4847. When the senate had received Bibulus' letters, Cato persuaded the senate to decree to hold a very large parade lasting 20 days for M. Bibulus. {Cicero, ad Attic., l. 7. epist. 2, 3.} The legions were detained which the senate had decreed should be sent into Syria by Marius (who was to succeed Salust in the office of treasurer.) The province was now freed from the fear of the Parthian war. {Cicero, Letters to his Friends, l. 2. epist. 17.} The senate decreed that there should be sent to Bibulus for the Parthian war, one legion from C. Pompey and another from Julius Caesar. Pompey did not give any of the legions that he had with him. However, he commanded the commissioners of that business that they should demand that legion from Caesar that he had lent Caesar. Caesar, although he made no doubt but that his adversaries intended that he should be left without any legions, sent back to Pompey his legion and also gave another from his own number that he might satisfy the decree of the senate. Therefore these two legions were furnished, as though they were to be sent against the Parthians. However since there was no need of them for that war, the consul Marcellus feared that they should be again restored to Caesar and kept them in Italy and gave them to Pompey. Although Caesar knew well enough why these things happened, he determined to endure all things because he saw here was offered him no absurd pretence of keeping those legions by him that he had already and of raising more. {Caesar. Civil War, l. 1.} {Hirtius, The War in Gaul, l. 8.} {Plutarch, in Pompey} {Dio, l. 40. fin}
3954d AM, 4664 JP, 50 BC
4848. Cicero persuaded Q. Thermus, the praetor, who was to depart from Asia that he would leave a noble young gentleman, his treasurer, governor of that province. His name was C. Antonius as Pighius showed in his annals. {Pighius, Annals, Tom. 3. p. 431.} {Cicero. Letters to his Friends, l. 2. epist. 18.}
4849. Cicero gave the publicans at Ephesus all the money which lawfully came to him there, which was 22,000 sestertiums {Cicero, Letters to his Friends, l. 5. epist. 20.} He was greatly hindered by the easterly winds and on the first of October (Julian July 25th) he sailed from Ephesus {Cicero, ad Attic., l. 6. epist. 8.} and landed at Rhodes {Plutarch, in Cicero} for his children's sake. {Cicero, ad Attic. l. 6. epist. 7., Letters to his Friends, l. 2. epist. 17.} There he heard of Hortensius' death. {Cicero, Brutus (init) or, de claris oratoribus.}
4850. With the winds against him, Cicero, on the 14th of October, (Julian August 7th) came to Athens. {Cicero, Letters to his Friends, l. 14. epist. 5., ad Attic., l. 6. epist. 9.}
4851. As the civil war between Caesar and Pompey approached, a little after sunrise, (Julian August 21st) the sun was eclipsed almost two digits (about 17%). Pertronius seems to refer to this in the signs of this war:
For blondy Sol appeared with visage like to death, Thou'dst think the civil wars just then began to breathe.
4852. Bibulus departed from Asia on December 9th (Julian October 1st). {Cicero, ad Attic., l. 7. epist. 8.}
3955a AM, 4664 JP, 50 BC
4853. On the first of January, (Julian October 22nd) when C. Claudius Marcellus and L. Cornelius assumed the office of consuls, the senate decreed that Caesar should dismiss his army before a certain day, and if he did not that this action would be assumed to be against the state. M. Antony and Q. Cassius, the tribunes of the people had in vain interceded against this decree. This was the beginning of the civil war between Caesar and Pompey. {Caesar, Civil War, l. 1.} {Cicero, in Philippic. 2.} {Velleius Paterculus, l. 2. c. 9.} {Dio. l. 41, init.}
4854. On January 4th, (Julian October 25th) Cicero came to the city. He was given such a welcome that nothing could be more honourable. This happened just before the civil war. {Cicero, Letters to his Friends, l. 16. epist. 11.} He did not enter the city. Amid these troubles, a packed senate earnestly demanded a triumph for him. Lentulus, the consul, that he might make Cicero's honour seem the greater, deferred this request. {Cicero. at Attic., l. 7. epist. 1.} Since the senate decreed a triumph for him, Cicero said that he had rather if there were a peace made, to follow Caesar's chariot. {Plutarch, in Cicero} However, the discord increased and neither Bibulus or Cicero ever received a triumph. {Cicero, at Attic., l. 9. epist. 2., 6., l. 11. epist. 6.}
4855. On January 7th, (Julian October 28th) the senate decreed that the consuls, praetors, tribunes of the people, and all proconsuls that were in the city, (among whom Cicero was one) should do their utmost so that the state would not be harmed. Immediately, the tribunes of the people, who had interceded against that decree of the senate, fled from the city and went to Caesar. {Caesar, Civil War, l. 1.} {Cicero, Letters to his Friends, l. 16. epist. 11.} {Dio, l. 41.}
4856. In the next day when the senate convened outside the city and Pompey was also present, the provinces were assigned to private men, two of them were for the consuls, the rest the praetors had. Syria was given to Scipio. {Caesar, Civil War, l. 1} Metellus Scipio had married Caesar's daughter Cornelia, the widow of Publius Crassus who was slain by the Parthians. He shared Syria with Pompey this year, (that is two years before Pompey was killed) and had been his colleague three years before in the consulship. {Plutarch, in Pompey} {Dio, l. 40.} Sextius or Sestius, succeeded Cicero in the province of Cilicia. {Cicero, Letters to his Friends, l. 5. epist. 20., cf. ad Attic. l. 11. epist. 7.} He was sent as the first quaester, with praetorian authority to Cyprus, which was after this was distinct from Cilicia. {Cicero, Letters to his Friends, l. 13. epist. 48.} The three governments of Asia (Cybyra, Synnada and Apemea) were taken from the province of Cilicia and were given to the new proconsul of Asia, P. Servilius Sigonius. {Cicero, Letters to his Friends, l. 13. epist. 67.} {Cicero, de antiquo jure provinciarum, l. 1. c. 11.}
4857. On the same day, seven days before March, (Julian December 11th) on which the Feralia was celebrated, (as we may see in the inscriptions of Gruterus, p. 133.) Caesar came from Corsinium to Brundusium in the afternoon and Pompey came from Canusium in the morning. {Cicero, ad Attic., l. 8. epist. 22. & l. 9. epist. 2.} when autumn was already past. {Dio, l. 41.}
4858. Pompey sent his father-in-law, Scipio and his son Sceus, from Brundusium to Syria to raise a fleet. {Plutarch, in Pompey} In a letter Cicero {Cicero, ad Attic., l. 9. epist. 1.} wrote on March 6th, (Julian December 23rd) he stated that Scipio went into Syria, either according as his lot fell or for the honour of his son-in-law or he fled from an angry Caesar.
4859. On March 9th, (Julian December 26th) Caesar came to Brundusium and camped before its walls as he wrote in a letter to Oppius and Cornelius Balbus. {Cicero, ad Attic., l. 9. epist. 16.}
3955b AM, 4665 JP, 49 BC
4860. On March 16th, (Julian January 3rd) (according to {Cicero, ad Attic., l. 9. epist. 10.} not three days before March as it is in Lipsius in the 31st epistle of the century to the Germans and Frenchmen) when the Liberalia was celebrated. (This appears in the marble records in Gruter's inscriptions, p. 133.) Pompey sailed from Brundusium with all the forces that he had to Epirus which was the very day of the Liberalia or Dionysia. Pompey's sons were defeated in Spain at the battle of Munda, four years later that their father was said to go to the war. {Plutarch, in Caesar} This was the same day when Pompey, their father, left Italy and made the centre of the civil war in Greece. It was not that he fled from the city to make war, as mistakenly written by Orosius. {Orosius, l. 6. c. 16.}
4861. The next day Caesar entered Brundusium and made a speech and marched toward Rome. He wanted to be at the city before the first of the next month. {Cicero, ad Attic., l. 9. epist. 18.}
4862. From there, Caesar sent Aristobulus to his own country of Palestine that he might do something against Pompey. {Dio, l. 41.} Josephus stated that Caesar sent Aristobulus after freeing him from prison to go into Syria. He gave him two legions that he might the more easily keep the province in order. Both of their plans were thwarted. Aristobulus was poisoned by Pompey's side and he was buried by Caesar's side. {Josephus, Wars, l, 1. c. 7. Antiq. l. 14. c. 13.}
4863. Alexander, the son of Aristobulus, was beheaded at Antioch by Scipio according to Pompey's letters. He was first publicly accused of what he had done against the Romans. However, Ptolemy Mannaeus, the governor of Chalcis which was located in Libanus Mountain, had sent his son, Philippio, to Ascalon to the wife of Aristobulus. He sent for her son Antigonus and her two daughters. The youngest daughter was called Alexandra and Philippio fell in love with her and married her. {Josephus, Wars, l, 1. c. 7. Antiq. l. 14. c. 13.} Pompey had a year to raise forces in. Since he was free from war and as his enemy was not active, he assembled a large fleet from Asia, the Cyclades Islands, Corcyra, Athens, Pontus, Bithynia, Syria, Cilicia, Phoenice and Egypt. He took care that a large navy should be built in all places and he exacted also large sums of money from Asia, Syria, and all kings, governors, tetrarchs and the free people of Achaia. He forced those provinces which were allocated to him, to pay him large sums of money. {Caesar, Civil War, l. 3.} It is reported that 60 ships were sent to him from Egypt from Cleopatra and Ptolemy who were then but a child king and queen of Egypt. He had also auxiliaries from Ionia, archers from Crete, javelin throwers from Pontus and cavalry from Galatia. Commagenians were sent from Antiochus, Cilicians and Cappadocians and some from Armenia the less. The Pamphilians and Pisidians also came to him. {Appian, Civil War, l. 2. p. 458, 472.}
4864. M. Cato was sent into Asia by Pompey, to help those who gathered the fleet and soldiers. He took along with him his sister, Servilia, and a son that Lucullus had by her. After he had persuaded the Rhodians to be on Pompey's side, he left Servilia and her son with them and returned to Pompey. He was well furnished with very strong land and naval forces. {Plutarch, in Cato the Younger} Pompey planned to make war in the whole world by sea and land and to stir up barbarous kings and to bring armed cruel nations into Italy. {Cicero, ad Attic., l. 8, epist. 11.}
4865. Pompey also tried to draw to his side, Orodes, the king of the Parthians. Although after the death of Crassus, Pompey was reckoned an enemy. Orodes promised him his help if Syria might be given to him. Pompey did not grant him Syria, so he brought no forces {Dio, l. 41.} although otherwise the Parthians were on Pompey's side. They favoured him because of the friendship they had made in the Mithridatic war and also after the death of Crassus they heard that his son was on Caesar's side. They knew his son would revenge his father's death if Caesar won the war. {Justin, l. 42. c. 4.}
4866. Pompey used a large fleet which he had provided from Alexandria, Colchis, Tyre, Sidon, Andros, (or rather Arados) Cyprus, Pamphilia, Lycia, Rhodes, Byzantium, Lesbos, Smyrna, Miletum, and Cos. They were to intercept the provisions from Italy, and to seize the provinces from where the grain came from. {Cicero, ad Attic., l. 9. epist. 11.}
4867. Pompey's son was the admiral of the Egyptian fleet. Over the Asiatic fleet were D. Laebius and C. Triarius. Over the Syrian fleet was C. Cassius. Over the Rhodian fleet was C. Marcellus. C. Pomponius commanded the light ships. The Achian fleet was under Scribonius Libo and M. Octavian. Over all the naval forces was M. Bibulus, the chief admiral. {Caesar, Civil War, l. 3.}
3956a AM, 4665 JP, 49 BC
4868. Julius Caesar was made dictator. After eleven days, he and Servilius Isauticus were declared consuls and Caesar resigned his dictatorship. {Caesar, Civil War, l. 3. init.} {Plutarch, in Caesar} {Appian, Civil War, l. 2. p. 457.}
4869. From this first dictatorship of Caesar, the Macedonians of Syria began their reckoning of the time of the Caesars (of which there is mention made in an old stone, in the inscription of Gruter, p. 277.) This was the 24th of the Julian September, (on which we have shown in another place, that the solar year of the Macedonians began.) From that day, not only the Macedonian but also the Roman Emperors began their indictions or the cycle of 15 years. The Antiochians' reckon the same way, (which was divided by 15 and always shows the indictions of the emperors) although the form of the year was later changed and the Macedonian months made to conform to the Italian ones. The Antiochians refer the beginning of their period and the rest of the Eastern people, the beginning of their indictions, to the beginning of their new year, and have moved it from the 24th of September to the first of September. Whatever is said concerning the original of the indictions, (which they commonly refer to the times of Constantine) it ought to be without controversy, that the start of the Antiochian period is to be determined from the September of the Julian year 4665 or 49 BC.
4870. In the end of the year when Marcellus and Lentulus were consuls, Pompey was made general of the Romans and the senate which was with him in Ephesus, bestowed honours on kings and people that had earned them. Lucan mentions: {Lucan, l. 5.}
Phoebus sea-powerful Rhodes reward was,
And Spartans rough,
praised were the Athenian
Phocis made free where Massylians:
Faithful Dejotarus, young Sadalis,
The valiant Cotys and
Rhasipolis
Of Macedonia were praised: Juba to thee
The senate
gives all Libya by decree.
4871. By the same way, Lucan affirms that the kingdom of Egypt was at this time confirmed to Ptolemy who was but a child. Those words refer to Pothinus, the governor of Ptolemy, concerning Pompey, Lucan {Lucan, l. 8.} mentions:
---The senate gave to me The sceptre when persuaded to it by thee.
4872. About the winter solstice, Caesar sent messengers to the army that they should meet him at Brundusium. He departed from Rome in the month of December, not expecting to assume his office as consul on the first of the next year. Hence, Appian, {Appian, Civil War, l. 2. p. 458.} thought that at that time there was the same account of the Roman year as was in his own time. However, the first of January, when Caesar was to begin his second consulship, corresponded to Julian October 11th. Florus makes a similar mistake and affirmed {Florus, l. 4. c. 2.} that Caesar sailed to go to the war although it was in the middle of winter. Likewise Plutarch {Plutarch, in Pompey} wrote that Caesar came to Brundusium, sj hrspais hdh ou cfmwnos ottos and he left there at the time of the winter solstice in the beginning of the month of January which he says corresponds to the Athenian Posideon. Indeed Caesar {Caesar, Civil War, l. 3.} confirmed that he set sail on January 4th with seven legions and the next day he landed at the Ceraunia. However, that was not the Julian January, on which in the time of Plutarch the Athenian Posideon fell but which the account of the Roman year used then. The 5th of January (when Caesar landed at the Ceraunia) corresponded to Julian October 15th with winter approaching. Thereupon, Pompey marched from Ephesus to his winter quarters to Apollonia and Dyrrachium, as Caesar showed later. By no means was it winter, that is, the height of winter.
4873. Pompey provided for a large quantity of grain from Theslalia, Asia, Egypt, Crete, Cyrenia and other countries. He planned to winter in Dyrrachium, Apollonia and in all the sea towns that he might prevent Caesar from crossing the sea (although it was all in vain.) {Caesar, Civil War, l. 3.}
4874. Scipio, the governor of Syria and the father-in-law of Pompey, received some losses about the Mountain Amanus and declared himself captain general. After this, he imposed large sums of money on the cities and the tyrants and also extracted two years of taxes from the Publicans of the province. He borrowed from them the money for the following year and ordered the whole province to provide him with cavalry. When all the forces were gathered together, he left the Parthians who were enemies on his border, behind him. He with his legions and cavalry marched from Syria. When the soldiers complained that they would go against an enemy but not against the consul and their fellow citizens, he brought the legions to their winter quarters into the richest cities like Pergamos. He gave huge bribes and to confirm the soldiers to him he allowed them to plunder the cities. {Caesar, Civil War, l. 3.}
4875. In the meantime, the money that was imposed on the cites, was most cruelty collected. Moreover, many things were generally done for covetousness. The pole money tax was imposed on both bond and free. Money was demanded for making of pillars and doors, for soldiers and mariners, for arms and engines and wagons. If anything could be found that had a name, this was sufficient reason for taxing it. There were governors with commands appointed, not over cities and citadels but even villages. He that did anything most outrageously and cruelly, was accounted the man and the best citizen. The province was full of lictors and commanders and was over burdened with petty governors and tax collectors. These collected the money they were supposed to and also lined their own pockets. They said that they were expelled from their own houses and country and that they needed all necessary things that they might white wash their business with some honest pretence. In addition to these exactions, large interest baring loans were incurred, (which mainly happen in war.) In these things, they said that the extending of a day was giving them as much. Thereupon the debt of all the province was much multiplied in these two years. No less were money exacted for this cause from the Roman citizens of the province than upon all the guilds and from every city a certain amount of money was exacted. They told them that they borrowed this money by the decree of the senate. {Caesar, Civil War, l. 3.}
4876. Moreover at Ephesus, Scipio ordered that the money that had been deposited there, should be taken from the temple of Diana. When he came into the temple accompanied by as many of the senators whom he had called together for that purpose, he received letters from Pompey that Caesar had crossed the sea with his legions. He should quickly come to Pompey with the army and set everything else aside. As soon as he had received these letters, he dismissed those who he had called to him and began to prepare for his march into Macedonia. A few days later he left and this action spared the money at Ephesus. {Caesar, Civil War, l. 3.}
4877. In the meantime, Pompey had in his army besides the Roman and Italian legions, two which Lentulus the consul raised. He also had archers from Crete, Lacedemon, Pontus, Syria and other cities, for a total of 3000 slingers, six cohorts, two mercenary cohorts, 7000 cavalry of which Dejotarus brought 500 Galatians, Ariobarzanes 500 from Cappadocia, 500 Gauls and Germans whom Gabinius had left at Alexandria to guard King Ptolemy and the son that Pompey had brought with the fleet. Tarcundarius, Castor and Domlaus sent from Galatia 300 troops. One of them came along himself, the other sent his son. Antiochus, the Commagenian, on whom Pompey had bestowed great rewards, sent 200 among who were many archers on horseback. Scipio was expected to bring two legions from Syria. {Caesar, Civil War, l. 3.}
3956b AM, 4666 JP, 48 BC
4878. After Caesar arrived at Ephesus many months passed and winter came on. Neither the ships nor legions that had left Brundusium, arrived to Caesar. However, M. Antony and Fusius Calinus sailed and had a fair south wind and brought with them three legions of veterans and one recently raised legion along with 800 cavalry to Caesar. When Q. Coponius, who commanded the Rhodian fleet at Dyrrachium, tried to hinder the ships, a storm arose and so troubled the fleet that of the sixteen ships, fifteen were driven against one another and perished by shipwreck. Most of the mariners and soldiers were dashed against the rocks and killed. Part were dispersed by Caesar's forces, whom Caesar saved alive and sent home again. {Caesar, Civil War, l. 3.}
4879. In Egypt, the young Ptolemy with help from his relatives and friends, expelled Cleopatra who was his wife and sister, from the kingdom. {Caesar, Civil War, l. 3.} {Livy, l. 111.}
But all his power will and affections be Under Pothinus' girdle----
4880. This we find in Lucan, {Lucan, l. 10.} where we read that Cleopatra was complaining. Strabo stated how she was put out by the friends of the lad who made a rebellion. This affair is attributed to Pothinus. {Plutarch, in Caesar} At that time Ptolemy ruled the kingdom, an eunuch that was his governor called Pothinus, (as it is read in Caesar) who is called by the Greek writers, Potheinus which is likely more correct. After Cleopatra was expelled, she left for Syria with her sister, {Strabo, l. 17. p. 796.} so that she might raise an army. {Appian, Civil War, l. 2. p. 480.}
4881. Pharnaces, the son of Mithridates the king of Pontus and king of Bosphorus Cimmerius, heard that there was civil war among the Romans. He hoped it would continue for a long time. Since Caesar was not close, he revolted from the Romans from a desire of regaining all his father's former possessions. He committed the government and defence of Bosphorus to Asandrus. He subdued to him without much resistance, Colchis and all Armenia along with the kingdom of Moschis where as Strabo notes that he spoiled the temple of Leucothea. {Strabo, l. 11. p. 498.} Since Dejotarus was absent, he added to these some cities of Cappadocia and Pontus which belonged to the jurisdiction of Bithynia. {Dio, l. 42.} He also captured Sinope and marched for Amisus. At that time he was not able to capture it. {Appian, in Mithridatic., p. 254.}
4882. Pompey sent his wife Cornelia secretly into the isle of Lesbos so that she could live quietly at Mitylene free from all troubles of the wars. {Lucan, l. 5. init.} She was accompanied by her son-in-law Sextius, the younger son of Pompey. {Plutarch, in Pompey}{Dio, l. 42.} However, Lucan said that he stayed in the camp with his father. {Lucan, l. 6. fin.}
4883. L. Hirtius (otherwise called Hirrius) was sent as an ambassador to the Parthians (as it is understood from Caesar, {Caesar, Civil War, l. 3.}) and did not get any help from Orodes but was thrown into prison by him against the law of countries. {Dio, l. 42.} Orodes did this because Syria was not given to him. {Dio, l. 41.}
3956c AM, 4666 JP, 48 BC
4884. Pompey besieged Dyrrachium for four months with huge siege works. Finally he was utterly defeated in the battle of Pharsalus. {Sueton, in Julius Caesar, c. 35.}
4885. When Caesar came into Thessaly, (when the battle was fought at Palaeo-pharsalus) and a few days later Pompey also came when the grain was ripe. {Caesar, Civil War, l. 3.} Appian also confirmed that at the same time that the battle was, it was the Caesar's sitologia, {Appian, Civil War, l. 2.} that it was in the middle of summer and very hot weather, if we believe Plutarch. {Plutarch, in M. Brutus}
4886. On the same day of the battle at Pharsalus, twice at Antioch people heard such a shouting of an army, such sounding of alarms, such rattling of arms that the whole city ran up to the wall with their weapons. The same thing happened at Ptolemais. From the vestry of the temple of Bacchus at Pergamos where it was only lawful for the priests to enter, a loud noise of drums and cymbals started and went through all the city. At Tralles, in the temple of victory, where they had consecrated a statue to Caesar's, a green palm tree was shown in the root, which sprung out of the pavement between the cracks of the stones. The Syrians also had two young men appear to them and declared the intent of the battle and they were never seen again. {Caesar, Civil War, l. 3.} {Julius Obsequens, de prodigiis} {Plutarch, in Caesar} {Dio, l. 2.}
4887. In the army of Pompey, almost all the countries that live around the sea towards the east were represented. There were troops from the Thracians, Hellespontians, Bithynians, Phrygians, Ionians, Lydians, Pamphilians, Pisidians, Paphlagonians, Cilicians, Syrians, Phoenicians, Hebrews and their neighbours the Arabians, Cypriots, Rhodians, Cretian slingers and other islanders. There were kings and governors: Dejotarus, the tetrarch of Galatia and Ariarathes, the king of the Cappadocians, Taxiles who led those Armenians on this side of the Euphrates, Megabates, the lieutenant of King Arrasias led those beyond the Euphrates. Other minor princes helped also according to their power. {Appian, Civil War, l. 2. p. 472.} Since most of his army consisted of Asians who were not used to the wars, Pompey was defeated. {Dio, l. 41.} Petronius also stated:
He who made Pontus and Hydaspes quake,
Did quell the pirates,
by his triumph shake
Three times great Jove, to whom Pontus
submits wave
And likewise Posphors their submission gave
To his
shame! has fled and left the name emperor.
4888. When Caesar had taken Pompey's files he did not read nor make copies of the pirate letters which showed their good will toward Pompey or their displeasure with Caesar. In a good deed, he soon burnt them all lest from the letters he should be compelled to act too severely against any man. {Pliny, l. 6, 7. c. 25. fin.} {Dio, l. 41. fin.} He later pardoned the kings and the people who had helped Pompey and did not impose any punishment on them except for two monetary fines. For he considered that he had either very little or no dealings with any of them. Pompey had deserved very much at their hands and Caesar much more commended those who had received favours from Pompey and yet had forsaken him in his greatest dangers. {Dio, l. 41. fin.}
4889. Pompey left the camp and fled to Larissa with very few accompanying him. He did not enter the city although he was invited to by the citizens lest the Larissaeans should be punished for receiving him. Later, he had asked them to seek the victor's friendship. When he had received necessary supplies from them, he went toward the sea. {Dio, l. 42.}
4890. Caius Cassius came into Cilicia with a fleet of Syrians, Phoenicians, and Cilicians. After he burnt Caesar's ships, he learned of the battle that was fought in Thessalia and he departed with his fleet. {Dio, l. 42.}
4891. After the battle of Pharsalus, the Rhodian fleet, under C. Coponius, deserted Pompey's side and returned home. {Cicero, de divinatione., l. 1.}
4892. L. Lentulus (Crus) who was consul the former year and P. Lentulus (Spinther) who had been consul and others who had followed Pompey from the flight, arrived at Rhodes. They were not received into either the town or the port. After they sent messengers to them, they were ordered against their will, to get out of Rhodes. {Caesar, Civil War, l. 3.}
4893. Caecilius Bassus, an equestrian on Pompey's side, retired to Tyre. He hid himself in that place where merchants used to trade. {Dio, l. 47.} {Libo (??)} {Appian, Civil War, l. 3. p. 576.}
4894. M. Claudius Marcellus was afraid of Caesar and went to Mitylene. He lived there most happily in the study of good arts, (as Seneca relates from Brutus, in his conciliation to Albina.) Cicero in vain tried to persuade him that he should return from there to Rome and ask pardon of Caesar. {Cicero, Letters to his Friends, l. 4. epist. 7. & 8.}
4895. Labienus left the battle at Pharsalus and brought news of the defeat of the Pompey's army to Dyrrachium. M. Cato was there with 15 cohorts and 300 galleys. Thereupon both he and Cicero and others that were with them were afraid and sailed away. As they looked back to the town, they saw all their cargo ships on fire which the soldiers had burned because they would not follow them. Cato crossed into Corcyra, (an island located under Epirus, in the Ionian and Adriatic sea) where the fleet was with those that had fled for fear. He took the rest that had fled from the battle of Pharsalus or otherwise followed Pompey. From the battle also came L. Scipio, the father-in-law of Pompey, Labienus, Afranius and many other famous men. A little later Octavian, who was guarding the Ionian sea, had taken C. Antony with him. Also Cneus Pompey, (the oldest son of Pompey the Great) who sailed in the Egyptian fleet, had made incursions on Epitus. When his father was defeated, the Egyptians went home and he went to Corcyra. C. Cassius also, who had attacked Sicily and along with others fled to Cato, whom they observed to excel all others in virtue. {Cicero, de Divinat., l. 1.} {Plutarch, in Cato the Younger} {Appian, the Civil War, l. 2. p. 482.} {Dio, l. 42.}
4896. There Cato resigned his command to Cicero since he was only a praetor and the others had been consuls. When Cicero refused (he was a man, as Livy {Livy, l. 3.} notes was not bound for the wars,) and wanted to leave the wars, he was almost killed. The young Pompey and his friends called him a traitor and drew their swords on him. Cato withstood them and kept Cicero from being killed and withdrew him from the camp. {Plutarch, in Cato, Cicero}
4897. After this, the fleet was divided among Pompey's main friends. Cassius sailed into Pontus to Pharnaces with an intent of stirring him up against Caesar. Scipio sailed into Africa with Varus and his forces with him and the auxiliaries of Juba and Moor. {Appian, Civil War, l. 2. p. 482.}
4898. Cato surmised that Pompey had fled either into Africa or Egypt and he hurried after him. Before he sailed, he gave permission to all that were not ready to follow him to either leave him or go with him. {Plutarch, in Cato} Lucan describes the voyage like this: {Lucan, l. 9.}
He sails to Corcyra's shore,
And in a thousand ships carries
away
The conquered remnant of Pharsalus.
Who would have thought
so great a fleet had held
All fleeing men? That conquered ships
had filled
The straitened seas? from there they sailed away
To
Ghost field Tenarus, and long Malea,
There to Cytherus: Boreas
blowing fair,
Crete flies and getting a good sea they clear
The
Cretan coast; Phycus, that dared deny
Their men to land, they
sack deservedly.
4899. Phycus is a promontory of the country of Cyrene and a town, which, as the poet notes, Cato gave its plunder to his soldiers. Leaving Cato we will now continue the narrative of Pompey the Great's flight and of Julius Caesar pursuing him.
3956d AM, 4666 JP, 48 BC
4900. Caesar stayed two days at Pharsalus to offer sacrifices for the victory he had won and to refresh his soldiers that were tired after the battle. On the third day, he pursued Pompey, { Appian, Civil War, l. 2. p. 482.} for he thought it best to set aside everything else and to pursue Pompey wherever he went lest he should be forced again to raise new forces and to renew the war again. Therefore he went every day with his cavalry as far as he possibly could and commanded one legion to follow after him by shorter marches. {Caesar, Civil War, l. 3.}
4901. Pompey came to the sea and rested all night in a fisherman's cottage. About the break of day, he went into a ferry and took with him all the freemen. He ordered all the slaves to go to Caesar without any fear. He left the land. {Plutarch, in Pompey} Concerning this Lucan wrote: {Lucan, l. 8.}
Now to the shore he came where Peneus ran
Red with Pharsalus'
slaughter to the main;
There a small barque unfit for seas and
winds,
Scarce safe in shallowest rivers Pompey finds
And goes
aboard-----
4902. As he sailed in this boat along the shore, he saw a large ship under sail. The captain of it was Peticius, a Roman citizen. He knew Pompey and took him from the boat into the ship together with the two Lentuli (who had been consuls, who, as we have shown from Caesar's writings, were excluded from Rhodes), Favonius, (who had been praetor, {Velleius Paterculus, l. 1. c. 53.}) and all others that wanted to come. Shortly after this, King Dejotarus (who trusted to the flight of birds, which he thought portended good success to him,) came to Pompey. {Cicero, de Divinat., l. 1.}) When they saw him riding toward them from the land, they took him in also. {Plutarch, in Pompey}
4903. At anchor one night, Pompey called to his friends at Amphipolis. After he had received money from them for his necessary expenses and when he knew that Caesar was coming after him, he left that place. {Caesar, Civil War, l. 3.}
4904. After he sailed by Amphipolis, within a few days he came to shore at the isle of Lesbos. {Caesar, Civil War, l. 3.} {Plutarch, in Pompey} {Dio, l. 42.}
4905. He sent for his wife from Mitylene to sea where they bewailed together their bad fortune. Then she ordered her baggage to be brought from the town and called her maid servants to come to her. However, Pompey refused to come into the town of the Mitylenians although they came to greet him and invited him in. He advised them to obey the conqueror and not to be afraid for Caesar was merciful and generous. Then he turned to Cratippus, the philosopher (for he came from the town to visit him) and bewailed his misfortune and disputed with him some things concerning providence. The philosopher affirmed that:
``by reason of the poor government of the commonwealth,''
4906. there was need of a monarchy. He asked Pompey:
``How and by what token can we believe that you would have used your good fortune better than Caesar if you had overcome Caesar?'' {Plutarch, in Pompey}
4907. He was detained there for two days by a storm. He took other light ships and he put all his belongings into four galleys which came from Rhodes and Tyre. He sailed along the coast to Cilicia with his wife and friends and stopped along the havens that he might take on fresh water and supplies. {Caesar, Civil War, l. 3.} {Plutarch, in Pompey} {Appian. p. 479, 480.} {Dio, l. 42.}
4908. To these we may add what Lucan said: {Lucan, l. 8.}
So hid the stars, and land discovered
When those that from
Pharsalus' battle fled
To Pompey came, and first from Lesbos
shores
He met his son; then kings and senators:
For Pompey yet (although
at that sad time
Vanquished and fled) had kings to wait on him;
Proud sceptred kings that in the east did reign
Attended there in
banished Pompey's train.
Then Pompey, King Dejotarus commands,
To
go for help to furthest eastern lands.
4909. Pompey gave his instructions in which Dejotarus was sent to request help from the Parthians, (which he never did.) Lucan, the poet, goes on to describe the journey of Pompey.
--------------The king took leave at shore
And by the Icarian rocks great Pompey gone
Leaves Ephesus and sea calm Colophone,
Shaving small Samos foamy rocks he goes,
A gentle gale blows from the shore of Cos:
Gnidon and Phoebus honoured Rhodes he leaves
And sailing straight in the mid-ocean saves
Telmessus long and winding circuits. First
Pamphylia greets their eyes: but Pompey durst
Commit his person to no town but thee
Little Phaselis: thy small company
And few inhabitants could not cause fear
More in thy ships than in thy walls there were.
4910. The first town that Pompey entered was Attalia of Pisidia. Some ships came to him there from Cilicia with some soldiers also and about 60 senators. When he heard news that his navy was safe and that Cato had crossed into Africa with a strong force of soldiers that he had gathered from the flight, then he began to regret that he had fought with Caesar so far from the help of his fleet. But it was too late now to change what was done. {Plutarch, in Pompey} Lucan stated that at Selinus in Cilicia, Pompey began to discuss with Lentulus, who was the previous year's consul, and with the rest of the senators about some safe place where he might retreat to. {Lucan, l. 8.}
4911. Pompey sailed to Cyprus from Cilicia. {Caesar, Civil Wars, l. 3.} Those who came to offer their service to him at Paphos, assured him that Cicero had made a very honourable mention of him. {Cicero, in Philippica. 2.} He also knew that by the general consent of all the Antiochians and Roman citizens who traded there, the citadel of Antioch was already taken merely to keep him out. It was also reported of them that they had sent messengers to all the neighbouring cities where any had retired from the flight that they should not come to Antioch. If they did, it would be at the risk of their lives. Now there was a report circulated around the cities about Caesar's coming there. When Pompey knew this, he set aside his intention of going into Syria. He took away the money that belonged to the guilds and also from private persons and shipped this huge sum of money to defray the charges of the army. He took 2000 well armed soldiers (some whom he took from the families of the guilds and some whom he forced from the merchants and whomever he thought fit for this purpose), and he sailed to Pelusium. {Caesar, Civil War, l. 3.}
4912. Theophanes, from Lesbos, and Pompey's other friends, persuaded him that he should forget about every other place and go into Egypt. It was within three day's journey and was a rich and powerful country. He might expect help from the king who was his charge, especially since Pompey had restored his father to his kingdom with the help of Gabinius and the son was not ungrateful but had sent ships to Pompey against Caesar. {Velleius Paterculus, l. 2. c. 53.} {Plutarch, in Pompey} {Appian, p. 480.} {Dio, l. 42.} As soon as that opinion prevailed, Pompey and his wife went into a ship of Seleucis and set sail from Cyprus. Some accompanied him in long ships and others in cargo ships. {Plutarch, in Pompey} Lucan describes this voyage thus: {Lucan, l. 8.}
Pompey departing thence, his course he bend,
Round all the Cyprian Rocks that southward tend,
And got into the interposed main;
Nor by the nights weak light could he attain
Mount Casius, but with struggling sails and strength,
A lower port of Egypt reached at length,
Where parted Nile greatest channel flows,
And to the ocean at Pelusium goes.
4913. Caesar lacked galleys and crossed the Hellespont in small ships. As he was crossing in a ferry boat, Cassius was coming to Pharnaces with ten war ships and met Caesar in the middle of the crossing. Caesar did not avoid him but headed straight toward him and advised his adversary to surrender. Crassus was astonished at the incredible boldness of Caesar and thought that they sailed against him on purpose. He held Caesar's hand to help him from the galley and humbly demanded his pardon. He immediately turned over the fleet of 70 ships to him, if we believe Appian. {Sueton, in Julius Caesar, c. 63.} {Appian, p. 482, 483.} {Dio, l. 42.}
4914. As soon as Caesar came into Asia, he granted the Cnidians' liberty as a favour to Theopompus who had collected the fables. {Plutarch, in Caesar} He received into favour the Ionians and Aeolians. He pardoned the other countries who lived in the lesser Asia who asked Caesar's pardon through their ambassadors. {Appian, p. 483} Caesar only asked money from them which yet he recompensed with another benefit. He freed Asia from the publicans who had grievously vexed it and converted part of the customs into a convenient payment of tribute. {Dio, l. 42.} He remitted the third part of the tribute to all the inhabitants of Asia. {Plutarch, in Caesar}
4915. T. Ampius intended to take away the money from the temple at Ephesus and called the senators of that province that they might be witnesses of what money he took. He was forced to flee when he heard that Caesar was coming. Thus Caesar saved the money at Ephesus twice. {Caesar, Civil War, l. 3.}
4916. Since no one knew for certain where Pompey planned to flee to, Caesar took part of his journey alone with M. Brutus (who defected to him from Pompey's side and Caesar esteemed among his chiefest friends.) Caesar asked his opinion and because they could make no certain conjecture about Pompey's flight, they thought to take the most probable journey and set aside all other places and headed straight for Egypt. {Plutarch, in M. Brutus} They feared lest Pompey got control of that kingdom that he should again rally his forces. {Dio, l. 42.} Therefore he crossed to Rhodes and did not wait until all his army had come together. He continued on with the ships of Cassius and the Rhodian galleys with those forces that he had with him. He told no one where he planned to go and set sail about evening. He ordered all the ship captains that by night they should follow the light of the admiral's galley and his own flag by day. When they were now far from land, he ordered his captain of his ship to direct his course for Alexandria and they arrived there on the third day. {Appian, p. 483.}
4917. Lucan, {Lucan, l. 9.} describes this voyage of Caesar more like a poet than an historian. He stated how Caesar stayed at Ilium and the places around there. He sailed from there and he came into Egypt on the seventh night.
-------This said, to shore
He hastens, takes shipping, and to
Coreus lends
His full spread sails with haste to make amends
For
these delays and with a prosperous wind,
Leaves wealthy Asia and
fair Rhodes behind:
The west wind blowing still, the seventh
night
Discovers Egypt's shore by Pharian light;
But ere they
reach the harbour, day appears,
And dims the night by fires.-------
4918. Caesar explained what happened the most clearly. {Caesar, Civil War, l. 3.}
``After Caesar had spent a few days in Asia, he heard that Pompey was seen at Cyprus. Caesar conjectured that Pompey had sailed to Egypt since he had ties with that kingdom and other opportunities in that place. Caesar came to Alexandria with the legions, one which he ordered to follow him from Thessaly, and another which he had ordered to come to him from Achaia under his lieutenant Fusius with 800 cavalry in the ten Rhodian ships and a few from Asia. In these legions were 3200 men. The rest were so weakened with their wounds in battle and with the labour and length of the journey that they could not catch up to Caesar. Caesar trusted in the fame of what he had done and made no doubt of what was going on. For all his forces were so weak and he thought that each place would be secure enough for him.''
4919. Lucan describes when Pompey came into Egypt ahead of Caesar. {Lucan, l. 8.}
That time was come wherein just Libra weighs
The hours and
makes the nights equal with days;
Then pays the winter nights
hours which the spring
Had taken away.--------------
4920. This was at the end of September as the year was then accounted that Lucan knew that Pompey came into Egypt. Lucan knew that at the end of the same month in the Julian year which was used in his time, the sun was entering Libra. Thereupon, not considering the different account of the times, he wrote that Pompey came into Egypt about the autumnal solstice. This was the time when the sun began to enter into Leo about the beginning of the dog days and the Nile River began to flood. It was in Libra when the river usually recedes to within its banks.
4921. Not far from Pelusium, one of the mouths of the Nile, about the Mountain Cassius, which is located between the borders of Egypt and Arabia, King Ptolemy was waging war with his sister Cleopatra with large forces. He had expelled her from the kingdom a few months earlier. His camp was not far from Cleopatra's camp. {Caesar, Civil Wars, l. 4.} {Plutarch, in Pompey} {Appian, p. 480.} {Dio, l. 42.} Caesar stated that Ptolemy was only a boy in age. Mirtius says he was a middle aged boy. {Mirtius, de bell. Alexandro.} Strabo said he was a very young boy. {Strabo, l. 17. p. 796.} Dio stated he was only a boy. {Dio, l. 40.} Orosius stated he was a young man. {Orosius, l. 6. c. 15.} Plutarch stated he was a very young man. {Plutarch, in Pompey} Velleius said he was nearer a boy than a man. {Velleius Paterculus, l. 2, c. 53.} Appian wrote that he was at the most only thirteen years old. {Appian, p. 480.}
4922. When Pompey saw so large an army on the shore, he dared not land unless he might do so safely.
Finding the king to keep within the Cassian Mount. He turned aside. {Lucan, l. 8.}
4923. He sent some of his followers to the king who would humbly tell him of his arrival. They were to intreat him, for the sake of the friendship he had with his father and the benefits confirmed on himself that Pompey might be received into Alexandria and be protected by his forces in this calamity. {Caesar, Civil War, l. 3.} {Plutarch, in Pompey} {Appian, p. 480} {Dio, l. 42.} After those that went from Pompey had delivered their message, they began to talk more freely with the king's soldiers that they should perform their duty to Pompey and not despise his ill fortune. In this number were many of Pompey's soldiers whom Gabinius had received from his army in Syria and had taken to Alexandria to establish Ptolemy. After that war was over, he had left them with Ptolemy, the father of the lad. {Caesar, Civil War, l. 3.}
4924. The king did not reply but his friends who had the administration of the kingdom, Achillas an Egyptian, who was lord general and Pothinus an eunuch, who was lord treasurer, began to discuss Pompey's situation. They held a council and talked with other officers including Theodorus. He was either a Chian or a Samian, a mercenary teacher of rhetoric. He was held in great authority with the king since he was the king's school teacher. {Livy, l. 112.} {Plutarch, in Pompey} {Appian, p. 480}
4925. In this council, some were of the opinion that Pompey was to be received, and others that he should be kept from entering Egypt. However, Theodorus who bragged of his eloquence and skill in arguments, stated that both sides were mistaken. There was only one expedient thing to do. They should receive him and put him to death. He added at the close of his speech that the dead do not bite. {Plutarch, in Pompey, Brutus}
4926. The rest followed his opinion through fear. They later said that lest by tampering with the king's army, Pompey would seize Alexandria and Egypt. If they condemned his misfortune, as is commonly done in times of trouble, many of his friends would become enemies. Therefore they publicly answered kindly to those who were sent to them from Pompey and asked him to come to the king. Privately, they sent to kill Pompey, Achillas, the king's general and a man of singular audacity and L. Septimius, a colonel, who in the wars against the pirates had a command under Pompey. {Caesar, Civil Wars, l. 3.}
4927. These with Salvius, another centurion and three or four such officers went aboard a little ship and came to Pompey. In the meanwhile, the whole army stood in battle formation along the shore as if it were in honour of his arrival. The king was at the head of them and clothed in his robes. There were many of the king's ships around that were full of men to make sure Pompey could not escape if they should change their minds. As the little ship approached, Septimius arose first and in Latin greeted Pompey by the name of imperator. Achillas greeted him in Greek and asked him to come aboard that little ship. It would be impossible to land in Pompey's large ship because the sea was full of sand bars. The king desired to see him as soon as he could along with all the chief men of those who had accompanied Pompey. All those who sailed with him came to him and advised him that while they were out of danger of their weapons, he should set sail back again toward the sea. When Pompey saw the army in battle array, the small ship that was sent to him, that the king did not come to meet him, nor any of the chief noblemen, he also began to suspect as much. However, he greeted Cornelia who had already bewailed his death. He ordered two centurions and from his free men, Philip and a servant called Scynes, to board the little ship ahead of him. Then Achillas helped him with his hand, Pompey also entered the ship. Just before turning to his wife and son, Pompey spoke those lines of Sophocles.
Who deal with tyrants they shall surely be
Enslaved, though
before they are never so free.
4928. As they sailed there was a dead silence and his suspicion was increased. He held a book in his hand in which he had written the speech he intended to give to Ptolemy and he began to read it when they came near the shore. They determined to kill Pompey before they came to land for they feared lest he meet with Ptolemy, he should be safely delivered either by the king or by the Romans who he had with him or the Egyptians (who bore him much good will.) Cornelia with his friends from the ship, stood in great suspense and watched the whole thing. Pompey began to be encouraged because at his landing point, he saw many of the king's friends come running to greet him with honour. However, as Philip lent him his hand to help him up, Septimius first came behind him and ran him through. After him, Salvius and Achillas thrust him through with their swords. Pompey had no way of defending himself or escaping. With both his hands, he hid his face with his gown. He neither spoke nor did anything unworthy of himself and only gave a groan and patiently received all their thrusts. {Caesar, Civil Wars, l. 3.} {Plutarch, in Pompey} {Appian, p. 480.} {Dio, l. 42}
4929. When his wife and friends who were on the ships saw this, they gave a great shriek which was heard even on the shore. They held up their hands to heaven and implored the gods that were the revengers of covenant breaking. They quickly weighed anchor and fled. {Plutarch, in Pompey} {Appian, p. 480.} Some of those who were taken by the Egyptians that pursued them and some escaped who {Dio, l. 42} first sailed as far as Tyre and were shown hospitality by the Tyrians in their flight. {Dio, l. 42.} Of those that escaped, his wife Cornelia and his son Sextus Pompey fled to Cyprus. {Livy, l. 112.} The rest of Pompey's fleet was taken and everyone in it was most cruelly murdered. Then Pompey, the Bithynian (of whom Cicero mentioned, {Cicero, in Brutus or declaris of atoribus} as one who lived at that time) was killed. Lentulus, who had been consul, was killed at Pelusium. {Orosius, l. 6. c. 15.} He was the same L. Lentulus who was the consul in the previous year whom Caesar wrote was captured by the king and killed in prison. {Caesar, Civil War, l. 3.} Plutarch {Plutarch, in Pompey} noted that he together with Pompey went to Cyprus and that he did not leave Cyprus for Egypt until a long time after the burial of Pompey. A little after leaving Cyprus, he was taken at sea and killed.
4930. Caius Caesar and Publius Servilius were consuls when Pompey was killed in the 58th year of his age, the day before his birthday. {Velleius Paterculus, l. 2. c. 53.} On that very day, he had triumphed in earlier times over Mithridates and the pirates. {Dio, l. 42.} That triumph lasted for two days and started on the third day before the month of October as we have shown from Pliny. {Pliny, l. 7. c. 29, l. 37. c. 2.} Hence he died the day after his birthday. The last day of September which was the last day of the life of Pompey, was Julian July 25th. The Roman calendar was in a mess at that time.
4931. Septimius cut off the head of Pompey, (as Lucan says)and it was kept until Caesar arrived and he hoped for a large reward. The body was thrown naked from the ship, to be seen by all that would. Philip, his freed man, stayed by it until all had satisfied their eyes. Then he washed it with sea water and wrapped it in a coat of his own. When he had nothing present, he looked around the shore and he found the broken planks of a fishing boat. This was enough to burn the naked body but not completely. As he was gathering the planks together and laying them in order, a grave old citizen of Rome, who had served under Pompey in his younger days, came and helped him to perform the funeral rites. {Plutarch, in Pompey} Appian wrote that a certain man buried Pompey on the shore and made a little monument for him and another man added this inscription: {Appian, p. 481.}
-------Scarce would the temple hold,
That which is covered
over with a little mould.
4932. We read {Aurelius Victor, de viris illustribus, c. 77.} that the trunk of his body was cast into the Nile and burnt. It was buried by Servius Codrus who wrote this on his tomb, "HERE LIETH POMPEY THE GREAT". Lucan wrote: {Lucan, l. 8.}
---To the shore did fearful Codrus come
Out of his lurking
hole that was before,
Great Pompey's quaester and from Cyprus
shore
Had followed him; he by the shades of night
Durst go true
love had vanquish terror quite
To find his slaughtered lord,
along the sand,
And through the waves to bring the trunk to land.
4933. For the poet more correctly seeks his body in the sea than Aurelius Victor who stated it was in the Nile. It is shown by other writers that Pompey was killed and buried not far from the Cassian Mountain. {Strabo, l. 16. p. 760.} {Pliny, l. 5. c. 12.} This was the end of the great Pompey's life, who was accounted the most powerful among the Romans. He was surnamed Agamemnon because he also had the command of 1000 ships but then died near Egypt in a little ship like one of the smallest Egyptian's boats. He had an oracle a long time earlier that made him suspect all the clan of the Cassian family. He was killed and buried near Mount Cassius. {Dio, l. 42.} This mountain is located not far from the border of Judea which he first subjected under the Roman yoke.
4934. Those who were with Cato arrived in Cyrene and heard of the death of Pompey. {Dio, l. 42.} Cornelia, with her son-in-law, Sextus Pompey, was driven there from Cyprus as Lucan stated: {Lucan, l. 9.}
They first arrived on Cyprus foamy shore,
From there a mild
east wind commanding bore
Their ships to Cato's Libyan Camp--------
4935. He adds moreover that the son of Pompey (Cnaeus the elder) who was with Cato, there learned from his younger brother Sextus, who was with Cornelia about the death of his father. Cornelia burnt the remains of Pompey. By her example the rest of the army made funeral piles and performed funeral rites to the ghosts of those who died in Pharsalum. Cato made a funeral speech in the memory of Pompey.
4936. After this, they had different ideas as what to do. Those who had no hope of obtaining pardon from Caesar, stayed with Cato. Others left and went where chance took them. Others went directly to Caesar and obtained pardon. {Dio, l. 42.} Cornelia, was given a pardon and returned safely to Rome. {Dio, l. 42.} In the Mount Albanus, she buried the remains of her husband that were brought to her. {Lucan, l. 8.} {Plutarch, Pompey, in fin.}
4937. The soldiers of Cato, who were chiefly mariners of Cilicia under their captain, Tarcho, were ready to leave him. They were stirred with the words Cato spoke to them and returned to their duty. {Lucan, l. 9.}
4938. Cato was allowed to enter by the citizens in Cyrene, when a few days earlier, they had shut their gates against Labienus. {Plutarch, in Cato} {Lucan, l. 9.}
-------Their second labour is
To scale Cyrene's lofty walls on whom,
Cato no vengeance took when overcome
(Though they against him shut their gates) to him
Revenge sufficient did their conquest seem.
He hence to Libyan Juba's kingdom goes.
4939. Cato was told that Scipio, the father-in-law of Pompey was welcomed by King Juba and that Appius Varus, to whom the province of Africa was given by Pompey, had gone to them with his army. {Plutarch, in Cato}