strong garrison there to defend all of the Hellespont. (Thucid. l. 8.)

1333. The whole navy of the Athenians came together at Samos, they entered a covenant with the Samians to join in restoring the democratic state in Athens and to abolish the newly appointed junta of 400. They bound themselves with a solemn oath to do this and appointed Thrasibulus and Thraiyllus as captains for this purpose. They consulted about calling home Alcibiades hoping by his means to make Tissaphernes stop supporting the Lacedemonian party and to gain the king's favour for their side. (Thucid. l. 8.)

1334. Among the seamen of the Peloponesians who were at Miletus, there was a general dislike for Tissaphernes and Astyachus. When the Spartans were a strong naval force and the Athenians weak, he would never fight with the Athenians nor to this day would. Although he knew of the divisions among the Athenians, he would not help the Lacedemonian navy. Tissaphernes was disliked for he did not send for the navy of the Phoenicians as he promised. Nor did he pay them their wages except when he pleased and then only a portion and not the full amount. Therefore they wanted the matter decided in battle. Astyochus and his confederates commanded the Milesians to march overland to the cape of Micale while they went by sea with the whole fleet of 112 ships to the same place. When the Athenians whose 82 ships were anchored at Glauca near Micale saw the fleet coming, they weighed anchor and sailed as fast as they could to Samos. When Strombichides with his fleet heard of this, he hastened to come from Hellespont to help the Athenians. The Peloponesians withdrew and returned to Miletus. The Athenians now had 108 ships, all strong and well equipped. They followed them home to Miletus. They landed and arranged their army in the open field. When the Peloponesians would not come, they sailed back to Samos without attacking anything. After this the Peloponesians saw they were no match for the Athenian navy. Neither could they pay so many seamen, especially when Tissaphernes, was so churlish in sending in their payment according to agreement. They sent Clearchus away with 40 of their ships into Hellespont to Pharnabasus who earnestly desired their coming and promised to pay them very liberally (Thucid. l. 8.)

3593c AM, 4303 JP, 411 BC

1335. When Thrasybulus left Tissaphernes, he brought back Alcibiades with him to Samos. The army made him one of their chief commanders and committed everything under his direction. When he was made commander of the Athenian army, he sailed back to Tissaphernes so that he might tell him everything. He handled matters so cunningly to his own advantage so that he could make the Athenians afraid of Tissaphernes and Tissaphernes of them at his pleasure. (Thucid. l. 8.)

1336. This had a disastrous effect on the morale of the Peloponesians who were anchored at Miletus. They hated Tissaphernes more than ever so that they began to mutiny again against him and Astyochus. They now charged him with collusion with Tissaphernes for his own personal advantage. The sailors from Syracuse and Thurii demanded in a very saucy and mutinous manner that Astyochus pay them. When he replied roughly and threatened to imprison Doricus the commander of the Thurian squadron for supporting his sailors, they rioted and rushed upon him. (The Greek scholiast of Thucidides, understand that Hermocrates, commander of the Syracuse squadron is meant, not Doricus.) He would have been killed had he not fled to a nearby altar. The Milesians got secretly into the fort which Tissaphernes had built and expelled the garrison of soldiers and took over the fort. This action was well received by the rest except for Lychas the Lacedemonian. He said that the Milesians and the rest under the king's authority ought to obey Tissaphernes so long as he governed so moderately as he did and until the war would be over. (Thucid. l. 8.)

1337. While they were busy in this altercation, Pindarus arrived who was sent from Lacedemon to succeed Astyochus in the command of the navy. After Astyochus had given him command, he sailed home to Lacedemon. Tissaphernes sent Gauletes, his messenger along with him. Although he was born in Caria he spoke both the Greek and Persian language. He was to charge the Milesians for the surprise attack on his citadel and to clear him from those false accusations which the Milesians and Hermocrates of Syracuse had made. Tissaphernes knew that the Milesians would accuse him for conspiring with Alcibiades against the Lacedemonians.

1338. Tissaphernes saw that the Peloponesians were against him. Among other things they did not like when he allowed Alcibiades to return to his own people again since he now openly favoured the Athenians. Tissaphernes went to Aspendus where the Phoenician fleet of 147 ships had come. To clear himself, he took Lichas the Lacedemonian along with him, leaving his agent Tamos with them to ensure the wages were paid to the Peloponesian navy. Moreover the Peloponesians at the request of Tissaphernes, sent Philippus a Lacedemonian, with two ships to Aspendus to see the Phoenician fleet. When Alcibiades learned that Tissaphernes was at Aspendus, he came with 13 ships to Caunus first and then to Phaselis. Everywhere he promised his friends many supplies and all kinds of help. When he returned to Samos, he informed them that he had so arranged matters so that the Phoenician fleet would not assist the Peloponesians and Tissaphernes had now become more friendly to the Athenians than ever. It was true that Tissaphernes met with the Phoenicians at Aspendus, but would not let any ship go to the Peloponesians. He put them off with this weak excuse that not as many ships came to him as the king had commanded. However his purpose was to hold both parties of the Greeks in suspense. By siding with neither he hoped to make them destroy each other. (Thucid. l. 8.)

1339. The junta of 400 at Athens was dissolved and replaced by 5000. The new government ratified the recalling of Alcibiades home into his country. (Thucid. l. 8.) By the same order he was joined in his commission by Thrasybulus and Theramenes although they were absent at the time. Hence by the valour and virtue of the new government, the Athenian state was in a short time, greatly reformed and brought into a better order than ever before. (Emil. Prob. in the life of Aleibiades.)

1340. While the Peloponesians waited at Miletum, none of those whom Tissaphernes had left behind when he went for Aspendus took care to pay the navy. Neither did Tissaphernes himself pay them nor did the fleet come which he had promised. Both Philippus, who was sent with Tissaphernes to Aspendus and Hipposcrates from Phaselis wrote to Mindarus, who had the charge of the navy that he should not expect any ships or anything else of value from Tissaphernes. On the contrary, Pharnabazus, who served the king in these parts of Hellespont, showed them all the favour and friendship that they could imagine. For he solicited their coming and of his own accord incited all the Greek cities within his province, to defect from the Athenians (which Tissaphernes would have seemed to do too) hoping thereby to increase his own power. Mindarus was bothered by this news and made ready instantly 72 ships. He gave the word that they should leave suddenly so that the Athenians at Samos would not find out. He left Miletus and sailed straight to Hellespont. When Thrasyllus heard of this, he followed him from Samos with 55 ships. (Thucid. l. 8.)

1341. Mindarus and the Syracuse squadron had a fierce naval battle with Thrasyllus and Thrasybulus at the cape of Cynos-sema (a place known by old Hecubae's tomb). The Athenians won losing only 15 ships but captured 21 of the enemies' ships. For more details see: (Thucid. l. 8., Diod. Sic. 2nd year of 92nd Olympiad.)

1342. The Athenians repaired their fleet as best they could. On the 4th day after this fight they sailed from Sestos to Cyzicum which had revolted from them. When they saw 8 ships at Harpagium and Priapus which came from Byzantium, they attacked them. When they had beaten those who defended the ships from the shore, they captured the ships for their own use. They sailed to the unwalled town of Cyzicum and captured it and extorted a large sum of money from them. (Thucid. l. 8.)

3593d AM, 4303 JP, 411 BC

1343. Alcibiades sailed from Samos with 22 ships and exacted large sums of money from those of Halycarnasius. He destroyed the country of Cos and fortified the town of Cos with a wall. Since winter was now approaching, he returned with much spoil to Samos. (Thucid. l. 8., Diod. 2nd year of 92nd Olympiad)

1344. Astacus a Persian and lieutenant to Tissaphernes conceived a secret deadly hatred against the men of Delos. These were driven out of their old habitation and dwelt at Atramytrium. When he came that way, he sent for all the chief men among them as friends and confederates to come and serve the king in his wars. At the time when they were altogether eating dinner, he surrounded them with his soldiers and they killed everyone with their darts. (Thucid. l. 8.)

1345. Those of Antandrus in Eolia feared lest Astacus would do the same to them. They also disliked the heavy taxes which he imposed on them. Therefore, they sent for some Peloponesian soldiers from Abydus. They brought them secretly over Mount Ida into their city and expelled the garrison of Astacus from the citadel. (Thucid. l. 8.)

1346. Tissaphernes returned from Aspendus into Ionia and was greatly disturbed by this last attempt of Antandrus and with others of Miletus and Cnidus. There the inhabitants expelled his garrisons also. He thought himself wronged by the Poloponesians. Therefore, he feared worse things from them and was troubled lest Pharnabazus in a shorter time and with far less cost should seem to have done more against the Athenians than he had done. Therefore he planned to go in person to the Poloponesians in Hellespont to reason with them concerning their expelling his garrison from Antandrus and to clear himself from the charges against him concerning the Phoenician fleet and other matters. As soon as he was come to Ephesus, he sacrificed to Diana. (Thucid. l. 8. in fi.) Here ends the History of Thucidides which Theopompus continues for 17 more years and Xenophon for 48 years after that. (Diod. 2nd year of 92nd Olympiad.) The writings of Theopompus are lost but the latter we do have partially preserved for us. Besides the poem of his history, we lack the first two years of it. That is from the end of the summer of the 21st year of the Peloponesian war where Thucidides left off, to the end of the 23rd summer of the same war.

3594 AM, 4304 JP, 410 BC

1347. Concerning the 300 ships sent back to Phoenicia, Tissaphernes cleared himself with the Lacedemonians by saying that he had received news that the coast of Phoenicia was in danger of attack by the Arabians and the king of Egypt (meaning king Amyrteus) (as Diod. Sic. has it, 3rd year of the 93rd Olympiad.) However, Thucidides states that there only came 147 ships to Aspendus from Phoenicia and that they were all sent back again by Tissaphernes contrary to his promise.

3595c AM, 4305 JP, 409 BC

1348. There was another naval battle between the Lacedemonians and Athenians at Cynos-sema. This was described by Theopompus, as a certain nameless Greek writer says, in the life of Thucidides.

3595d AM, 4305 JP, 409 BC

1349. Thymochares came to Athens with a small fleet of ships. There was another naval battle between the Lacedemonians and Athenians. The Lacedemonians under the command of Hegesandridus won. (Xen. in the beginning of his History of the Greeks. l. 1.)

1350. Not long after this in the beginning of winter, Dorieus, the admiral of the Thurian fleet from Italy sailed with 14 ships from Rhodes to the Hellespont to meet Mindarus. He was at Abydus for a meeting of all the friends and confederates of the Peloponesian nation. When Dorieus had sailed as far as Sigeum, a port in Troas, the Athenian navy at Sestos found out about his trip and destination. They sailed toward him with 20 ships. When Dorieus heard of their coming, he fled from there and beached his ships on the Rhaetaean shore. When he landed his men, with the help of the men of Dardania, they warded off an Athenian attack. When the Athenians saw that they could not prevail, they sailed back to Madytus to join the rest of their army. Mindarus who at that time happened to be at old Troy sacrificing to Minerva, saw this battle. He raced with 84 ships to the cape of Dardania to meet Dorieus and to save his ships. He also found the army of Pharnabazus ready to help the Lacedemonian navy against their enemies. The Athenian fleet of 74 ships came close to the shore of Abydus and there started a naval battle. Mindarus commanded 97 ships besides those of Dorieus. He placed the Syracusians in the left wing and he took the right wing. On the other side, Thrasybulus had the right wing and Thrasyllus the left. The fight lasted from morning to evening, neither side winning. Suddenly Alcibiades came sailing in with 18 fresh ships from Samos headed towards the Hellespont. When the Lacedemonians saw this, they fled towards Abydus. The Athenians chased them and captured 10 of their ships. A violent storm arose which prevented the Athenians from finishing off their enemies. The Peloponesians all escaped safely to shore and fled to the army of Pharnabazus that was there. During the battle, Pharnabazus rode his horse into the sea up to its saddle-skirts and fought. He commanded his army to do likewise. The Peloponesians locked their ships close together into one mass and fought against their enemies from the decks close to the shore. When the night was drawing on, the Athenians returned to Samos with 30 empty ships which they had captured and there own fleet including the damaged ships. The next morning as soon as it was light, they gathered what spoils they could from the wrecked ships of their enemies. They erected a monument to the event and then left 40 ships to guard the Hellespont. The rest of the fleet was assigned to various destinations. Some gathered their tribute money. One of their chief captains, Thrasyllus, sailed back to Athens to let them know what a victory they had. He desired a supply of men and shipping for the carrying on of the war in those parts. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 1. Diod. Sic. l. 13. Plutarch in the Life of Alcibiades.)

1351. About the first watch of the night, Mindarus went back to the seaside, and gave orders for repairing his ships which were damaged in the battle. He sent in all haste to Lacedemon for fresh supplies both by land and sea. While this was happening he planned to join his army with Pharnabazus to capture the tributary cities of the Athenians, that were in Asia. (Diod. Sic. l. 13.)

3596a AM, 4305 JP, 409 BC

1352. In the mean time, Tissaphernes came into the Hellespont. Alcibiades planned to magnify himself after so glorious a victory over the Lacedemonians. He came to Tissapernes with rich presents and a princely train. Tissaphernes was in ill repute with the Lacedemonians and feared lest some accusation would be made against him to Darius. He laid hold on Alcibiades and put him in irons at Sardis. He pretended that this was the king's command and to show that he counted the Athenians as enemies. Within a month, he escaped with a fellow prisoner, Manitheus of Caria. He got horses and they escaped by night to Clazomenae. They let on that it was with the consent of Tissaphernes. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 1. Plutarch in Alcibia.)

3596b AM, 4306 JP, 408 BC

1353. Toward the end of winter, Mindarus with 60 ships went to Cyzicum and joined with the army of Pharnabus. They captured Cyzicum by force. 86 ships under the command of Alcibiades, Thrasybulus and Theramenes attacked him. Mindarus was first routed at sea and then in a second fight on land in which Mindarus fought bravely and was killed. When the troops from Syracuse saw no means of escape, they set their own ships on fire. The rest of the fleet was captured by the Athenians who sailed them all to Proecannesus. This fight is more fully described (by Xenoph. Hellen. l. 1. by Diod. Sic. l. 13. by Plutarch in the Life of Alcibiades and by Polyanin, Stratag. l. 1.)

1354. The next day, the Athenians sailed from Proeconnesus to Cyzicum and they were received into the city which was abandoned by Pharnabazus and the Peloponesians. (Xenoph.) There they erected two monuments, the one for their victory at sea at the isle of Polydorus and the other for that on land where they first put the enemies to flight. (Diod. Sic.)

1355. Alcibiades stayed at Cyzicum 20 days. When he had extracted a vast sum of money from them, he departed without doing them any harm and returned to Proeconnesus. (Xenoph.)

1356. The commanders of the Athenians which remained behind at Cyzicum, came at length to Chalcedon, There they walled Chrysopolis and made it a place to gather tolls from every ship that passed by from Pontus. (Xenphon Hellen. l. 1. Polyb. l. 4. p. 312. Diod. Sic. 4th year of 92nd Olympiad) They left a garrison and a fleet of 30 ships there under the command of Theramenes and Eubulus. This was to keep the town, to watch what ships came in and out at the mouth of Pontus and to do what mischief they could to the enemy. (Xenoph.)

1357. The Athenians intercepted letters written concisely from Hippocrates, the lieutenant of Mindarus to Lacedemon to the Ephori concerning the loss they had sustained at Cyzicum. It said:

``All is lost. Mindarus is dead. Our men starve. We know not what to do.'' (Xenoph. and Plutarch.)

1358. The Lacedemonians sued for peace which was opposed by those who made a living from the war. (Justin. l. 5. c. 4.) For though the moderates of the Athenians were inclined to peace yet those who made their living by it chose to continue the war. Cleophon was one of the principal leaders of this latter group. He had spoken many proper things. Diod. Sic. elegantly expresses it:

``He made the people proud by recounting to them the greatness of their good successes, as if fortune did not bestow her favours in the war by turns.''

1359. Cleophon with his fiery speeches stirred up the people to a carry on the war, though to his own shame later. He made lyres and it was common knowledge that he had been a slave and kept in irons. Later by various devices came to live in Athens. At this time, he won the people over to him by his munificence and grew so bold as to openly profess:

``that he would with his own hand cut off that man's head whomever he were, that would offer to speak any more of a peace''

1360. This is according to Eschines in his Oration, De false legation, i.e. of a false embassy.

1361. The Peloponesians and their confederates from Syracuse and as many as had escaped alive from the fight, went to Pharnabazus. He courteously entertained and comforted them. (Diod. Sic. l. 13) He said they should not be discouraged by the loss of a few wooden ships since the king had more than enough wood in his kingdom to build more ships. The main thing was that the men were safe. He gave every man a new suit of clothes and two months pay in advance. He armed the sailors and placed garrisons all along the sea coast of his government. He assembled all the commanders of cities, and captains of every ship and ordered them to build as many new ships at Antandrus, as they had lost. He paid for this and allowed them to use timber from the mount Ida. When this was done, he sent to relieve Chalcedon. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 1.)

3596c AM, 4306 JP, 408 BC

1362. While this navy was being built, the men of Syracuse joined with the inhabitants of Antandrus and built a wall around the town. They greatly fortified the place. In return the Antandrians gave the Syracusians free use of their city. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 1.)

1363. The captains of these troops from Syracuse were exiled by their country men at home. Their general Hermocrates, accused Tissaphernes at Lacedemon and they believed him and also the testimony of Astyochus. Hermocrates returned to Pharnabazus and without even asking he received from him a large sum of money. When he procured men and ships, he returned into his own country. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 1. with Diod. Sic. 4th year of 92nd Olympiad.)

1364. Parasippidas was condemned to be exiled to Sparta, because it was thought that by his plotting with Tissaphernes, he had procured all that favoured the Lacedemonian party. In a riot at the isle of Thasus he was expelled. Cratesippidas was sent to replace him and take charge of the navy at Chios. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 1.)

1365. With 25 ships he wasted his time about the coast of Ionia and did nothing worth the speaking of for a long time. Later when he was paid by the exiles from Chios, he brought them home again. He routed out the 600 of the opposing faction. These lived at Atarneum, the most fortified place on the continent opposite Chios and made daily attacks on them from there. (Diod. Sic. 4th year of the 92nd Olymiad)

3596d AM, 4306 JP, 408 BC

1366. In the 93rd Olympiad, Eubotas the Cyrenian won the prize in running. Archippus was the Ephorus at Lacedemon. Euctemon was the Archon at Athens. There was a new game introduced in the Olympics. It was a race by a team of mules pulling a coach, called Eugwqizà or sugwqiz, (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 1.) (Diod. Sic. l. 13.) (Pausan. l. 1.) (Eliac. Julius Africanus in Catalog. Stadionicarum) Africanus adds that in the same Olymnpiad, Polydamantes the Seotussian won the prize at wrestling. He was the same man whom Darius Nothus sent for by messengers with large gifts for him to come to him at Susa. When he came he slew three of the king's guard, who were called the Immortal Guard. (Herod. l. 7. c. 83.) These rushed in on him all at once according to Pausan in his later book Eliator. In the same book, he mentions Eubotas, surnamed Stadionicus, who when the Oracle of Ammon had foretold that he should win the prize at running, had his own statue made before hand. When he did win the prize, he dedicated his statue in testimony of this all in one day.

1367. In this year, the Medes who had defected from Darius the king of the Persians, submitted to him again. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 1.) Herodotus in the beginning of his History, (c. 130.) relates how the Medes revolted from Darius. They were defeated and again brought under his control. Because he makes mention of the war at Decelaea, (Herod. l. 9. c. 71.) which was waged 5 years earlier and of Amyraeus' son reigning after him, (Herod. l. 3. c. 15.) (of whom I shall speak more in the year following), I gather that he either wrote or at least revised his History in the very later end of the Peloponesian war.

1368. In the beginning of the summer, Thrasyllus at Athens, took command of the ships committed to his charge with 5000 sailors. These were all armed as targeteers and he was to join with those other targeteers at Samos. When he had stayed there 3 days, he sailed to the coast of Pygega in Ionia. He first wasted the country in that area. He came at last with his army before the wall of the town. When some reinforcements came from Miletus, they attacked the lightly armed Athenians who were busy gathering the spoil from the country. The rest of the Athenians came to relieve their troops, and killed most of the Milesians. They gathered 200 of their bucklers from the slain and erected a monument with them. The next day they sailed to Notium and there took on supplies. They sailed to Colophas which presently yielded to them. The next night they entered into Lydia when their grain was almost ripe. They set many villages on fire. While they were scattered here and there and minded nothing but their plundering, Stages, a Persian, (the same Tages, as it should seem, which I mentioned before in the year of the world, 3592 from Thucidides) attacked them with his horse and took one prisoner, and slew seven of them. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 1.)

1369. When Tissaphernes understood that Thrasyllus was ready to set sail for Ephesus to attack it by surprise, he gathered all the troops he could find. He sent about messengers into all parts, to order men to come in and defend Diana of the Ephesians. When Thrasyllus had spent 17 days in Lydia, he set sail for Ephesus. He landed his foot soldiers at Coressus, but the cavalry, targeteers and all the other soldiers, he landed on shore near a bog on the other side of the town. As soon as it was light, they approached the town in two companies. The troops in the town with the reinforcements Tissaphernes had sent them first attacked the foot solders who were at Coressus. They had routed them and pursued them to the seaside killing 100 men. After this they returned quickly and attacked those who were located near the bog. When they routed the Athenians and killed 300 of them, they erected one monument there and another at Coressus. Concerning their reinforcements, they highly rewarded the companies from Syracuse and Selinuntia because they behaved most valiantly. They promised freedom from taxes for ever to those that were expelled from their home city. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 1.) Plutarch also in the Life of Alcibiades mentions a brass monument set up to mock the Athenian nation.

1370. After a truce was made, the Athenians received the bodies of their slain and buried them at Notium. They sailed away to Lesbos and Hellespont. When they anchored at Methymna, a city of Lesbos, they spied 25 ships of the Syracusians with whom they fought at Ephesus. They attacked them and took 4 ships with all the men in them and routed the rest. They pursued them as far as Ephesus. Thrasyllus sent all the prisoners which he had taken to Athens, except for Alcibiades an Athenian, first cousin to Alcibiades and a banished man. These two were executed. They sailed for Sestus where the army was. From Sestus the whole army went to Lampsacus for the winter which they reckon from the beginning of autumn. When Alcibiades at Lampsacus wanted to create one large army, his soldiers refused to be mixed with those who had served under Thrasyllus. They said:

``We who have ever been conquerors, to be counted with those that were beaten and routed but the other day.'' (Xen. Hellen. 1.)

3597a AM, 4306 JP, 408 BC

1371. When Alcibiades and Thrasyllus troops had wintered together at Lampsacus, (Diodorus writes, "Labdacus") had fortified the area. They went to besiege Abydus. Pharnabazus came with a very great army to relieve it. He fought with the Athenians and was routed. Alcibiades chased Pharnabazus with his cavalry and 120 foot soldiers following him. He did not stop the chase until late in the night. After this victory, the whole army became friends and mixed with each other. They returned triumphantly into their camp from where they set out.

1372. The next day Alcibiades set up a monument and went and wasted Pharnabazus' province with fire and sword without any opposition. All the priests which he took, he let go free without a ransom. (Plutarch in Life of Alcibiades)

1373. When the Lacedemonians were upset with Tissaphernes, they sent Boeotius and other ambassadors with him to Darius. Boeotius easily obtained from Darius all that they ever wanted. (Xen. Hellen. l. 1. 7.)

1374. In the same winter Alcibiades and Thrasyllus armies attacked various countries that belonged to Darius on the continent and reeked havock there. (Xen. Hellen. l. 1. 7.)

3597b AM, 4307 JP, 407 BC

1375. Darius put his 16 year old son Cyrus the younger in charge of all the sea coast. He was born after his father became king. (Ctesias affirms this and Plutarch also in the Life of Artaxerxes.) He had the title of satrap or governor of all those countries. He headed the army that was in the plain of Castolus in Lydia. He was ordered to join with the Lacedemonians in fighting the Athenians. (Xen. Hellen. l. 1. 7.) (Expedit. Cyri. l. 1. in instio.) Justin (Justin, l. 5. c. 5.) from Trogus, says,

``Darius king of Persia made his younger son Cyrus governor of all Ionia and Lydia. It was he who restored the Lacedemonians to former strength.''

1376. Diodorus expressly states that Darius sent his son Cyrus to this very end, that in pursuing the war against the Athenians, he should relieve and help the Lacedemonians. (1st year of the 93rd Olympiad.) He also correctly states that Cyrus was made commander of all the governors by the sea coast (2nd year of the 94th Olympiad.) and (in the 2nd year of the same Olympiad) that he was made commander-in-chief, over all the provinces lying on the sea coast. It is obvious that both Tissaphernes and Pharnabazus though both satraps and governors of their provinces were both under his command.

1377. We read in Euseb. Chron. that after Amyrtaeus of Sois, Nepherites the king of a new dynasty succeeded him in the kingdom of Egypt. However we find, (Diod. Sic. 1st year Olympiad 95) that next before Nephereus or Nepherites, Psammitichus reigned in Egypt. He was descended of the family of that old Psammetichus whom Manetho places in the 26th Dynasty who was also of the Sais. {*Manetho, 1:169} So that a man may well doubt, whether this was not Pausiris the son of Amyrtaeus, who by the help of the Persians recovered his father's kingdom, as Herodotus states. (Herod. l. 3. c. 5.) Concerning the number of this and other Egyptian kings' reigns, we have already discussed in our Egyptian Chronology.

3597c AM, 4307 JP, 407 BC

1378. In the beginning of the spring when Pantacles was Ephorus in Sparta and Antigenes Archon in Athens had held office for a year, the Athenians with all the forces they could gather, sailed into Proeconnesus. They left there and camped before Chalcedon. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 1.) Diodor. says that they went to Theramenes, who at that time lay before Chalcedon with 70 ships and 5000 men. (Diod. Sic. year 4. Olympiad 92.)

1379. When the inhabitants of Chalcedon heard of the approach of the Athenian army, they sent away all their goods to the Thracians of Bithynia who were their neighbours. When Alcibiades heard of this, he went with all his cavalry and a part of his foot soldiers and demanded all those goods from them. He threatened force if they refused to deliver them. When he received these goods, he made peace with the Bithynians and returned to his camp before Chalcedon. He built a wooden wall before the city across the neck of land from sea to sea. When Hippocrates the Lacedemonian commander saw this, he gathered all his forces and fought with Thrasyllus. The battle was drawn for a great while until Alcibiades came in with his forces, both of cavalry and footmen. Hippocrates was killed and his men fled back into the city. While the fight continued, Pharnabazus and all his army came another way outside the wooden wall. He fought unsuccessfully to break through to rescue Hippocrates. He retired to Heracleum or the Temple of Hercules, which was in the territory of Chalcedon where his own camp was well entrenched. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 1. and Plutarch in the Life of Alcibiadis.)

3597d AM, 4307 JP, 407 BC

1380. After this Alcibiades and Chersonesus went into the Hellespont to gather tribute. The rest of the commanders, (though Diodorus says, only Theramenes) came to an agreement with Pharnabazus concerning Chalcedon. He would give them 20 talents and would convoy the Athenian ambassadors safely to the king. By solemn oath they covenanted with each other that the men of Chalcedon would pay the Athenians the same tribute as they did before with all arrears. In the mean time, the Athenians would not bother Chalcedon, until the return of their ambassadors from the king and the return Alcibiades. They sent two commissioners from Chalcedon and Pharnabazus sent two more from Crysopolis. They swore to keep this covenant and pledged their support to each other. (Xenoph.)

1381. When these things were done, Pharnabazus returned and wanted the ambassadors who were to go to the king, to meet him at Cyzicum. The names of the ambassadors were Dorothius, Philodices, Theogenes, Euryptolemus, Mautitheus and Cleostratus and Pyrolochus both from the Argivans. Passipedas and other ambassadors from the Lacedemonians also went. These all journeyed to the king. Hermocrates, who was banished from Syracuse and his brother Proxenus went with the group. (Xenoph.)

1382. While Pharnabazus was escorting the ambassadors to the king, Clearchus, a Lacedemonian commander, came to him from across the sea. He wanted money to pay their army and to assemble the ships into a fleet that were scattered, some at Antandrus, some in Hellespont and some in other places. He hoped to cause trouble for the confederate states of the Athenians. He hoped to draw off their forces from Byzantium. In his absence, Byzantium was betrayed and surrendered to the Athenians. (Xenop.)

1383. As these Athenian ambassadors were on their way to the king, they met Boeotius and the rest of the Lacedemonian ambassadors returning from the king. Cyrus was with them on his way to become governor of all the sea coasts of those parts. When they saw him they asked if they might safely continue their journey to the king and if not that they be allowed to return home safely. However, Cyrus ordered Pharnabazus either to turn over the ambassadors to him or to send them home again. Since Pharnabazus did not want the Athenians to know what was planned against them, he stalled for time. Sometimes he told them that he would take them to the king and sometimes that he would send them home again. So he delayed for three years (or rather, indeed of three months) and in the end by Cyrus' consent, he sent them home. (Xenop.)

1384. Alcibiades took 20 ships from Samos and sailed into the Bay of Ceramus in Caria. He gathered 100 talents and pillaged no less than 200 ships which he had either searched or sunk. He returned to Athens where he was declared general of all their armies with full and absolute power of command and received 200 talents from of the treasury of the city, (according to Lysias, in his oration, against his son Alcibiades.) He raised an army of 1500 foot soldiers and 150 cavalry with 100 ships. (Xephon, Hellen. 1. Diod. Sic. l. 13. Justin. l. 5. c. 4,5. Plutarch and Emil. Probus, in the Life of Alcibiades.)

1385. Satyrus the son of Spartacus, ruled the kingdom of Bosphorus Cimmerius for 14 years. (Diod. Sic. year 4 Olympiad 96.)

1386. The Lacedemonians replaced Cratesipidas their admiral when his term expired, by Lysander. When he came to Rhodes, he gathered the fleet there and sailed to the Isle of Cos and Miletus. From there he went to Ephesus with 70 ships and stayed there until Cyrus came to Sardis. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 1.) Ephesus welcomed him and the Lacedemonians. They were grieved by the loss of trade caused by the Persians. The Persian governors stayed most often at Miletus and attracted all the trade from them to that city. Therefore Lysander made Ephesus his residence and ordered all merchant ships to unload there. He made docks and had all ships for the navy built there. In a short time he filled their port with ships and their city with commerce and wealth. (Plutarch, in the Life of Lysander.)

1387. When Lysander knew that Cyrus came to Sardis, he and the rest of the commissioners from Sparta went there to him. He charged Tissaphernes very heavily. When the king ordered him to support the Lacedemonians to rid the sea of the Athenians, he on the contrary by Alcibiades' subordinate grew remiss. He kept back their pay from the mariners and utterly destroyed the Lacedemonian navy. Cyrus was more than willing to receive any information against Tissaphernes who was not a good fellow. Lysander befriended Cyrus. The more Lysander pressed Cyrus to do things, the bolder Cyrus was to promise that all would be done. Cyrus added that it was his father's command that it should be so and assured him that there would be no want either of effort or money on his part. For that purpose, he raised the pay of the mariners and sea soldiers from 3 soles by the day to 4. He paid the whole army all that was in arrears and advanced a whole month's pay. He paid to Lysander 10000 darics for that purpose. By this, he put heart and courage into his seamen more than ever and left the Athenian fleet almost without sailors for the most of their ships. Because of greed for better pay, they left the Athenians and went to Lysander. Those who stayed grew idle and careless in the service and mutinous and troublesome daily to their commanders. (Xenoph, Hellen. l. 1. Diodor. l. 13. and Plut. in the Life Lysander.)

1388. When the Athenians heard this they were discouraged and through Tissaphernes, they sent ambassadors to Cyrus. Cyrus refused to see them even though Tissaphernes himself spoke for them. He told Cyrus that what he did, he did upon the advice of Alcibiades. His counsel was to hold the Greeks in balance and let neither side beat the other. Allow them to continue the war and by this to consume one another to nothing. (Id. ibid.) Although the Poloponesians were supported by the Persian purse, yet the Athenians held out for 3 whole years against them. (Thucid. l. 2.) Who can wonder that the Athenian state was defeated and came to nought since the power of all the east helped in their destruction. (Justin. l. 5. c. 1.)

1389. Lysander returned to Ephesus and he rested for a while. In that time, 90 of his damaged ships were refurbished. (Xephon. Hellen. 1. ) He sent for the leaders from every nearby city and made an alliance with them. He assured them that if everything in this war went as he hoped, he would make everyone of them a prince with his own city. They were so enthused that every man was ready to do more than Lysander could reasonably require from them. He had more provisions for the war effort than he could have imagined. (Diod. l. 13.)

1390. When Alcibiades had heard that Thrasybulus was gone out of Hellespont to fortify Phocaea, he sailed to him. He left the fleet in the meantime, under the charge of Antiochus with a strict command that he should in no wise stir or fight with Lysander in his absence. However, Antiochus planned to sail to Ephesus with his own vessel and one other from Notium, as Xenophon and Plutarch state. (Diodorus says, that he selected 10 of his best ships.) He skirted along under the very noses of Lysander's ships. First, Lysander set out with a small company of ships and pursued him. When more and more ships came to help Antiochus, Lysander drew out his whole fleet and the Athenians did the same from Notium and other places. They arrived there in a disorderly way. They quickly lost 15 ships and the rest fled to saftey. Antiochus was killed in the fight. Lysander erected a monument at Notium and returned with the ships which he had taken to Ephesus. The remaining ships of the Athenians went to Samos. When Alcibiades heard what had happened, he went with his whole fleet before the port of Ephesus and there ranged it in battle array. Lysander did not stir for he had far fewer ships than the Athenians. Alcibiades returned to Samos again. (Xenoph. Helllen. l. 1. Diodor. l. 13. Plut. in the Lives of Alcibiades and Lysander.)

1391. Alcibiades sailed from Samos to Cuma. He made many false charges against them and after he took many of them prisoners, he brought them aboard his ships. The Cumeans rallied and attacked their enemies. Alcibiades was able to hold them off until the rest of those in that area came to their aid. Alcibiades returned the prisoners and was forced to flee to his ships for safety. This bothered him so he sent for more troops to Mitylene. He drew his men forth in a battalion before the walls of Cuma and dared them to come out to battle. When no man stirred, he led his men back to Mitylene after he first ravaged the surrounding country.

1392. The Cumeans sent to Athens and made their case against Alcibiades for plundering a confederate city and the surrounding area which had not offended the Athenians. When this case was made, others also complained about his conduct and misdeeds. A garrison in Samos, which did not like him, stole over to Athens and informed against him. They publicly charged him before the whole assembly of the people that he was dishonest and had secret communications with the Lacedemonians. They said he had private correspondence with Pharnabazus who assured him that if the Lacedemonians won, he would be made ruler of Athens. (Diod. l. 13.)

3598a AM, 4307 JP, 407 BC

1393. The Cumeans on the one side and Thrasybulus on behalf of the armies on the other, accused Alcibiades of many wrong doings in his administration. Colon with 9 assistant commissioners were sent to replace Alcibiades as general of the army. When he heard of this, he sailed secretly to his own lands and citadels in the Chersonesus of Thrace, (Diodor. l. 13 Xenoph. Hellen. l. 1. Plutarch in the Life of Alcibiades)

3598b AM, 4308 JP, 406 BC

1394. Lysander sent for men having leadership qualities from the nearby cities and asked them to make as many friends as he could and help him. He assured them as before that as soon as the Athenians were defeated, he would replace the democratic governments in all those cities and make each one of them a ruler in his own city. (Plut. in the Life of Lysander.)

3598c AM, 4308 JP, 406 BC

1395. The moon was eclipsed 3 hours after sunset (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 1.) on the 15th of April, according to the Julian Calendar. This is verified by the astronomical calculations.

1396. When Pityas was Ephorus at Sparta and Callias, Archon at Athens, Lysander's year of command expired. Callicratidas was sent to be admiral of the navy. Although Lysander hated him, he surrendered the command of the ships but he returned the money he had received from Cyrus for the navy, to Cyrus at Sardis. He told Callicratidas to go ask Cyrus if he could have it and see how he could get money to pay the navy. This forced Callicratidas to go to Lydia to Cyrus and get money for the navy. Since he was not well known, he quickly grew impatient waiting to see Cyrus. He was put off from day to day. He said the Greeks had come to a low estate if they must now stand begging for pay from a company of barbarians. He delivered his request and left. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 1. and Plut. in the Life of Lysander.)

1397. Callicratidas sailed to Miletus and got the money from them for the navy. He sailed to Chios and took the citadel of Delphinium which was held by 500 Athenians and destroyed it. After he got more money there for the sailors, he went to Teos. He slipped into the town by night and sacked it. He came to Lesbos, where he took Methymna the chief city of the island. Conon, the Athenian, hurried to their rescue but arrived too late. When he came and found the situation hopeless, he began to sail away. Callicratidas chased him with his fleet of 170 ships. He attacked and defeated him. Conon lost 30 ships and fled with the 40 that were left to Mitylene. Callicratidas followed him there and blockaded him by sea and land. While he besieged Mitylene, Cyrus sent the money to him, he asked for. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 1. Diod. Sic. l. 13.)

1398. The Athenian navy of 150 ships sailed to Mitylene to break the blockade. Callicratidas, left Eteonicus with 50 ships to continue the siege and he sailed with 120 ships to the Arginuse Islands which were between Malea, the bay of Lesbos and Cape Catanis in Asia. He attacked the Athenians and was killed. The Athenians won the battle but lost 25 ships and most of the crew. A few were saved by swimming to shore. The Peloponesians lost 77 ships and fled to Chios. Most of the remaining fleet retired into the countries of Curna and Phocea. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 1. Diod. Sic. l. 13.) This battle at the Arginuse Islands happened when Callias was Archon at Athens, the 3rd year of the 93rd Olympiad. This is confirmed by Xenophon and Diodorus. Atheneus affirms this in his 5th book, Delphosoph.

3599 AM, 4309 JP, 405 BC

1399. Cyrus killed his two first cousins, Autobezaces and Mitreus, the sons of his father Darius' sister. When they met him, they had not pulled in their hands within their sleeves. This honour was reserved for the king only. Hieramenes and his wife, the parents, as it seems, of those who were killed heard about this. They told Darius that it was a shame for him to ignore so foul a deed by his son. Therefore, Darius sent for his son to come to him pretending that he was sick. Darius was in his camp at Thamneria in the country of the Medes where he went with his army against the Cadusians, a bordering nation which had recently revolted from him. (Xenophon Hellen. l. 2.)

1400. The Lacedemonians who were scattered in the countries of Eolia and Ionia, met together at Ephesus. They sent messengers to Lacedemon to let them know how things went with them in Asia and to request that they might again have Lysander for their general. He had proved his worth in the previous year. Cyrus also joined with them in this request. Their law stated that the same man could not be twice admiral of their fleet. Therefore they gave the title of admiral to Aracus but committed the whole management of the war to Lysander as a lieutenant to Aracus. Lysander came to Ephesus and sent to Eteonicus to come to him with his ships from Chios. He was to gather from Peloponesus and other lands all the ships that he could. Lysander repaired those which he had and built new ones in the port at Antandrus. (Xenophon. Hellen. l. 2. Diodorus in the 3rd and 4th years of the 93rd Olympiad. Plutarch in the Life of Lysander.)

1401. Lysander journeyed to Cyrus and desired money from him as before. He got it after much difficulty. Cyrus made it appear to him that because he was so generous to him in the past, he was short of funds. Lysander immediately appointed sea captains over every ship and paid every ship and sailor his due. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 2.)

1402. When the Carthaginians captured Gela in Sicily, they took the huge brass statue of Apollo, which was in his temple in the suburbs of the city, back to Tyre. (Diod. year 4. Olympiad 93.)

1403. When Cyrus received his father's message, he sent for Lysander to come unto him at Sardis. He did not want him to fight the Athenians at sea until he had a far larger fleet than he had now. He promised that when he returned he would bring with him a very great navy from Phoenicia Cilicia and other surrounding areas. He committed the care of all the cities of his government to Lysander. All tributes that belonged to him, he assigned to Lysander. What was left over he said Lysander could keep for himself. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 2. Diod. Sic. year 4. Olympiad 93. Plutarch in the Life of Lysander.)

1404. Cyrus journeyed to his father and took Tissaphernes as a friend along with him and 300 Greek foot soldiers under the command of Xenophon of Arcadia. (Xenophon de Expedit. Cyri, l. 1. p. 243, 254.)

1405. When Cyrus was gone, Lysander paid his army and went with his fleet to Ceramium a bay in Caria. He attacked the town Cedreas which was a confederate of the Athenians and captured it the next day. He sacked it and enslaved its inhabitants who were no better than a kind of half barbarous people. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 2.) However Diodorus (year 4. Olympiad 93.) states:

``Lysander, with a great number of ships attacked Thasus, a city of Caria and confederate of the Athenians. He took it by force, and cut the throats of the 800 men there. He sold the women and children as slaves and levelled the city to the ground.''

1406. He writes "Thasians" instead of "Cedrenians." These were the inhabitants of the isle of Thasus. These lived far off from there. After the defeat of the Athenians at Egos Potamos and the final ruin of Athens, the Thasians were not taken by force by Lysander but surprised by a ruse of his. This we may easily learn from a broken passage of (Emil. Probus, in the Life of Lysander,) and the complete account of the matter by (Polyenus, l. 1. Stratagem.)

3599d AM, 4309 JP, 405 BC

1407. At Miletus, a man overturned the democratic government there with the help of Lysander. In the Feast of Bacchus, they cut the throats of 40 of those those who opposed them in their own homes. Afterward in a crowded market, they seized 300 more of the richest people and cut off their heads. About 1000 of the important people who feared for their lives, fled to Pharnabazus, the Persian governor in those parts. He entertained them very kindly and gave every one of them a statue of gold. He gave them a citadel in Claudia called Clauda to live in. (I think this may be the island of Clauda mentioned in Ac 27:16.) (Dior. year 4. Olympiad 93.)

1408. The Athenians set sail from Samos and came to Chios and Ephesus. When they had wasted the king's countries in these areas, they prepared for a sea battle. Meanwhile Lysander sailed with his fleet from Rhodes and left Ionia on the right hand and went to Hellespont. He planned to blockade that strait and destroy all cities in those parts that had revolted from him. (Xenoph. Hellen. l. 2.)

1409. Lysander sailed from Abydus with his fleet to Lampsacus, a confederate city of the Athenians. He was met by the men from Abydus who came by land and others under the command of Thorax, a Lacedemonian captain. They attacked the city, captured and sacked it. It was rich, full of grain, wine and other provisions. He sent away the Athenian garrison. According to his word, he allowed all freemen there to enjoy their liberty. When he had given its spoil to his soldiers, he left the place to its inhabitants. (Plutarch. in the life of Lysander.)

1410. The Athenian navy of 180 ships, was wholly surprised and taken by Lysander at Egos Potamos, in the strait of Hellespont. Barely 10 ships escaped with 3000 soldiers and their commanders. (Plutarch. in the life of Lysander.)

1411. Conon their admiral, saw the Athenian cause was now hopeless. He did not want to return to Athens for fear of the cruelty of his country men. He escaped with 9 ships only to Cape Abarinders in Lampsacus. He took from there some main masts of Lysander's ships and sailed away to to his good acquaintence, Euagoras, king of Cyprus. He sent a small ship to Athens to tell them what had happened to him at Egos Potomos. (Plutarch. in the life of Lysander, with Isocrat. in his Euagoras, Aristot. l. 2., Rhetor. Justin l. 5. c. 6. and Aristid. in Oratio. Rhodiaca.)

1412. Lysander had rifled their camp and carried away the ships, prisoners and spoils and everything else. He found the Triumphant Songs to Lampsacus for pipe and flute. The same day he sent Theopompus who had been a Milesian pirate, to Lacedon with the news of this victory. He went in the best ship with pennants and streamers flying and all other magnificent attire. Philocles the captain took 3 days to complete the journey. They had 3000 Athenian prisoners with them who had their throats cut except for Adimantus. (Xenoph. Diodor. Plutarch.)

1413. When Lysander had set all things in order at Lampsacus, he sailed to Byzantium and Chalcedon. Both cities opened their gates to him and sent away the Athenian garrisons in both places giving his word for safe conduct. When they who had formerly betrayed Byzantium to Alcibiades got away, they first went into Pontus and from there to Athens where they were all made free citizens. Lysander placed Sthenelaus, a Lacedemonian as governor of both Byzantium and Chalcedon. He returned to Lampsacus to repair his navy. (Xen. Hellen. l. 2.)

1414. Lysander expelled from every city any who favoured the Athenians and destroyed the democraties and all other forms of government he found. He left them only, Harmostae as they were called in Sparta or Moderators to govern them. Each city was divided into ten wards. He appointed ten men to rule the city. He only chose those who were formally loyal to him or would sware allegence to him. Thus he created a Decemvirate or a government of ten men in every city. These were all loyal to him and did his bidding. (Plut. and Emil. Prob. in the life of Lysander.)

1415. After Lysander had spent a little time in this, he sent word to Sparta that he was ready to sail with 200 ships. Together with Agis and Pausanias, the Spartan kings, he immediately came to besiege Athens, hoping to take it in a short time. When he found that they defended themselves beyond his expectation, he returned into Asia. There he abolished all deomocraties and established everywhere his Decemvirates or government by ten men. He killed many and forced the rest to flee for their lives. At Miletus he helped his friends destroy the democratie there. They had joined an opposing party. He most cunningly managed the matter so that he delivered no less than 800 of the democratic party to be murdered by those which stood for an aristocracy in that city. (Plutarch. in the life of Lysander.)

3600c AM, 4310 JP, 404 BC

1416. The Athenians were besieged by sea and land by the Lacedemonians. They surrendered under certain conditions. However, on the 16th day of Munichion the Attic month (the 24th of April, according to the Julian Calender) as Plutarch in his life reports, they were told that they had broken the articles because they had not demolished their walls within the 10 day time limit. Hence, it is gathered, that that peace tready was made upon the 6th of their month Munichion, that is on April 14. Thus ended the Peloponesian war after 27 years of fighting. (Thucidides in his 5th book)

1417. Shortly after this peace, Darius king of all Asia died after he had reigned for 19 years. His oldest son, Artaxerxes reigned for 43 years after him. (Diodor. Sic. year 4 Olympiad 93.) However, Ctesias who was physician to Artaxerxes, says, that Darius Ochus died at Babylon. He was succeeded by Arsacus or Arsaces who was born to him by Parysatis before he became king. When he became king, he changed his name to Artaxerxes. From respect the greatness of that king, he was surnamed Mnemon. To which also, as I conceive refers that account of (Athenaus, l. 12. Deipnosoph.) where he says that when Ochus was dying, he was asked by his oldest son by what wisdom and policy he had guided the state for so many years. He wanted to learn from the king the correct way to rule the kingdom. The old king replied that he had done it by always doing right to both God and man. Darius Ochus was often urged by his wife Parylatis, who loved her younger son Cyrus more than the older to follow the example of Darius Hystaspes. He left his first son that was born after he became king, the kingdom not the first born son who was born before this. However he would not listen to her. By his last will, he gave the kingdom to his oldest son Artaxerxes and to his younger son Cyrus all those cities and territories which he had at that time under his government in Asia. (Plutarch in the life of Artaxerxes. Justin. l. 5. c. 11.)

1418. As soon as Artaxerxes came to the throne, his wife Statyra persuaded him to take Vadiastes, who had murdered Terituchmes, her brother and husband to Amistris, who was Artaxerxes' own sister. He had his tongue to be drawn backward out of his mouth and be cut off and he was killed. He made Mitredates or Mithridates' son, (who had preserved the city Zaris for the son of Terituchmes), satrap or governor in his place. (Ctesias)

1419. Artaxerxes went to Pasargada, where according to the custom, he was to take off his robe and to put on the robe which old Cyrus had worn before he became king. He was inaugurated according to the ancient regal ceremonies by the priests of Persia. Tissaphernes brought him the priest, who had instructed his brother Cyrus in his childhood, according to the custom of his country and taught him the principles of the art of magic. He was trusted by Artaxerxes when he accused Cyrus of plotting against the king. When Artaxerxes was taking off his own robes, he attacked his brother and planned to murder him in the very temple. (Plutarch. in the life of Artax.)

1420. Artaxerxes had his brother held for he planned to have him executed. He put him in gold chains out of the respect of his royal blood. When he was to be killed, his mother caught him about the middle and then threw her hair around his neck and tied him with her hair. After many tears and lamentations she secured his pardon and position back. He was sent again to his command in Lydia and the other sea towns in Asia. (Plutarch. in the life of Artax., Xenoph. in Expediso. Cyri. l. 1. Justin. l. 4. c. Ult., Ctesias.)

1421. Alcibiades feared the power of the Lacedemonians who commanded all the sea and land. He left that part of Bithynia which belonged to the Thracians and carried with him a great quantity of silver and gold. However, he left much more behind in the citadel where he had been. As soon as the Thracians knew about his wealth, they planned to catch him and take his money. They missed him for he stole secretly away to Pharnabazus in Phrygia. He was so taken and enamoured with Alcibiades' gentle behaviour that no man was so close to him as Alcibiades was. Hence he gave him the citadel of Grynium in Phrygia. He made 50 talents a year in tribute from the place. (Plut. and Emil. Prob. in the life of Alcibiades.)

1422. The Lysandrian feast and games were instituted in honour of Lysander. When Antimachus and Niceratus contested in Poetry, Lysander gave the garland to Niceratus. Antimachus was so disappointed that he burnt his own poem. The youth, Plato, cheered him and told him that ignorance harmed only the ignorant themselves, as blindness did the blind. (Plut. in the life of Lysander, with Diod. Sic. 4th. year 93rd Olympiad, from Apollodorus.)

3600d AM, 4310 JP, 404 BC

1423. In the next Olympiad after the capture of Athens by Lysander, Crocinas a Thessalian won the prize in running. This was the 94th Olympiad. Xenephon (Xeneph. Hellen. 2.) states that there was an eclipse of the sun which the astronomical calculations show happened on the morning of September 3.

3601a AM, 4310 JP, 404 BC

1424. When Cyrus returned safely into Lydia, he remembered how his brother had shackled him and began to plan how he might avoid future problems with his brother and how he might make himself king. Therefore he gathered as many Greek soldiers as possible and made various excuses to gather a great army from many nations. He planned a surprise attack on his brother. (Xenoph. Exped. Cyr. l. 1. Plutarch in the Life of Artaxerxes.) He sent Lysander a gift of a ship made all of gold and ivory, 2 cubits (a yard) high. He congratulated him with this gift for the great sea victory he had. Lysander put the present in the treasury of Brasidas and Acanthians. (Plutarch in his Lysander) Lysander came to him at Sardis to deliver a present from all the confederate cities. Among these things was perhaps that jewel or necklace, which Elian. (Var. Histor. l. 12. c. 1.) says, was sent to him from Scopas the younger from Thessaly. Cyrus welcomed him and showed him his orchard which he had laid out and planted himself. He entertained Lysander with a discourse on husbandry as recorded by Xenophon in his Oesonimies, in the person of Socrates.

1425. Among the Persians, Satabarzanes accused Orontes for keeping company with Parysatis, the king's mother. His other wife had always been faithful to him. Therefore Orontes was executed. Parysatis grew unhappy with her son and had Mithridatis that son of Terituchnes' son to be poisoned. (Ctesias.)

1426. When Alcibiades learned that Cyrus intended to make a war against his brother with the Lacedemonian's support, he planned to go quickly to Artaxerxes. He wanted to be the first to expose this treason and hoped to get some reward for himself as Themistocles had done before him. He also wanted the king's help to free his country of Athens from their Lacedemonian bondage. Meanwhile, Critias, one of those 30 tyrants, whom Lysander had set over the Athenians to rule them, told Lysander to have Alcibiades killed or all that he did at Athens would be undone. Lysander did nothing until a cipher was brought him from Lacedemon ordering him to kill Alcibiades. Lysander sent to Pharnabazus to let him know that unless he immediately gave him Alcibides either dead or alive, the league between the king and the Lacedemonians would be broken and war would break out again. Pharnabazus sent Susamithres' uncle and Magaeus, (whom Emil. Probus calls Bagoas) to murder Alcibiades while he was in a certain place in Phrygia called Melissa near the mountain of Elophois. He was preparing for his journey toward the king.

1427. The people of the country whom they had hired to kill him, dared not attempt it directly. In the dead of the night they put a great pile of wood around the house where he was sleeping and set it on fire. When Alcibiades escaped they shot arrows at him which killed him. They carried his head to Pharnabazus. His sweet heart wrapped the rest of his body in her own gown. (A little before he had dreamed that he was wrapped in it.) She buried the body in the same fire which the house was burned with and gave him as honourable a funeral as she could afford. (Ephorus l. 17. cited by Diod. year 1. Olym. 94. Aristot. Histor. Animal. l. 6. c. 29. Cic. l. 1. de Divina. Valer. Max. l. 1. c. 7. Justin. l. 5. c. 8. Athen. Deipnosaph. l. 13. Plutarch and Emil. Prob. in their lives of Alcibiades.)

3601b AM, 4311 JP, 403 BC

1428. Clearchus a Lacedemonian was a tyrant of Byzantium. He was overthrown by his own people under the leadership of Panthoedas. He stole away by night and came into Ionia. He learned that Cyrus planned to attack his brother. He befriended Cyrus and was made general of all his forces. Cyrus found that he was a proud, courageous and daring man. He gave him 10000 dracmas. He raised forces and marching from Chersonsus and attacked the Thracians that bordered northward upon Hellespont. Because it seemed to the advantage of the Greeks, therefore the cities of Hellespont contributed willingly to the support of the army. So that these forces were maintained secretly for the service of Cyrus. (Xenophon de Expedit. Cyri. l. 1. Diodor. year 2. Olympiad 94.)

3601c AM, 4311 JP, 403 BC

1429. Lysander brutally wasted the province of Phrygia and other places under the government of Pharnabazus. Therefore he complained about this at Lacedemon where he was held in great esteem and much beloved because he had much wealth and always supported their state against its enemies. Therefore the Ephori were greatly displeased with Lysander. They killed Thorax, his good friend because they found that he had a store of money in his house. They sent their cypher to Lysander and recalled him from Asia. Hereupon Lysander entreated Pharnabazus to write letters to justify him. This he publicly did. These were so well done that Lysander could not have wished for better. Since he had other letters already written, he inserted them into the bundle when they were sealed. He sent them away by Lysander to Lacedemon for the Ephori. Thereby, he was made to be the accuser against himself. (Plut. and Emil. Prob. in their lives, of Lysander and Polyanus, l. 7. Stratagem.)

1430. Not long after this, he was permitted by the Ephori to travel to visit the temple of Jupiter Ammon. He pretended that it was to pay the vows which he had made before he entered into certain battles which he had fought in their service. However the real purpose was to bribe the priests there for his own ends. To that end, he carried with him a large sum of money. There he had an old friend of his father, King Lybis. In memorial of that friendship his father named his younger brother, Lybis. The chief priest of that oracle would not be bribed and informed against him at Sparta. When he returned to Sparta, he was called into question for it but was acquitted by the court. (Diodor. year 2 of the 94th Olympiad, Plutarch and Emil. Probus in their lives of Lysander.)

3602 AM, 4312 JP, 402 BC

1431. At this time all the cities of Ionia, except Miletus which was under the government of Tissaphernes, defected to Cyrus. When Tissaphernes was residing at Miletus, he learned that the Milesians were also inclined toward Cyrus. He thwarted their purpose by killing some of them and expelling others. When these came to Cyrus, he graciously received them. He immediately gathered an army by land and sea to restore to them their city. (Xen. De Expedit. Cy. l. 1. p. 244.) Among his army was Socrates of Achaia with 500 foot soldiers and Pasio of Megara with almost 700 more. (Xen. De Expedit. Cy. l. 1. p. 245) Cyrus' admiral, Tamos an Egyptian, blockaded Miletus with 25 ships. (Xen. De Expedit. Cy. l. 1. p. 252.)

1432. Cyrus sent to Artaxerxes requesting that he would entrust those cities to him rather than with Tissaphernes. His mother supported him in this. When the king learned that there was no treason in this action, but Cyrus had kept an army only to oppose Tissaphernes, he was content that they should forget past differences. For Cyrus duly sent to Artaxerxes the tribute from those cities, which Tissaphernes had formerly held. (Xen. De Expedit. Cy. l. 1. p. 241.)

1433. This Cyrus was never king either of Persia or Babylon. He is the man, whom Geor. Harvartus fancies was the king who after the end of the Babylonian captivity, allowed the Jews to return home with their governor Zerubbabel and Joshua, or Jeshua, the son of Jozadak the high priest. However, it was Artaxerxes Mneonon who was then king of Persia, and Johannes, who in Ne 12:11,22,23 is called Johanan and Jonathan, was the high priest of the Jews. The governor of the Jewish nation was a certain Persian Lord, whom Josephus Antiquit. (l. 11. c. 7.) says was called Bagoses a captain of another Artaxerxes as Rasinus translates him. That is another descendent from Artaxerxes Longimanus of whom Josephus had spoken in the next precedent chapter. But the relationship which he makes between these men is this:

1434. Jesus was brother to Johannes the high priest whom Bogoses was a close friend and promised to bestow the next high priesthood on him. Confident of Bogoses' support, Jesus became very bold. First he had an argument with John and then a public brawl with his brother in the very temple. He provoked John so much that his brother slew him in the place. When this happened, Bagoses came and profaned the temple by entering it. He said that the high priest had already polluted it with his own brother's blood. For the next 7 years he vexed the Jews for that murder and lay a heavy fine upon them. Before they offered their daily sacrifice, they should pay (not for every year, as the common translations of Josepheus and from them Salianus have it) but for every lamb, 50 drachmas. This punishment continued only as long as that Johannes was the high priest. We determine this happened in the reign of Artaxerxes Mnemon, not Artaxerxes Ochus. With the beginning of Artaxerxes Mnemon's reign we therefore reckon this because we find mentioned Johannes or Johanan (though not then the high priest) in Ezr 10:6 Ne 12:23. For between the 7th year of Artaxerxes Longimanus to which that history of Ezra refers and the end of the 7th year of Artaxerxes Mnemon's reign (before which we suppose and take for granted, that this Johannes did not die) there was at least 70 years according to our account. So he died after living over 90 years and his son Jaddus succeeded him in the priesthood and held it to the reign of Alexander the Great. He died about the age of 83, if we suppose that he was born the end of Darius Nothus' reign. This is an aside. We now return to the history of Cyrus the younger, who died before he was 22 years old.

Previous
Next
Home