2689. After this, Lysimachus sailed into Asia with his navy and captured those who were in subjection to Antigonus and Demetrius. (Pausan. in his Attic. p. 8. with Plut. in Demet.) While he besieged Ephesus,they were helped by Mardro, an old pirate. He often brought to them rich prises which he had captured. Lysimachus bribed him and had him betray the city to him. He gave Mardro some valiant Macedonians. He had their hands bound behind them and brought them like prisoners into Ephesus. These men waited for the right time and got weapons in the citadel where they were kept. They took the city for Lysimachus. (Jul. Fronti. Stratag. l. 3. c. 3.) The city of Ephesus was located on low ground and a while later was completely flooded by the sea. Concerning this flood, we may read an epigram in Stephanus Byzantinus made by Duris. Lysimachus now moved it into another place and rebuilt it. He called it after his new wife Arsinot but after his death, the city quickly assumed its old name of Ephesus. (Strabo. l. 14, p. 640. & Stephanus in Ephesus.) To populate his new city, he destroyed the two cities of Lebedus and Colophos and relocated their inhabitants to the new city. Concerning the destruction of those two famous cities, Phoenix in his Iambics, grievously deplores this action. (Pansan. in Attica. p. 8.)

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2690. Seleucus wanted to populate the cities he had built in Asia and the lower Syria and especially Antioch which was the metropolis of all the rest. He relocated the Jews from their own dwellings into them and gave them equal privileges, prerogatives and immunities that the Macedonians had both in towns and cities. (Euseb. Chron. Joseph. Antiquit. l. 12. c. 3. & l. Cont. Apio. p. 1063.) Seleucus named 16 of the cities Antioch, after his father Antioch. He named 6 of them, Laodicea after his mother Laodice. He named 9 of them Seleucia after himself. He named 3 of them Apamea, after his wife. He named one after his former wife, Stratonice. He called the rest Greek and Macedonian names as he though best, e.g. Berraea, Edesla, Peila, and so forth. (Appian. in Syria.)

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2691. When Agathocles, the tyrant of Sicily was about to die, he shipped away to Egypt his wife Thoxena with his two children whom he had by her and who were very young. Along with them he sent all his treasure, family and costly furniture. He was one of the richest kings. His wife had originally come from Egypt. He feared that as soon as he was dead, they would suffer and his kingdom would be plundered. His wife begged to stay with him to the end for she said she married him for better or worse. At last she and her children left him but not without many a doleful cry. Even his young children could scarcely be pulled away from him. As soon as they were gone, he died. (Justin, l. 23. c. 2.)

2692. Clearchus and Oxathres, the two kings of Heraclea in Pontus, murdered their mother. When Amestris was on board a ship to leave them, she was thrown overboard in a most barbarous manner and drowned in the sea. (Memnon Excerp. c. 6.)

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2693. Lysimachus desired to revenge the death of Amistris whom he was married to for a long time. He came into Heraclea and showed all fatherly affection to Clearchus and those who were nearest him. First he killed him and then his brother Oxathres. (Memnon Excerp. c. 7.) This was 17 years after the death of the father of Clearchus as recorded in Diodorus. (Diod. Sic. year 3. Olymp. 118.) When he had conquered that city and its territory, he took all the treasure that belonged to those kings and whatever they had of value and left the city in full liberty by its own laws. He returned to his own kingdom. (Memnon, c. 7.)

2694. Strato of Lampsacus, the son of Arcesilaus, and surnamed Physicus, succeeded Theophrastus in his school. Strato was the teacher and tutor to Ptolemaeus Philadelphus. He gave Strato 80 talents for educating him. (Diog. Laert. in Strabone.)

2695. Demetrius Poliorcetes was trying to recover all his father, Antigonus' dominions. He was now ready to land in Asia with so large an army that no man after the days of Alexander the Great to that time had a larger army. He had more than 98,000 foot soldiers and little less than 12,000 cavalry. His fleet had 500 ships. Some were extremely large as 15 or 16 tiers of oars. Before his going on this expedition, he made a firm league with Pyrrhus. He feared lest Pyrrhus create trouble in his absence and interfere with his plans. (Plut. in Demetr. and Pyrrho.)

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2696. Seleucus, Ptolemy and Lysimachus also feared what Demetrius' intentions were. They combined their forces into one body and made war on Demetrius in Europe. All three sent ambassadors to Pyrrhus in Epirus and requested that he invade Macedonia. He should disregard that league he had made with Demetrius since Demetrius had no intention of peace but planned to be free to wage war where he pleased. Pyrrhus readily agreed to this. He defeated Demetrius' army, routed him and took over the kingdom of Macedonia. (Plut. in Demetr. and Pyrrho. Justin, l. 16. c. 2.) This was the first time, as (Pausan. in Attic. p. 11.) notes that Pyrrhus was the owner of some elephants.

2697. Lysimachus came and pretended that he had a hand in the defeat Demetrius as well as Pyrrhus. He wanted half the kingdom of Macedonia. Pyrrhus doubted the loyalty of the Macedonians to him and agreed. Hence, Macedonia was divided with him by cities and regions, (Plut. in Demetr.)

2698. In these machinations, Lysimachus found that his son-in-law, Antipater, complained publicly that his father-in-law had cheated him of the kingdom of Macedonia. Therefore Lysimachus killed him. His daughter Euridice, Antipater's widow was grieved by the death of her husband. Therefore he committed her to prison. So the whole house of Cassander paid Alexander the Great the price, whether of his own death or whether of the destruction of his family, partly by murders, partly by torments, partly by patricide. This was committed in his own family to the utter destruction of it. (Justin, l. 16. c. 2.)

2699. When Demetrius was stripped of his kingdom, he fled to Cassandria. His wife Phila was consumed with grief and could not endure to see her husband become a private citizen in a foreign country. She gave up all hope in the future and poisoned herself. (Plut. in Demetr.)

2700. When Demetrius besieged Athens which had revolted from him to Pyrthus, Crates the Philosopher was sent in an embassy to him. He persuaded Demetrius to lift his siege. Thereupon he assembled all his ships and boarded them with his 11,000 foot soldiers in addition to his cavalry. He sailed away into Asia and captured all Caria and Lydia from Lysimachus. There Euridice, the sister of his wife Phila, met him not far from Miletus and brought with her Ptolemais, her daughter by Ptolemy of Egypt. His son-in-law Seleucus, had previously spoken to Ptolemy to give her to him. Therefore Demetrius now married her, by the good will of Euridice. By her Demetrius begat Demetrius, who later reigned in Cyrenia. (Plut. in Demetr.)

2701. In this expedition, Demetrius captured many towns and cities. Some he persuaded to defect to him, others he took by force. Some defected from Lysimachus to him. These gave him a good supply of men and war materials. When Agathocles the son of Lysimachus came towards him with an army, he marched up into Phrygia. He planned to invade Armenia and thereby to make a rebellion in Media. He hoped to see how loyal the upper provinces of Asia were to him. He hoped to find a good refuge there if required. He had often beaten Agathocles, who followed him, in small fights but never had a main battle with him. (Plut. in Demetr.)

2702. Nevertheless, many times he lacked food for himself and fodder for his horses. He found himself sorely distressed especially by an error he made in crossing the Lycus River. He lost many of his soldiers who were swept away by that violent river. After a famine, a pestilence killed 8000 of his troops. He was forced to return with the rest to Tarsus in Cilicia. He planned to refrain from any oppression of the people of Seleucus, whom he would not offend in any way. This was not to be. When he considered the extreme necessity that his army was in and Agathocles kept all the passes of the Taurus Mountains, he wrote letters to Seleucus. He complained of his own bad fortune and humbly besought him to be compassionate to him since he was a poor kinsman of his and one that desired to be pitied even by an enemy. (Plut. in Demetr.)

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2703. Seleucus had compassion on the distressing state of his father-in-law. He wrote to his commanders and officers in those parts to supply him with all necessaries in a kingly manner and not to allow his army to be short of anything. However, Procles, an intimate friend of Seleucus, planted suspicions in Seleucus' head against Demetrius. Seleucus led an army against him into Cilicia. Demetrius, wondered at this sudden change in Seleucus and withdrew into the craggy Taurus Mountains. From there he sent his agents to Seleucus to desire that by his permission he might attack some free state of the barbarians. He would spend the remainder of his life there without ranging over the world any longer. If Seleucus would not permit this, then he asked permission to winter quietly where he was and not to expose him in the extremity he now was in to the force and fury of his enraged enemy. Seleucus took these requests as unfriendly to him. Therefore he granted him only that after he surrendered his best friends to him for hostages, then he should spend two months of his winter quarters in Cataonia. This was a country bordering upon Cappadocia. Seleucus blocked all passes which led from there into Syria. (Plut. in Demetr.)

2704. Demetrius was now trapped like a wild beast in a den. He had Agathocles the son of Lysmachus on the one hand and Seleucus on the other to watch him. He then used force and wasted some of the provinces which belonged to Seleucus. In every encounter, he had the better of him. When Seleucus let his iron chariots attack him, Demetrius at various times routed them also and put his enemies to flight. He took the passes of the mountains, and drove out the garrisons which Seleucus had placed there to hold them. He was now growing confident of his own strength and resolved to settle the matter in a pitched battle with Seleucus. Suddenly he became very sick. This laid him low and dashed his hopes of better things in the world. In that sickness all his soldiers abandoned him. Some defected to his enemies and others disbanded and went where they pleased. (Plut. in Demetr.)

2705. While Demetrius was trapped by Seleucus in Syria, Lysimachus attacked Pyrrhus in Macedonia. In 5 years and 6 months time, he won it all from him. (Dexip. and Porphy.)

2706. At the end of 40 days, Demetrius recovered from his sickness. He took the remaining soldiers and moved his camp and let on that he would march into Cilicia. The next night, without sound of trumpet, he turned around another way. When he passed the hill Amanus, he ravaged and plundered all that country as far as Cyrrhestica, a region in Syria. When Seleucus came there with his army and camped not far from him, Demetrius with his men attacked him at night while he slept. However, Seleucus had notice of his coming by some that defected to him. He got out of his bed and commanded an alarm to be sounded. While he was putting on his shoes, he cried out to his friends that he had to deal with a fierce wild beast. When Demetrius knew his attack was no longer a surprise by the noise which he heard in the enemies camp, he retired and went his way. (Plut. in Demetr.)

2707. As soon as it was day, Seleucus followed and overtook him. Demetrius gave one wing to be led by a captain of his and led the other himself. He routed the wing of the enemy on his side. Then Seleucus, leaped off his horse and took off his helmet. With a shield in his hand, he showed himself bare faced to the mercenaries of Demetrius' army and exhorted them to leave Demetrius and defect to him. He urged them to know that it was more in favour to them than to Demetrius that he had refrained for so long from attacking them. Thereupon they all cried out, "God save Seleucus", and called him their king and abandoned Demetrius to serve Seleucus. (Plut. in Demetr.)

2708. Demetrius thought this would be the last reverse of his fortunes and the worst thing that could befall him. He retired to the passes of the Amanus Mountain and spent that night in a thick wood with those few friends who he had left. He planned to go from there to the city of Caunus and hoped to get shipping to flee to some other country. When he saw that he had not so much as one day's provision for those who were with him, it happened that an old friend of his, Sosigines, came and brought him 400 crowns. He hoped this money would pay for his needs on his journey to the sea side. Therefore he went by night to cross the top of the mountain. When he saw the enemy campfires everywhere and that the enemy was in his way, in great despair he was forced to return to the place where he set out from. When one of the company told him that he would do well to surrender to Seleucus, Demetrius drew his sword and would have killed himself there. However his friends persuaded him not to and he sent to Seleucus and surrendered himself and all that he had to him. (Plut. in Demetr.)

2709. When Seleucus heard the message, he ordered his servants to outfit a royal pavilion in a most regal manner to receive Demetrius. He sent Apollonides, who had formerly been an intimate friend of Demetrius, to comfort him and to tell him that there was no cause of fear since he was to come to an old friend and son-in-law of his. When Seleucus' servants heard this, first one by one and then later they all flocked in great multitudes to Demetrius. Their action provoked envy instead of compassion toward Demetrius. This made his foes to void Seleucus' good intentions to him. They told Seleucus that no sooner would Demetrius be seen in the camp but he would find strange alterations and innovations in it. (Plut. in Demetr.)

2710. Thereupon, Pausanias was sent with a company of about 1000 men, cavalry and foot soldiers together. They put all others from him and instead of bringing him to Seleucus, they carried him away to a certain cape in Syria. In that place he was kept for the rest of his days with a strong guard on him. He was given sufficient allowance and lacked no money, no walks, no gardens, nor places of hunting, or other recreations that his heart could wish for. His friends that had followed him, were free to see and talk with him anytime. Not a day passed there, that someone came to see him from Seleucus with friendly messages from him and to encourage him to be of good comfort and hope for further liberty upon reasonable conditions. Soon Antiochus (who was Seleucus' son) and his wife Stratonice were come to court. (Plut. in Demetr.) However, (Diod. Sic. l. 21.) tells us that he was all this time kept prisoner at Pella. (Hen. Vales. in Excerpt. p. 262.)

2711. When Demetrius was in this state, he wrote to his son, other captains and his friends at Athens, Corinth and other places. He said that they should give no credence to any letters that might happen to come to them as being sent by him or sealed with his seal. They should act as if he were dead and respect his son Antigonus in the kingdom. (Plut. in Demetr.) It is from this time that Porphyrie starts Antigonus' reign over Greece. That is from the 10th year before he added the kingdom of Macedonia to his other dominions. Porphyrie further tells us that Antigonus was surnamed Gonates from a place called Goni in Thessalia, where he grew up. (Scalig. in Grac. Euseb. p. 226.) When Antigonus heard the news of his father's captivity, he took it very hard. He clothed himself in mourning clothes and wrote letters to various kings and to Seleucus. He did this in humble manner and offered himself and whatever he could call his as a pledge to Seleucus for his father. Similar letters and messages came to Seleucus from various cities and kings on Demetrius' behalf. (Plut. in Demetr.)

2712. Only Lysimachus in his letters advised Seleucus to take heed how he let the man go. He said Demetrius was ambitious and turbulent a spirit, so ambitious of sovereignty and so encroaching upon the rights of all the other kings. He offered Seleucus 2000 talents if he would kill him. However, Seleucus, who never had any good opinion of Lysimachus, utterly detested him after reading his letter and thought he was a barbarous and execrable person. He spared no foul words to his ambassadors in that they tried to persuade him to break the promise which he had given and to murder one who was so closely related to him. Nevertheless Seleucus wrote letters immediately to his son Antiochus who was then in Media. He advised him what he should do with Demetrius now that he had him. Seleucus planned to free him and to restore him to his former glory as a king. Therefore he thought it fitting to communicate to Demetrius because he had married his daughter Stratonice and had children by her. (Plut. in Demet. & Diod. Sic. in Excerpt. Published by Hen. Vales. l. 21.)

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2713. Demetrius was confined to that Chersonese or cape. At first he exercised himself in hunting and other sports. But gradually grew idle and reckless and spent most of of his time eating and playing dice. (Plut. in Demet.)

2714. Ptolemy of Egypt, surnamed Soter, had children first by Euridice, the daughter of Antipater and then by Berenice whom Antipater sent as a companion only with his daughter into Egypt. He was near death and he appointed Ptolemy, surnamed Philadelphus, one of his sons, whom he had by Bernice to succeed him in the kingdom, according to Pausan. in Attic. Justin (l. 16. c. 2.) tells us, that while he was still in very good health, he turned his kingdom over to his son and that he told the people his reasons for doing this. However, Lucianus in Macrobiis, and Porphyrie in the Greek Eusebian fragments, (p. 225.) tell us that when he had reigned 38 years by himself, he then made his son viceroy in the kingdom and so held the kingdom jointly with him for 2 years. However, I calculate that it was in the 39th year after the death of Alexander, that he took his son Philadelphus into the consortship of the kingdom with him. In memory of this, Dionysius the astronomer started a new era starting from the summer of this year, 3719 AM as Clan. Ptolemy shows in his Great Syntaxis from Dionysius' celestial observations. This Dionysius is the same man and none other whom Ptolemy Philadelphus sent into India. (Pliny l. 6. c. 17.)

2715. Hermippus says that Demetrius Phalereus advised Ptolemy, to make viceroy one of his sons born by Euridice and not a son by Berenice. Heraclides, (reported by Diog. Laertius in Demetr. Phaler. in his Epitome of the Successions of Sotion,) states that when the Ptolemy wanted the kingdom to his son Philadelphus, Demetrius said to him:

``Sir, take heed what you do; if you give it away once, you will never have it again;''

2716. In spite of this, the father publicly gave his son the kingdom and served him as one of his ordinary guard. He said that it was much better to be the father of a king than having a kingdom. (Justin l. 16. c. 2.)

2717. Ptolemy was surnamed "Ceraunus", that is "lightning". This was either for his quickness and celerity in handling business or for his fierceness of nature. Memnon states that when the son of Euridice saw his younger brother made king before him, he fled to Seleucus for fear. Seleucus pitied his situation as of the son of a friend and entertained him with a generous and honourable allowance. He promised that whenever his father died, he would set him in his throne in Egypt. (Memnon in Excerpt, c. 9. and 13. Appian on Syriac. p. 128.)

2718. In the 124 Olympiad, as we find in Cyril of Alexandria, (l. 1. cont. Julia.) the image of Serapis was brought from Sinope on the Euxine Sea to Alexandria in the reign of Ptolemy Philadelphus as some think. This was under Ptolemy the first, his father, for in the beginning of this olympiad, they reigned jointly as was noted before. Ambassadors were sent from him concerning this very thing to Scydrothenus, who was at that time king of Sinope in Pontus. Cornelius Tacitus describes this in detail toward the end of the 4th book of his history.

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2719. In the same olympiad, as we find in Euseb. Chron. that Sostratus of Cnidus built the Pharos or lighthouse at Alexandria. Pliny, (l. 36. c. 12.) describes it thus:

``The lighthouse built by a king in the Isle of Pharos at the port of Alexandria, is very famous. This cost 800 talents to build. Ptolemy the king was very generous in that he allowed Sostratus, the architect of that great work, to name it. The use of the tower was to hold a light in it to help those who travelled by sea at night. By day it showed them the way into the port and how to avoid the shoals in front of it.''

2720. Strabo (l. 17. p. 791.) calls Sostratus, the "friend of kings". He means of the two Ptolemys, father and son, who, as I showed before, at this time held that kingdom in consortship together. He gives the inscription which Sostratus made there himself:

``Sostratus, of Cnidia, the son of Dexiphanes, to the gods the deliverers, for the benefit of the seamen.''

2721. Lucian at the end of his book of the correct writing of a history, has the same, except that he says that Sostrates inserted it somewhere cunningly "and of himself", and not, as Pliny, "by the permission and good liking of the two kings." For when he built the lighthouse, he engraved this inscription somewhere on the inside of it. Then he plastered it over and on that plaister wrote the name of the Ptolemy, whoever it was that then reigned. He thought that it would come to pass in some short time, (as indeed it did) that the upper inscription together with the plaster would fall off and then his own name that was engraved under in good stone would appear.

2722. To ensure a safe means of getting supplies to Pharos which lay about a mile from the main land, a huge causeway was made to join the island to the continent so it was no longer a distinct island. A Chersonese or peninsula and a part of the continent joined to Rhacotis a suburb of the city of Alexandria. Julius Caesar (in l. 3. Comminta. De Bello civi.) toward the end of the book said this:

``Pharos, is a lighthouse in that island of a fantastic height and sumptuously built. It is named after the island on which it stands. This island lies opposite Alexandria and makes an arm of the sea between a sure haven for the cities use, but a "superioribus Regibus".''

2723. (For so it should be , Broadaeus, Scaliger and Salianus have noted, not "a superioribus Regionibus" as the common printed copies have it.) That is:

``By their kings in former ages had a narrow causeway of 920 paces long been made through the sea which connects to the town by a bridge.''

2724. For we may in no way give credit to that fable of Ammian Marcel. (l. 22. of Johann. Malela, l. 9. c. 2. of the author of the Fasti Siculi of George Cadrenius & Johann. Tzetza,) who imagines that both the lighthouse itself and its causeway were the work of Cleopatra, the last queen of Egypt.

2725. Spartacus, the king of Bosphorus Cimmerius died after he had reigned 20 years. Diodorus states this happened in year 1 of the 119th Olympiad. He was succeeded by his son Parysates. (See note on 3695 AM)

2726. Demetrius Poliorcetes who had been confined for 3 whole years in a cape of Syria became sick and died. This was caused partly by laziness and partly by over eating. (Plut. in Demetr.) This was 17 years after his father, Antigonus, died. (Dexippus, Porphrie and Eusebius say:) Seleucus was ill spoken of in the world because of his death. Indeed, he repented often and blamed himself for being so jealous and suspicious of him. Antigonus, Demetrius' son, when he heard that the body of his father was on its way to him, put to sea with all the ships that he could find and met them around the isles. There he received the ashes of his body and placed them in a golden urn. He covered it with a scarlet vail and put a diadem or golden crown on it. He gave him a royal funeral and carried it along with him to Corinth first. Then he went to Demetrias, a city called after his father's name and populated by him with men taken from the smaller towns and villages of Iolcos in Thessalie.

2727. Seleucus had now gotten all that which Demetrius possessed in Syria and Asia. He made both those kingdoms one entire empire. (Euseb. Chron.) At that time the Jews paid him 300 talents yearly for their tribute. However they had no foreign ruler over them but were governed by their high priests and according to the customs of their country. (Sever. Sulpic. Sacr. Histor. l. 2.)

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2728. In this year, Ptolemy, the son of Lagus, surnamed Soter, died. He had made his son viceroy with him in the kingdom for almost 15 months according to the calendar of Dionysian. This was about 39 years and 4 months after the death of Alexander the Great. (Others say a full 40 years, but Clau. Ptol. in Reg. Can. says only 39 years.) He had lived a full 84 years. (Lucian, in Macrobils.) The countries and kingdoms which he held in his possession, are all listed by Theocritus the poet (Idyll. 17.). They were Egypt, Phoenicia, Arabia, Syria, Libya, Ethiopia, Pamphilia, Cilicia, Lycia, Caria and the isles of the Cyclades. The truth is that he is said to have allied himself with Seleucus against Demetrius upon the express conditions that the dominion of all Asia should go to Seleucus but Phoenicia and Coelosyria would be his. However, Seleucians deny this and say that Ptolemy entered into an alliance against Antigonus not to gain any thing by it for himself but to help Seleucus in the claim which he laid to Coelosyria. After the death of Antigonus, Cassander and Lysimachus gave Coelosyria to Seleucus. (Polyb. l. 5. p. 410.) Now there is no doubt that Phoenicia and Syria, as Theocritus also states, belonged at certain times to Ptolemy. After the death of Antigonus who had wrested them from Ptolemy, he subdued Syria again for himself. (Pausan. in Attic.) Yet we have already showed, that Tyre and Sidon were in the possession of Demetrius Poliorcetes. After his death, if not before, both those two places and all the rest of Syria were controlled by Seleucus.

2729. Josephus, (l. 12. c.2.) says that Ptolemy Philadelphus reigned for 39 years. It seems he counts from the time that he first reigned jointly with his father, for after his father's death, Clemens Alexandrinus says he reigned only 37 years, (Claud. Ptolemy, in Reg. Can. say 38.) and so do Porphrie, Eusebius and others. Whereas, according to my account he reigned after his father's death, 37 years and almost 8 months but in all 39 years less a month. Although the length of his reign is uncertain it is known for sure that he put to death his younger brother Argaeus because he was guilty of plotting his death. He executed another brother of his born by Euridice because he was found to be instigating a revolt in the isle of Cyprus. (Pausan. in Attic. p. 6.) By this he little deserved that generous name of "Philadelphus", that is, "a lover of his brethren". Theocritus in his 17th Idyllion says, that he had in his dominions 33,339 cities and is said to have been of so great power that he exceeded his father Ptolemy the First. Jerome confirms this from Histories, upon Da 11 and so does Appianus Alexandrinus, from the records of the kings of Egypt, in his preface to his History of the Romans. To further support this we may add, what Athenaeus, (l. 5. Deipnosoph. c. 5.) relates of his fleets and the incredible size of his ships.

2730. In the 47th year of the first period of Calippus, in the 8th day of the month Anthisterion, 465th year of Nabonassars' account, the 29th day of the month Athyr, 3 hours before midnight, at the end of the 29th day of our January according to the Julian calendar, Timochares observed at Alexandria that the 4th part of the moon covered the part of the Virgilia's, to a 3rd part or nearly half. (Ptolemy. l. 7. c. 3.)

2731. Lysimachus was now king of Thrace and Macedonia. He was persuaded by his wife Arsinoe, (by whom he had also children) to murder his oldest son Agathocles. He had intended him to be his successor in his kingdom and by him, Lysimachus had achieved so many glorious victories. Whether he was killed by poison or by the hand of Ptolemy Ceraunus, the brother to his wife Arsinoe, I do not know. (Strabo. l. 13. p. 623. Justin l. 17. c. 1. Pausan. in Attic. p. 9. Memnons Excerpt. c. 9.)

2732. Having killed his son, he did not hesitate to kill his nobles who lamented his son's death. Thereupon, they who escaped and the captains of his armies in all parts fled away to Seleucus. (Justin l. 17. c. 1.) The murders of his nobles made all the people abhor him. Whole cities defected from him to Seleucus. (Memnons Excerpt. c. 9.)

2733. Lysandra, the daughter of Ptolemy Soter and sister to Arsinoe defected to Seleucus along with her brothers and her children born to her through Agathocles. Alexander, another son of Lysimachus' other wife, Odryssias, fled also to Seleucus. All these came to Babylon and petitioned to Seleucus to make war on Lysimachus. (Pausan. in Attic. p. 9. with Appian in Syriac. p. 130.)

2734. At the same time also, Philetaerus a Paphlagonian and an eunuch who had had a good education in his youth was the keeper of all Lysimachus' treasure that was stored at Pergamus. He was grieved by the murder of Agathocles and by Arsinoe who daily accused him to Lysimachus. He seized the city of Pergamos, which stands on the river Caicus and then sent to Seleucus. He offered to Seleucus, himself and all the treasure which he had there under his charge that belonged to Lysimachus. He sided with the strongest and kept them in line with good promises and offices as occasions arose. He held the citadel there and principality of the place for 20 years. (Pausan. in Attic. p. 7, 9. Strabo l. 13. p. 623.) Appianus (in Syriac. p. 129.) calls him, "The Prince of Pergamos", but some old annals in Huber, Goltsis Thesauro. have him, "Regem". that is "King". For indeed this was the man that was the founder of that new principality in Pergamos. He was 60 years old according to Lucian in Mucrobiis.

3722a AM, 4431 JP, 283 BC

2735. In the 48th year of the first period of Calippus, on the 25th day of the month of Pyanepsion, 466th year of Nabonassar, the 7th day of the month Thoth, 3.5 hours before midnight, on the 9th day of our November, Timochares at Alexandria observed the conjunction of the moon with Spica Virginis, in its northern parts. (Ptolem. l. 7. c. 3.)

3722 AM, 4432 JP, 282 BC

2736. Antiochus, surnamed Soter, son of Seleucus Nicator fell in love with Stratonice, one of his father's wives whom his father had had a son. He was aware of the strength of his own desire and neither attempted anything on her nor disclosed anything of that which troubled him. He lay in bed and in that melancholy would have died. (This was discovered by Leptines, a mathematician, or as others say, Erasistratus, a physician, Aristotle's grandchild by a daughter of his, and a disciple of Chrysippus according to Pliny. (l. 29. c. 1.) That is by Chrysippuis a Cnidian and a physician. Likewise, as Laertius in the life of Chrysippus states. Although some others say he was a scholar under Theophrastus, as the same Laertius, in the life of Theophrastus toward its end. His followers went by the name of Erasistrataeans. Later Galen wrote a book of Phlebotomie, or "opening of a vein", that is still extant.) Erasistratus who was sitting by Antiochus, noticed that when Stratonice came, his colour always rose and his pulse beat high. When she went away, he grew pale and waned again and was short of breath and panted. He discovered what his problem was and told the matter to Seleucus. Thereupon he was content to part with her to his son although she was most dearly beloved to him. Seleucus called his army together and before them all married her to his son. Seleucus had at that time 72 provinces under him. He gave the greater part of them, that is the upper provinces which were all east of the Euphrates River to his son. He reserved only such countries as lay on the west between the Euphrates and Mediterranean Sea. (Appian. in Syriac. with Valer. Max. l. 5. c. 7. Plut. in Demet. Lucian. De Syria Dea. Galen. of foreknowing, and Julia in Misopogone.)

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2737. Lysimachus crossed over into Asia to made war on Seleucus. This was the last battle fought between the survivors of Alexander the Great. 34 were already dead and these were the last two alive. This battle was fought in Phrygia bordering on the Hellespont, pzit pqbngnwohan. (in Porphyrie, in Grec. Euseb. Scaliger, p. 228.) Lysimachus personally fought very bravely. After he had lost many of his men, he was wounded with a large spear by Malacon, one of Heraclea. Lysimachus had lived to see the death of 15 of his children and was one of the last surviving members of his family. (Pausan. in Attic. p. 9. Memnon, Excerpt. c. 9. Appian, in Syriac. p. 128. 131. Justin, l. 17. c. 1, 2. Oros. l. 3. c. ult.) Appian says he lived 70 years, Justin and Ordsius say 74, but Hieronymus Cardianus, the historian who lived at that time and was held in great esteem, says that he died at 80. (Lucian, in Macroiis)

2738. When Lysimachus had fallen, his dog stayed by the body and drove away all the birds and animals from it. Finally, Thorax, from the country of Pharsalia, found the almost putrefied body after a long search and knew it by his dog that lay by it. Alexander, his son by Odrysias, got the body from Lysandra after much adieu and many requests. He carried it into the Chersonese of Thrace and buried it there. His bones were later moved to the temple in Lysimacia by the citizens of the place. The bones were placed in an urn and the name of the temple after that was called Lysimachium. (Pausan. and Appia.)

2739. When Lysimachus was dead, his kingdom became part of Seleucus' kingdom. (Memnon.) Seleucus was very pleased with himself after so great a victory because he now saw himself the last one alive of all that company which went by the name of Alexander's companions in arms. He said that to be a Conqueror of Conquerors was a gift from god not man. (Justin.)

2740. The men of Heraclea in Pontus heard that Lysimachus was dead and that he was slain by a country man of theirs. In the 84th year after Clearchus the First subdued them, they wanted to recover their native liberty which Lysimachus had again taken from them after their local tyrants were dead. They behaved valiantly to recover it. After the death of the two brothers, Clearchus the second and Oxarhres, Lysimachus had restored their liberty for a while. Afterward, through the requests of his wife Arsinoe, he made a new war on them. (Justin, l. 17. c. 3.) When he had taken their city, he made Heraclitus Cimaeus, a man loyal to Arsinoe, governor over them. After Lysimachus' death, the men of Heraclea offered Herachitus, safe passage and a large sum of money to leave on the condition that they would again have their liberty. Thereupon he was very angry and ordered some of them to be executed. When the citizens knew this, they secretly agreed with the chief officers of the garrison under Herachitus to free them and to pay them all their back wages. The officers took Heraclitus and put him in prison where they kept him for a while. When they saw they were free from all danger, they demolished the citadel, which Lysimachus had built to control them. They sent an embassy to Seleucus to tell him what they had done and they made Phocritus, governor of their state. (Memnon, Excerpt. c. 8. & 10.)

2741. Zipoetus, a petty king of Bithynia was angry with the men of Heraclea first for Lysimachus and now for Seleucus' sake because they were both his enemys. He attacked them and did as much damage as he could. Although his men were not caught, they often received as much harm as they inflicted. (Memnon, Excerpt. c. 11.)

2742. Meanwhile, Seleucus sent Aphrodisius to the cities of Phrygia, and nearby places to take care of his tribute and affairs. After he had settled the business he was sent on, he returned to Seleucus. He praised many cities but accused the Heraclians of many things especially, that they were not loyal to Seleucus. Thereupon the king was enraged and scorned the embassy sent by the Heraclians to him. He spoke harshly to them. However, there was one of them, called Camaelcon, who was not intimidated. He spoke to Seleucus:

``Sir, Hercules, Carron.''

2743. "Carron" in the Dorian Dialect or language, means, "he that is the strongest". When Seleucus did not know what the word meant, he continued his tirade against them and ordered them to leave. Thereupon the messengers that were sent, knew that it was no good for them either to stay there or to return home again. When Heraclea heard the news, they fortified their city as best they could and sought foreign help. They sent their ambassadors for help to Mithridates king of Pontus and to the states of Byzantium and Chalcedon. (Memnon, Excerpt. c. 12.)

2744. Those who were banished and lived in exile from the state of Heraclea, met together and came to an agreement among themselves. The deal was this. There Nymphidin persuaded them to labour for a restitution to their country. He told them it would not be hard to do this, if they would desire restitution of what their ancestors had lost in a fair and not in a violent way. They were all easily persuaded by him. Thereupon all things happened according the their desires. It was hard to tell who was happier, the returning exiles or the citizens who received them. They who returned used the citizens who had expelled them very lovingly. The citizens allowed none of them to lack any necessaries of life. By this means they grew more united into one body again and returned into their original state of government. (Memnon, Excerpt. c. 12.)

3724 AM, 4434 JP, 280 BC

2745. Seleucus planned to end his days in his old and native country of Macedonia. He crossed over the Hellespont and went to Lysimachia. By chance, he saw a certain altar standing in a conspicuous place and asked what the name of that altar was. He was told that it was called "Argos". Now it is said that he had been forewarned by an oracle to beware of Argos. He further asked why it was called Argos. Whether it was from the Argonants, who passed that way in olden time, when they went with Jason to Colchos. Or was it named after the Argivi, who went to the siege of Troy or that the great Argos in which Jason went, was cast away there on their return or that it was the country of the Arridae, Agamemnon and Menelaus. As he was thus questioning about the name of that altar, Ptolemy Ceraunus, who was standing behind him, ran him through with his sword and killed him. Ptolemy was the son of Ptolemy the First, by his wife Euridice and brother to Arsinoe the widow of Lysimachus. He killed his great benefactor who kept him and always wanted him with him. So Seleucus within 7 months after the death of Lysimachus, lost both the kingdom of Macedonia, which he had taken from him and his life.

2746. Arrian tells us that Seleucus was the greatest man that lived after Alexander the Great and had the most noble spirit of all the rest. He had the largest dominions of all others. (l. de Reb. Alexand.) He died in the 43rd year after the death of Alexander, the 32nd year of the Greek or Seleucian Calendar. Appian said he lived 73 years but Justin says 78 years. His body was buried by Philetaerus the king of Pergamus, which he redeemed from Ceraunus with a great sum of money. After he had buried it in a most solemn manner, he sent his ashes to his son Antiochus. He burned it in Seleucia which stands on the sea coast. He built a shrine to his tomb which was called Nicatorium after his surname. (Appian, in Syriac. p. 129.) Justin tells us that both he, his sons and grand children after him, were all born with the sign of an anchor on one of their thighs. This was a natural birthmark of that family. (l. 15. c. 4.) Ausonius in his book "de Claris Urbius", that is, "of famous cities", spoke of Antioch and said: (l. 2.)

--Illa Selucum. &c. She for her founder did Seleucus praise, Who ware a native anchor in his thigh; A true impress of his nativity, And cognisance on all his progeny.

2747. However Polybius, (l. 2. p. 128.) notes, that Ptolemy the First, Lysimachus, Seleucus and Ptolemy Ceraunus, all died about the 124th olympiad. Ptolemy the First, died in the first year of it and Lysimachus and Seleucus in the last year. However, Ceraunus did not die until the latter end of the first year of the next olympiad. Therefore Polybius mentioning the concurrence of their deaths in the (same book, p. 155.) seems of to have omitted him. (??)

2748. After Ceraunus had murdered Seleucus, he escaped on a swift horse to Lysimachia. He proclaimed himself king and surrounded himself with bodyguards. He went to the army who of pure necessity, received him and cried, "God save the king". Only a short time before they had sworn allegiance to Seleucus. (Memnon, Excerp. c. 13.)

2749. When Antigonus, surnamed Gonatas, the son of Demetrius Poliorcetes, heard how Seleucus was murdered, he made an expedition into Macedonia. He planned to get there before Ceraunus could with his army and naval forces. However, Ceraunus had all Lysimachus' fleet in a readiness, and set out and met him in a good battle formation at sea. In his navy, ships were sent from Heraclea in Pontus. Some of 6, some of 5 tiers of oars and these kinds of ships were called Aphracta. The largest ship of all had 8 tiers of oars and was called the Leontifera. She was admired by all for her huge size and exquisite building. In her were 100 oars per tier, so that on each side there were 800 rowers which made 1600 in all. On the upper deck or hatches there were 1200 fighting men who were under two special commanders. When the battle began, Ceraunus won and Antigonus was forced to flee with all his navy. In this fight the ships from Heraclea performed the best and among them the Leontifera did the best of all. After Antigonus was routed, he fled into Boeotia and Ptolemy Ceraunus went into Macedonia. He stayed quietly for two years. (Memnon, Excerp. c. 14, 15.) That is for 17 months according Dexippus and Porphyrie who more precisely relate this matter.

2750. Ceraunus grew in favour in the eyes of the people because of his father Ptolemy the First of Egypt and for the revenge which he took on Lysimachus' death. He tried first to win over Lysimachus' sons and desired to marry Arsinoe their mother and his own sister. He told them that he would adopt them for his children. He hoped they would not attempt anything against him out of respect for their mother or to him as their new father. He sent letters soliciting friendship of his brother Ptolemy Philadelphus king of Egypt. He claimed that he had utterly forgotten his loss of his father's kingdom and that he would never seek to get that from his brother which he had already more honestly attained to by getting it from an enemy. (Justin. l. 17. c. 1.) He also made peace with Antiochus the son of Seleucus, whom he had murdered. (Justin. l. 24. c. 1.)

2751. Neither did he forget to solicit the friendship of Pyrrhus the king of Epirus. He thought Pyrrhus' support would sway many to his side. Pyrrhus made generous use of everyone else's estate and used it as if it was his own. In this spirit, he began to help the Tarentines in Italy against the Romans. He sent to borrow ships from Antigonus Gonatas to transport his army into Italy. He sent to Antiochus the son of the deceased Seleucus, to borrow money because he seemed to have much more wealth than men. He asked Ptolemy Ceraunus to furnish him with some companies of soldiers from Macedonia. Ceraunus lent Pyrrhus 5000 foot soldiers, 4000 cavalry and 50 elephants for 2 years of service only. For this favour, Pyrrhus married his daughter and left him as protector of his kingdom of Epirus during his absence. He feared that while he was away with the best of his army in Italy, someone might take advantage and plunder his kingdom. (Justin l. 17. c. 2.)

2752. Therefore, Pyrrhus made his 15 year old son Ptolemy, whom he had by Antigone the daughter of Berenice, governor of his kingdom yet as it was under the authority of the Ptolemy Ceraunus, the king of Macedonia. Pyrrhus sailed with his army and landed in the port of Tarentum, now called Otranto in Italy. He took his 2 younger sons, Alexander and Helenus. They were very young and he took them for comfort in this distant war. (Justin l. 18. c. 1.) He did not wait for spring but sailed there in the middle of the winter, according to Zonara's report from Dionysius Halicarnassaeus. This was in the 4th year of 124th olympiad. (Polybius, l. 2. p. 129.)

2753. After the death of his father Seleucus, Antiochus Soter held the kingdom of Syria for 19 years. (Porphyrie, Eusebius & Serv. Sulpitius) After many battles, he had barely recovered all his father's dominions. In the end, he sent an army under the command of Patrocles, to cross the Taurus Mountains. He chose for him as captain, Hermones, born at Aspendus. Patrocles was to attack Heraclea in the country of Pontus. When he received satisfaction from an embassy who they sent to him, he halted the expedition and made a firm league with them. He turned his course and passed through the country of Phrygia and came into Bithynia. The Bithynians ambushed him and he and all his army perished. In the battle Patrocles behaved most valiantly and personally did many exploits against the enemy. (Memnon, Excerpt, c. 16.) When Zipaetes the king of Bithynia, had thus destroyed Antiochus' army, he built a city at the foot of the hill, Liparus and called it after his own name. (Memnon, Excerpt, c. 21.)

2754. At the end of the 50th year of the 1st period of Calippus, being the 44th from the death of Alexander the Great, Aristarchus of Samos, observed the summer solstice. This was after Menton first observed the lunar cycle, 152 or 8 complete lunar cycles earlier. (Cl. Ptolemy in his book De anni Magnitudine, states from Hipparchus, l.3. Syntax. c. 2.) See note on 3572 AM.

2755. Arsinoe, the widow of Lysimachus, married her own brother, Ptolemy Ceraunus and received him into her city of Cassandrea. He seized the citadel and took and killed her two sons, who she had by Lysimachus. One was called Lysimachus who was 16 years old and the other, Philippus was only 3 years old. He killed them both in their mother's arms. She tore her clothes and pulled out her hair. She was hauled out the gates of the city with only two servants and banished to the Isle of Samothracia. (Justin, l. 24. c. 2. & 3. Memnon, Excerpt. c. 15.)

3725 AM, 4435 JP, 279 BC

2756. In the beginning of the 2nd year after Pyrrhus' arrival in Italy, the Gauls invaded Greece. (Polyb. l. 1. p. 6.) They divided their whole army into 3 parts and assigned each part a task. One part led by Cerethrius attacked the Thracians and Triballi. The second group attacked Pannonias and were led by Brennus and Acichorius. The third group led by Belgius, attacked Macedonia and Illyrium. (Justin, l. 24. c. 5. & l. 25. c. 2. calls him Belgius) Pausanias calls him Bolgius. (Pausanias, in Phocieis. p. 335.)

2757. Ptolemy Ceraunus was driven on by madness of his wicked mind. He with a small poorly organised company went to war with Belius. Ptolemy thought wars were as easily waged as murders are committed. When the king of the Dardans offered to help him against these newly come Gauls with 20,000 men, Ptolemy refused the offer. When the Gauls sent messengers to him offering him peace for money, he replied that he would not give them peace unless they surrendered their arms and the leaders of their army for hostages as signs of their loyalty to him. Not able to agree, they fought a battle and the Macedonians were defeated and fled. Ptolemy was grievously wounded and the elephant on which he rode was also wounded. It became unruly and threw him off its back. He was captured by the Gauls and torn in pieces. His head was cut off and put on the point of a spear. It was carried about to terrify the enemy. Few of the Macedonians escaped. The rest were either slain or taken prisoners. (Justin, l. 24. c. 4, 5. l. 23. c. 2. with Memnon's Excerpt. c. 15. Diod. Sic. l. 22. c. 3. Pausamias in Phoc. p. 335.)

2758. Ptolemy's brother Meleager succeeded him in the kingdom of Macedonia. After 2 months, the Macedonians kicked him out as not being worthy of the position. They replaced him with Antipater, the son of Philip, who was brother to Cassander. (Justin, l. 12. c. 14.) He was nicknamed "the Etesian" because he held the office for only 45 days. This is about how long that the Etesian winds used to blow on that coast each year. (Porphy. in Grac. Euseb. p. 228.)

2759. When Brennus, (who, some say, was by birth a Prausian, as we read in Strabo, l. 4. p. 187.) heard of this great victory by Belgius, he did not want to let slip from his hands this golden opportunity of getting all the riches of the east. He gathered together 150,000 foot soldiers and 15,000 cavalry of his Gauls and marched in quickly to Macedonia. (Justin, l. 24. c. 6.) When he came into the country of the Dardans, a people in Illyrum, he was forced to stay there because of a rebellion which rose in his army. About 20,000 of his men, (this number Suidas also has in the word, Galatae) with Leonorius and Lutarius as their captains defected from him and went into Thracia. By fighting and selling peace to those that would buy it from them, they came finally to Byzantium. After they had wasted the country of Propontis for a while and made it a tributary to them, they took over all the cities in those parts. (Liv. l. 38.)

3726 AM, 4436 JP, 278 BC

2760. Sosthenes, a leader in Macedonia, assembled the youth and brave men of the country and attacked the Gauls that were there. He quelled them after many encounters and defended the country from their further plundering. For this great service he was chosen to be king when many of the nobles strove for the kingdom. He was selected even though he was a man of humble birth and parentage and of no royal blood. When they wanted to make him king, he refused and made them take their oath to him as their captain only. (Justin, l. 24. c. 5.) In that capacity, he governed that country for 2 years. (Polyrie and Euseb.)

2761. When Brennus came into Macedonia he started plundering the country. Sosthenes met him with his army but was hopelessly outnumbered. The Macedonians were quickly defeated and fled to their cities. While they stayed confined to their cities, Brennus with his army overran and plundered all the country. (Justin, l. 24. c. 6.)

2762. Leonorus and Lutarius used trickery to capture Lysimachia and took over the whole area. They came down from there into the Hellespont and saw how short a distance it was across to Asia and planned to go there. They sent their agents to Antipater the governor of Hellespont, to help them make the journey. (Livy l. 38.)

2763. When Zipaetes had reigned in Bithynia for a full 48 years and lived 76 years, he died leaving 4 sons. The oldest was Nicomedes and he succeeded his father in the kingdom. He proved to his brothers that he was not a brother but a butcher. (Memnon, Excerpt. c. 21.) The youngest who was called Zipaetes and whom Livy (l. 38.) calls Zibnaeas, held the sea coast of Bithynia. This was called Thracia Thyniaca or Asiatica. (Livy c. 18.)

2764. After Zipaetes died, Antiochus Soter prepared to make war upon Bithynia. Nicomedes sent and asked help from the city of Heraclea and promised to help them if the need arose. Thereupon they sent him help. By this occasion they later recovered at great expense Cierus, Tius and the land of Thinis. When they went to recover the city and territory of Amestris, (which had also been taken from them) they spared neither for war nor money to recover it. However, Eumenes who held it as governor only, chose for very spite to turn it over gratis to Ariobarzanes the son of Mithridates the king of Pontus. He did this rather than to surrender it to the state of Heraclea on any terms. (Livy c. 17.)

3726b AM, 4436 JP, 278 BC

2765. Brennus and Acichorius with the Illyrians, (as Appianus in Illyricis tells us) whom they call Autarians and Celts, whom they call Cimbrians, left Macedonia. They went into Greece with an army of 152,000 foot soldiers and 20,400 cavalry. Every cavalry man had two footmen attending him. If the cavalry man was killed, one of them could take his place. When they went to plunder the temple at Delphi, they were driven off with thunder and lightening. There were earthquakes and the ground sank from under them in the Mount Olympus. Because it was winter, there were bitter frosts and snow. They were miserably distressed in many ways. The Phocenses killed less than 6000 of them. Panic and fear struck the whole army. A frost that night killed more than 10,000 men and as many more perished from hunger in the place. Brennus their leader, was wounded. Because of this shameful defeat, he drank himself drunk and fell on his own sword and died. When Acichorius saw how the leaders of this war were punished, he hastily left Greece with a company of 10,000 poor maimed soldiers. However, the continual storms of rain and snow, with bitter frosts and famine and which was worst of all perpetual walking, utterly consumed the bodies of this unlikely army. All nations through which they passed on their return journey, attacked them as they went, scattering them and making a prey of them. (Pausan. in Phoc. and Attic. Justin, l. 24. c. 6-8. Eclog. Diod. Sic. l. 22. S. 13. Appian. Illyr. p 758.) Polybius, (l. 2. p. 108.) notes that this disaster happened to them in year 2 of the 125th olympiad and when Anaxicrates was archon of Athens. (Pausan in Phoc. p. 340.)

3726c AM, 4436 JP, 278 BC

2766. When those of Illyrium, called Autarians, who escaped this misfortune came home into their own country, they found themselves plagued with huge numbers of frogs. They killed so many that they polluted the very rivers with their rotting bodies. The foul air rising from their dead bodies, caused a pestilence to spread throughout all the country. They were forced to flee from their native land but carried the plague along with them. No country would receive them and so they were forced to go on a 23 day journey until they came into the country of the Basturnians. There they built cities to live in. The land of the Celts was plagued with earthquakes and whole cites were swallowed up. These plagues still followed them until at last they also were forced to leave their habitation and went wandering until they came to the country of the Illyrians, who were partners with them in their action at Delphi. They easily defeated them since the inhabitants were consumed with the plagues. However, they got the infection by touching their goods. They were forced again to leave and wandered until they came to Pyrene. (Appian. Illyr. p 758.) All these horrid, strange and miraculous plagues and punishments happened to these Gauls and others for their sacrilegious acts committed against their idols. We may truly say that to be most true which the wise man says of them who swore falsely by them:

``That it was not the power of the gods by whom they swore, nor of the gods whom these have robbed but the just vengeance on sinners, from the true God who always punishes the offences of the ungodly,'' (Wild. c. 14. v. ult.)

2767. The Cordistae were a part of these Gauls who attempted the plundering of Delphi. It is said that Bathanasius their captain, settled them near the bank of the Ister River from whom it is that the way by which they returned was later called Bathanasius' way. (Athenaus, l. 6. c. 4.) These are the same Gauls, whom Strabo calls, the Scordisci. They settled on the bank of the Ister River and they expelled the Autarians or Autoriates from their lands. (l. 7. p. 293, 296, 313, 317, 318.)

2768. Those Gauls, whom as I said before, went from Thrace down to the strait of Hellespont. After a rebellion among them, Leonorias with the most of his men, returned to Byzantium from where he came. Lutarius took 5 ships from the Macedonians, who were sent by Antipater to him as ambassadors but were really spies. He used the ships to transport his men into Asia a few at a time. (Livy, l 38.)

2769. Zipaetes and Bithynians defeated the state of Heraclea. When help came to them from other parts, Zipaetes was forced to flee. The Heraclians gathered the bodies of their slain, burnt them and carried their bones into the city. They laid them up in their sepulchres with the bones of men who with others who had excellently served their country. (Memnons Excerpt. c. 18.)

2770. About the same time, Antiochus Soter and Antigonus Gonatas made elaborate preparations to go to war against each other. Nicomedes, king of Bithynia, sided with Antigonus but others with Antiochus. Therefore, Antiochus set aside the war with Antigonus for the present and marched first against Nicomedes. He was forced to get what help he could from other parts. He sent to his friends the Heracleans and got from them 13 ships of three tiers of oars a piece. With these he went to engage Antiochus at sea. They met and after looking at each other for a while, each side withdrew and nothing happened. (Memnons Excerpt. c. 19.)

2771. The men of Byzantium were worn out with the continual attacks and plundering of the Gauls. They sent their ambassadors to their friends and got from the Heracleans, 1000 crowns, (some say, 4000). Not long after this, Nicomedes came to an agreement with these Gauls. The terms were these:

``Thus they should forever continue firm and fast friends to Nicomedes and his heirs. That without his knowledge and consent, they should lend no helping hand to any that by embassies should implore their aid in their wars. They should be friends to his friends and foes to his foes. ITEM, That they should help them of Byzantium, if occasion arose. ITEM, That they should maintain league and friendship with the Tianians, Heracleans, Chalcedonians, Cierians and some other states which had other nations under their jurisdiction'', (Memnons Excerpt. c. 20, 21.)

2772. Leonorius, with the help of Nicomedes, king of Bithynia, crossed from Byzantium into Asia. (Livy l. 38. Strabo l. 12. p. 566.) This crossing of the Gauls into Asia happened in year 3 of olympiad 125. (Pausan. in Phoc. p. 340.)

2773. However, the people of Byzantium were not rid of those plundering Gauls yet. For some of those who were at Delphi with Brennus and escaped that danger came into Hellespont under their captain, Comontorius. They planned to go no further since they liked the country around Byzantium. They settled there and after they had conquered the Thracians, they made Tyla the capital city of their kingdom. They made Byzantium to fear them as the other Gauls had done before. (Polyb. l. 4. p. 313.)

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2774. Ptolemy Philadelphus was a great patron of learning and all liberal arts and sciences. He built a most famous library at Alexandria, in that quarter of the city which was called Brachium. He committed the care of getting books of all sorts and from all countries to Demetrius Phalereus. Upon his advise, he also sent to have the holy writings of the Jews to be translated from Hebrew into Greek by 72 translators in the 7th year of his reign. (Epiphanius in his book of weights and measures) Concerning this Tertullian, (c. 18. Apologet.) writes:

``The most learned king of all the Ptolemys was surnamed Philadephus and was most interested in all kinds of literature. I think he studied to out do Philistrasus in the matter of libraries. These are but monuments, which either antiquity or curiosity could afford for perpetuating man's fame to posterity. He was guided in this by Demetrius Phalereus, a most excellent scholar and humanitarian in those days whom he had set over that work. He desired of the Jews to have their books also.''

2775. This Ptolemy, if there ever was any king, was very zealous in the studies of human learning. This is confirmed by Phylarchus and vouched by Athenaeus. (l. 12. c. 17. Deipnos.) It is given in more detail by Vitruvins, in his preface to his book of Architecture. He shows that when he finished this great library at Alexandria, he instituted certain games in honour of Apollo and the Muses. He invited, all writers in the common arts and sciences, (as others were wont to do, wrestlers and the like) to put in for the prizes. He gave generous prizes to the winners. Vitruvins also relates how Ptolemy entertained Zollus, surnamed Homeromastigem, that is, "the scourge of Homer", when he came to him.

2776. Ptolemy acquired Arsitole's books. When Aristotle died, he left his library to Theophrastus. Theophrastus in his last will and testament, which we find in (Diog. Leortius,) left it to Nileus Scopsins. (Strabo. l. 13. p. 608. Plut in Sylla.) Ptolemy bought them from him besides others which he bought at Athens and Rhodes. He brought them all to Alexandria. (Athenaus l. 1. c. 1.) Although Strabo and Plutarch (Strabo. l. 13. p. 608. Plut in Sylla.) and Atheneus elsewhere in his writings, (l. 5. c. 11.) states that Theophrastus' books and with them all Aristotle's library came to the hands of Neleus and his heirs. A long time after in the days of Sylla, his descendants sold them for a great sum of money to Apellicon the Teian.

2777. Demetrius Phalerus was a great grammarian whom Tertullian commends and was an outstanding philosopher and one who had been previously a great Statesman and an excellent governor in Athens. He was succeeded by Zenodotus of Ephesus who was the first editor of Homer's books, according to Suidas. After him came Aristophanes, who with great diligence and industry read all the books of that great library in order as they were placed. Vitruvius in his previously mentioned preface to his book of Architecture affirms this. This was much later. (Aristraeas in his Treatise of the 70 interpreters, Josephus, l. 12. Antiq. c. 2. & Euseb. l. 8. de Prapar. Evangel.).

2778. When Demetrius Phalereus was asked by king Ptolemy, how many Myriads or ten thousands of books he had gotten, he answered, about 20 Myriads, but hoped ere long to make them 50 Myriads. He accumulated about 200,000 books. We find this from Aristaeas and in those copies which Josephus and Eusebius used. The smaller sum of 54,800 found in Epiphanius, who wrote long after them, is incorrect.

2779. Demtrius Phalereus advised the king, as I said before, to get those sacred writings of the Jews. Aristaeas, who was an attendant about him at that time, advised him to buy them by giving all the Jews who were then slaves in Egypt their freedom and send them home. It is said that the number of them came to 100,000. In our copy of Aristaeas, it is said that everyone of them cost the king, 20 drachmas, or 120, as it is in Josephus. 120 drachmas make 30 shekels or shaoeres in silver. This was the full price of a slave in Ex 21:32 This was the amount that our Saviour was sold by Judas the traitor. The 20 drachmas which we find in our Aristaeas, being multiplied by 100,000 amounts to 2,000,000 drachmas. When divided by 6000 it makes an Attic talent. The total amount was 333 1/3 Attic talents. The price which Ptolemy paid to redeem the Jews from their masters came to more than 400 talents as is affirmed by Josephus and by Aristaeas. There were more than 10,000 slaves freed. In this redemption of the Jewish slaves from their masters, a similar price was paid for every nursing child of them together with the mothers who nursed them. Hence it is that Josephus says that Ptolemy paid about 460 talents instead of which our common editions of Aristaeas have, 660 talents.

2780. Ptolemy selected from these Jews, the younger sort and ablest of them for his army. He employed the rest in his private affairs. This is confirmed in his letters to Eliezer the high priest. For in the one true letter of the king's, Epiphanius gives us two forged ones. They are both different both in style and meaning from that which we find in Aristaeas and Josephus. The last one begins thus:

``For a treasure that is hidden and a fountain sealed up, what profit is there?''

2781. Whereas in the Greek one attributed to the king, who did not know a Hebrew proverb that was taken from /APC Sir 20:30

``wisdom if be hidden, and a treasure unseen, what profit is there of either of them?''

2782. With his letter, he also sent expensive gifts for the use of the temple at Jerusalem. Andraeas and Aristaeas, his two servants, delivered these to Eliezer the high priest. The gifts were a golden table of 2 cubits long, (2.5 cubits according to Josephus) and not less than half a cubit thick. It was solid gold and not gold plate. He sent 20 goblets of solid gold and 30 of solid silver. To make these he used more than 50 talents of gold, 70 talents of silver and 5000 precious stones. The value of these stones was about 250 talents of gold. Besides all this, he sent 100 talents for sacrifices and other uses of the temple.

2783. Eliezer the Priest received these presents. (After the captivity there remained some of the 10 tribes of the twelve. See note on 3468c AM.) From everyone of the twelve tribes, he chose six men who were most eminent above all others. These were mature in age, of noble birth and well educated. These men were to translate God's Law, from Hebrew into Greek. The names of the 72 elders are recorded by Aristaeas. The last one was called Ezekiel. I think he is the same man whom Eusebius (in the 9th book, de Prapart. Evangel.) states to have written a tragedy about the deliverance of the children of Israel from Egypt. The name of Ezekiel shows that he was Jewish and not a Greek as Clemens Alexandrinus and Eusebius thought he was.

2784. Eliezer also wrote back a letter to the king. Aristaeas gives us the salutation, "God save you". Eusebius, more correctly has: "If you and the Queen Arsinoe your sister are well, then all is well and as we desire it should be". Philadelphus was married to Arsinoe, the daughter of Lysimachus king of Thrace and Macedonia, by whom he had Ptolemy Euergetes and Berenice. After she died he married a second Arsinoe, his own sister. After the death of Lysimachus, her first husband, she was married to Ptolemeus Ceraunus her own brother. But she died before she bare any child to Philadelphus. He loved her so much that he called a province in Egypt, Arsinoitis, after her name. (Pausan. in Attic. p. 7.) He made her a statue of topaz, 6 feet high and consecrated it in a temple which was called the golden temple. (Pliny l. 17. c. 8.) By his orders, Dinoerates the architect, made an arched roof over her all of lodestone. This was so that an image of her made of iron would cling to it and seem to hang there in mid-air. (Pliny. l. 14. c. 14.) Concerning Dinocrates, Ausonius (in his 9 Idyllion), says:

``Who for a monument of incestuous love, By Ptolemy command did make to hang, Arsinoe in the air of an Egyptian temple.''

2785. These 72 translators came to Alexandria and gave to the king the things Eliezer had sent to him. These included various parchments on which the law was intricately written with golden letters in the language of the Jews. The parchments so joined together that the seams could not be discerned by the eye of man. It happened that they came there at the time when news came to Ptolemy of a great victory gotten by him at sea against Antigonus. Concerning this naval battle, the writers who wrote say it happened about this time. I can not agree with those who refer it to that time, when Antigonus Gonatas made war on the Athenians and besieged their cities by sea and land. What we find in Justin, (l. 26. and by Pausan, in Laconic.) happened not until after the death of Pyrrhus and before the death of Aretas or Areus, the first king of Lacedemon. This was between the years 4442 and 4450 JP. For although that Areus with his army and Patrocles with Ptolemy's fleet came at that time to the help of the Athenians, Areus returned home without any battle fought. Pausanias shows, that Patrocles did nothing either for their relief. (In Attic. p. 7. and in Laonic. 87.)

2786. Ptolemy entertained and feasted the 72 translators for 7 days, (Josephus has 12 days), in a most sumptuous and magnificent manner. After that, he appointed Dorotheus to take care of them and to supply them with all the needs and not let them lack anything. The king himself would now and then question them concerning affairs of state and of morality. They extemporaneously answered him with very prudent and well thought out answers, according to Arstaeas, who took all that he wrote from the king's diaries. The king gave them each 3 talents and the boy servant.

2787. Three days later, Demetrius walked along the causeway, called the Heptastadium, that is a 7/8 of a mile long with the translators. He led them over the bridge into the Isle of Pharos and there settled them in a good house on the north shore of the island and far from any noise or tumult. They started to work on the translation as exactly as possible from the original manuscripts. Demetrius had each day's work copied exactly. Every day they worked until three o'clock in the afternoon and then went and relaxed. They had all things abundantly provided for them. Their meals were the same lavish kind that was provided for the king's own table. Dorotheus had them fed by the king's orders. Moreover, every morning very early they came to court and they bid the king good morning and returned to their place. They washed their hands, as their custom was and said their prayers. Then they applied themselves to read and to interpret from point to point. Epiphanius, differs in the account from Aristeas and Josephus. He says that they were put into 36 rooms, 2 to a room. They worked there from the break of day until the that evening. Then they were put into 36 boats, two to a boat, and brought back to the king's palace to eat supper. In the previous part of this narration, he follows I know not whom. In the latter, it seems, is a product of their fables. They imagined that the causeway was not made or at least not finished until Cleopatra's time.

2788. It happened that the work of the 72 translators was finished in 72 days, as if it had been so planned on purpose. When it was completed, Demetrius called all the Jews together in the place where it was done and read it all in the presence of the translators. When they had completed such a good work, they were highly commended and magnified by all the Jews who were there. Demetrius was also highly praised by the Jews. They asked him to deliver a copy of the translated law to their rulers. When it had been all read to them, then the priests and elders of the translators and the officers of the Jews stood up and said:

``Forasmuch as this translation was carefully and accurately done, it is befitting that it should remain as it is and that no changes be made to it.''

2789. When all had approved of this with a great acclamation, then Demetrius declared a great curse (as the manner was) on any man that should alter it either by adding anything to it or by taking anything from it.

2790. When the king had read it completely, he greatly admired the wisdom of God. He commanded that all possible care be taken of those books and that they should be carefully stored and kept. He also desired that the translators after they returned home would often come and visit him. He gave each of them 3 good changes of clothes, 2 talents of gold, a cup of one whole talent and the complete furniture for a room.

2791. In addition he gave them for Eleazar the high priest, ten beds with silver feet and expensive furniture belonging to it. He also sent a cup of 30 talents, ten scarlet raiments, an expensive crown, 100 pieces of linen as fine as silk, viols, mazers and two golden goblets to sacrifice with. In his letters, he desired Eleazar that if any of these men had at any time a desire to come and visit him, he would let them come. Ptolemy really wanted to talk with such kind of men and would rather spend his money on them than in any other way.

2792. The Gauls, who were left by Brennus when he went into Greece to keep Macedonia, did not want to be idle while their companions were working. They outfitted 15,000 foot soldiers and 3000 cavalry and attacked the Getes and the Triballi and routed them. (Justin, l. 25. c. 1.)

3728 AM, 4438 JP, 276 BC

2793. When Antigonus Gonatus had lost a battle at sea as was said before to Ptolemy Philadephas, he made a peace with Antiochus Soter. (Justin, l. 25. c.1.) He went into Macedonia where his father Demetrius Poliorceres had reigned at times. Antigonus went there in the 10th year after he first became king of Greece and reigned for 34 years. (Parphyrie, in Grec. Eusebia. p. 229.) His heirs reigned there until Perseus who was defeated by the Romans, thus ending the kingdom of Macedonia. (Plut. in Demetrius.)

2794. When the Gauls had defeated the Getes and the Triballi, they sent their ambassadors to Antigonus the king of Macedonia to offer him peace for his money. At the same time they want to spy on his army and see his camp. Antigonus entertained and feasted them in a sumptuous manner. However, the Gauls saw and enormous amount of silver and gold brought out for the feast. They were greedy and wanted it. Therefore they returned more his enemies than when they came. Thereupon they all resolved to attack him. Antigonus suspected this and ordered that every man should take with him what he could and hide in a nearby wood. When the Gauls came, they took what they found there and went to the seaside. While they were busy preparing the ships, the sailors and a part of Antigonus' army who had fled there with their wives and children to save themselves, attacked them suddenly. They killed them and made such a havock of them that Antigonus had quite a reputation after this among the Gauls and all the surrounding nations. (Justin l. 25. c. 1. & 2.)

2795. These Gauls were under 17 commanders of whom Leonorius and Lutarius were the main leaders. They passed over several times into Asia. They all came again into one body and offered their assistance to Nicomedes against Aibaeas or Zibetus the younger who held the coast of Bithynia lying by the sea. These forces and others who came from Heraclea in Pontus crushed poor Zibetus to pieces. Hence all Bithynia came into the hands of Nicomedes. When the Gauls had wasted all that country, they shared its spoil among themselves. They divided the kingdom between them and Nicomedes and called their portion, Gallogracia. (Livy l. 38. Justin. l. 25. c. 2. Memnon Excerpt, c. 20.)

2796. Of the 20,000 men the Gauls had, only 10,000 were armed. Even these few troops struck terror into all the countries on this side the Taurus Mountains. Not only the places they went into but the ones they did not go to, submitted to them whether they were far away or close to them. They consisted of three nations of their own, the Tohstobogians or the Tolistoboians, (coming, as was thought from the Gauls who were called the Boii) the Troemi and the Tectosagi. They divided all Asia between them and they settled there. Troemies settled in the Hellespont and all that region. Eolia and Ionia was allotted to the Tosistobogii. The Tectosagi occupied the inland or middle part of Asia. They made headquarters on the bank of the Halys River. (Liv. l. 28, and Suidas in the word, Galata.)

2797. Demetrius Byzantius wrote 13 books concerning this crossing of the Gauls from Europe into Asia. (Laert. in the life of Demetrius Phalerius) Phaennis, who lived a whole age before this happened is said by way of oracle to have foretold this event in these words.

The Gauls shall pass the straits of Hellespont, And ravage all the land of Asia. Yet worse things hath God in store for them, Who on the sea coast of that land do dwell.

3729 AM, 4439 JP, 275 BC

2798. In the 126th Olympiad, Eratosthenes Cyrenaeus, the son of Aglai, or according to others, of Ambrosius, was born. He was a scholar of Aristo Chius the philosopher, of Lysanias of Cyrene the grammarian and of Callismachus of Cyrene a poet. (Suidas, in the word, Eratosthenes.)

3730 AM, 4440 JP, 274 BC

2799. This year, Curius Dentatus fought with Pyrrhus in Italy. He killed 23,000 of his men and captured his camp, forcing him to retreat to Tarentum. (Eutrep. l. 2.)