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History of Sumer
The *history of Sumer
Sumer
*Sumer* was a civilization and a historical region located in Southern
Iraq , known as the Cradle of civilization. It lasted from the first
settlement of Eridu in the Ubaid period through the Uruk period and the
Dynastic periods until the rise of Babylon in the early 2nd millennium
BC....
*, taken to include the prehistoric Ubaid
Ubaid period
The tell of *Ubaid* near Ur in southern Iraq has given its name to the
prehistoric Pottery Neolithic to Chalcolithic culture, which represents
the earliest settlement on the alluvial plain of southern Mesopotamia....
and Uruk
Uruk period
The *Uruk period* existed from the protohistory Chalcolithic to Early
Bronze Age period in the history of Mesopotamia, following the Ubaid
period and succeeded by the Jemdet Nasr period....
periods, spans the 5th to 3rd millennia BC, ending with the downfall of
the Third Dynasty of Ur
Third Dynasty of Ur
The *Third Dynasty of Ur* refers simultaneously to a 21st century BC to
20th century BC century BC Sumerian ruling dynasty based in the city of
Ur and a short-lived territorial-political state that some historians
regard as a nascent empire....
around 2004 BC, followed by a transition period of Amorite
Amorite
*Amorite* refers to a Semitic language people who occupied the country
west of the Euphrates from the second half of the 3rd millennium BC. The
term *Amurru* refers to them, as well as to their principal deity....
states before the rise of Babylonia
Babylonia
*Babylonia* was a state in Lower Mesopotamia , Babylon as its franklin.
Babylonia emerged when Hammurabi created an empire out of the
territories of the former kingdoms of Sumer and Akkad....
in the 18th century BC.
The first settlement in southern Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia
*Mesopotamia* is the area of the Tigris-Euphrates river system, along
the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, largely corresponding to modern Iraq,
as well as some parts of northeastern Syria, some parts of southeastern
Turkey, and some parts of the Khuzestan Province of southwestern Iran....
was Eridu
Eridu
*Eridu* , from the Sumerian for 'mighty place', is modern *Tell Abu
Shahrain*, Iraq. Eridu was the earliest city in southern Mesopotamia,
founded c 5400 BCE....
. The Sumerians claimed that their civilization had been brought, fully
formed, to the city
City
A *city* is an urban area with a high population density and a
particular administrative, legal, or historical status.Large
industrialized cities generally have advanced systems for sanitation,
utilities, land usage, house, and transportation and more....
of Eridu by their god Enki
Enki
*Enki* was a deity in Mesopotamian mythology, later known as *Ea* in
Babylonian mythology. He was originally chief god of the city of Eridu,
but later the influence of his cult spread throughout Mesopotamia and
also to Hittite and Hurrian areas....
or by his advisor (or Abgallu from /ab/=water, /gal/=big, /lu/=man),
Adapa U-an
Adapa
*Adapa* or *Adamu son of Ea* was a Sumerian and Babylonian mythical
figure who accidentally rejected the gift of immortality. The story is
first attested in the Kassites period ....
(the Oannes of Berossus
Berossus
*Berossus* was a Hellenistic civilization-era Babylonian writer and
Babylonian astronomy who was active at the beginning of the 3rd century
BC....
).
<#encyclopedia>
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Encyclopedia
The *history of Sumer
Sumer
*Sumer* was a civilization and a historical region located in Southern
Iraq , known as the Cradle of civilization. It lasted from the first
settlement of Eridu in the Ubaid period through the Uruk period and the
Dynastic periods until the rise of Babylon in the early 2nd millennium
BC....
*, taken to include the prehistoric Ubaid
Ubaid period
The tell of *Ubaid* near Ur in southern Iraq has given its name to the
prehistoric Pottery Neolithic to Chalcolithic culture, which represents
the earliest settlement on the alluvial plain of southern Mesopotamia....
and Uruk
Uruk period
The *Uruk period* existed from the protohistory Chalcolithic to Early
Bronze Age period in the history of Mesopotamia, following the Ubaid
period and succeeded by the Jemdet Nasr period....
periods, spans the 5th to 3rd millennia BC, ending with the downfall of
the Third Dynasty of Ur
Third Dynasty of Ur
The *Third Dynasty of Ur* refers simultaneously to a 21st century BC to
20th century BC century BC Sumerian ruling dynasty based in the city of
Ur and a short-lived territorial-political state that some historians
regard as a nascent empire....
around 2004 BC, followed by a transition period of Amorite
Amorite
*Amorite* refers to a Semitic language people who occupied the country
west of the Euphrates from the second half of the 3rd millennium BC. The
term *Amurru* refers to them, as well as to their principal deity....
states before the rise of Babylonia
Babylonia
*Babylonia* was a state in Lower Mesopotamia , Babylon as its franklin.
Babylonia emerged when Hammurabi created an empire out of the
territories of the former kingdoms of Sumer and Akkad....
in the 18th century BC.
The first settlement in southern Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia
*Mesopotamia* is the area of the Tigris-Euphrates river system, along
the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, largely corresponding to modern Iraq,
as well as some parts of northeastern Syria, some parts of southeastern
Turkey, and some parts of the Khuzestan Province of southwestern Iran....
was Eridu
Eridu
*Eridu* , from the Sumerian for 'mighty place', is modern *Tell Abu
Shahrain*, Iraq. Eridu was the earliest city in southern Mesopotamia,
founded c 5400 BCE....
. The Sumerians claimed that their civilization had been brought, fully
formed, to the city
City
A *city* is an urban area with a high population density and a
particular administrative, legal, or historical status.Large
industrialized cities generally have advanced systems for sanitation,
utilities, land usage, house, and transportation and more....
of Eridu by their god Enki
Enki
*Enki* was a deity in Mesopotamian mythology, later known as *Ea* in
Babylonian mythology. He was originally chief god of the city of Eridu,
but later the influence of his cult spread throughout Mesopotamia and
also to Hittite and Hurrian areas....
or by his advisor (or Abgallu from /ab/=water, /gal/=big, /lu/=man),
Adapa U-an
Adapa
*Adapa* or *Adamu son of Ea* was a Sumerian and Babylonian mythical
figure who accidentally rejected the gift of immortality. The story is
first attested in the Kassites period ....
(the Oannes of Berossus
Berossus
*Berossus* was a Hellenistic civilization-era Babylonian writer and
Babylonian astronomy who was active at the beginning of the 3rd century
BC....
). The first people at Eridu brought with them the Samarra
Samarra
*Samarra* is a city in Iraq.It stands on the east bank of the Tigris in
the Salah al-Din Governorate, north of Baghdad and, in 2003, had an
estimated population of 348,700....
n culture from northern Mesopotamia and are identified with the Ubaid
period
Ubaid period
The tell of *Ubaid* near Ur in southern Iraq has given its name to the
prehistoric Pottery Neolithic to Chalcolithic culture, which represents
the earliest settlement on the alluvial plain of southern Mesopotamia....
, but it is not known whether or not these were Sumerians (associated
later with the Uruk period
Uruk period
The *Uruk period* existed from the protohistory Chalcolithic to Early
Bronze Age period in the history of Mesopotamia, following the Ubaid
period and succeeded by the Jemdet Nasr period....
).
The Sumerian king list
Sumerian king list
The *Sumerian King List* is an ancient text in the Sumerian language
that lists monarch of Sumer from Sumerian and foreign dynasties. It
records the location of "official" kingship, along with the rulers and
the lengths of their rule....
is an ancient text in the Sumerian language
Sumerian language
*Sumerian* was the language of ancient Sumer, spoken in Southern
Mesopotamia since at least the 4th millennium BC. It was gradually
replaced by Akkadian language as a spoken language somewhere around the
turn of the 3rd and the 2nd millennium BC , but continued to be used as
a sacred, ceremonial, literary and scientific language in Mesopotamia...
listing kings of Sumer
Sumer
*Sumer* was a civilization and a historical region located in Southern
Iraq , known as the Cradle of civilization. It lasted from the first
settlement of Eridu in the Ubaid period through the Uruk period and the
Dynastic periods until the rise of Babylon in the early 2nd millennium
BC....
from Sumerian and foreign dynasties. Much of the earlier dynasties are
likely mythical, and only a few of the early names have been
authenticated through archaeology. The best-known dynasty, that of
Lagash
Lagash
*Lagash* is located northwest of the junction of the Euphrates and
Tigris rivers and east of Uruk, Lagash was one of the oldest cities of
Sumer and later Babylonia....
, is not listed there at all.
Periodization
(All date ranges are approximate.)
* Ubaid period
Ubaid period
The tell of *Ubaid* near Ur in southern Iraq has given its name to
the prehistoric Pottery Neolithic to Chalcolithic culture, which
represents the earliest settlement on the alluvial plain of
southern Mesopotamia....
: 53004100 BC (Pottery Neolithic
Neolithic
The *Neolithic* period was a period in the development of human
technology, beginning about 9500 Before the Christian Era in the
Middle East that is traditionally considered the last part of the
Stone Age....
to Chalcolithic)
* Uruk period
Uruk period
The *Uruk period* existed from the protohistory Chalcolithic to
Early Bronze Age period in the history of Mesopotamia, following
the Ubaid period and succeeded by the Jemdet Nasr period....
: 41002900 BC (Late Chalcolithic to Early Bronze Age I)
o Uruk XIV-V: 41003300
o Uruk IV period: 33003000 BC
o Uruk III = Jemdet Nasr
Jemdet Nasr
*Jemdet Nasr* is an archaeological site in Iraq's Babil
Governorate, situated to the north-east of Babylon and Kish
and east of Kutha....
period: 30002900 BC
* Early Dynastic period (Early Bronze Age II)
o Early Dynastic I period: 29002800 BC
o Early Dynastic II period: 28002600 BC (Gilgamesh
Gilgamesh
*Gilgamesh* also known as Bilgames in the earliest text ,
was the son of Lugalbanda and the fifth king of Uruk ,
ruling circa 2700 BC, according to the Sumerian king list....
)
o Early Dynastic IIIa period: 26002500 BC (Early Bronze Age III)
o Early Dynastic IIIb period: ca. 25002334 BC
* Akkadian Empire period: ca. 23342218 BC (Sargon
Sargon of Akkad
*Sargon of Akkad*, also known as *Sargon the Great* , was an
Akkadian Empire emperor famous for his conquest of the Sumerian
city-states in the 24th and 23rd centuries BC....
)
* Gutian period: ca. 22182047 BC (Early Bronze Age IV)
* Ur III period: ca. 20471940 BC
Earliest city-states
Permanent year-round urban settlement was probably prompted by intensive
agricultural
Agriculture
*Agriculture* refers to the production of food and goods through
*farming* and forestry. Agriculture was the key development that led to
the rise of civilization, with the animal husbandry of domestication
animals and plants creating food surpluses that enabled the development
of more Population density and Social stratification societies....
practices and the work required in maintaining the irrigation
Irrigation
*Irrigation* is an artificial application of water to the soil usually
for assisting in growing crops. In crop production it is mainly used in
dry areas and in periods of rainfall shortfalls, but also to protect
plants against frost....
canals, and the surplus food this economy produced allowed the
population to settle in one place, rather than follow herds or forage
for food.
The centres of Eridu
Eridu
*Eridu* , from the Sumerian for 'mighty place', is modern *Tell Abu
Shahrain*, Iraq. Eridu was the earliest city in southern Mesopotamia,
founded c 5400 BCE....
and Uruk
Uruk
*Uruk* , from the Akkadian rendering of the Sumerian toponym 'unug', is
modern *Warka* , Iraq. Uruk was an ancient city of Sumer and later
Babylonia, situated east of the present bed of the Euphrates river, on
the ancient /Nil/ canal, some 30 km east of As-Samawah, Al Muthanna
Governorate, Iraq....
, two of the earliest cities, had successively elaborated large temple
complexes built of mudbrick. Developing as small shrines with the
earliest settlements, by the Early Dynastic I period, they had become
the most imposing structures in their respective cities, each dedicated
to its own respective god. From south to north, the principal
temple-cities, and the gods they served, were
* Eridu
Eridu
*Eridu* , from the Sumerian for 'mighty place', is modern *Tell
Abu Shahrain*, Iraq. Eridu was the earliest city in southern
Mesopotamia, founded c 5400 BCE....
, Abzu
Abzu
The *abzu* from the Sumerian language /ab/ 'far' and /zu/ 'water'
was the name for fresh water from underground aquifers that was
given a religious quality in Sumerian mythology and Akkadian
mythology....
, Enki
Enki
*Enki* was a deity in Mesopotamian mythology, later known as *Ea*
in Babylonian mythology. He was originally chief god of the city
of Eridu, but later the influence of his cult spread throughout
Mesopotamia and also to Hittite and Hurrian areas....
* Ur
Ur
*Ur* is modern *Tell el-Mukayyar*, Iraq, and was a city in ancient
Sumer. Once a coastal city near the mouth of the then Euphrates
river on the Persian Gulf, Ur is now well inland....
, Enunmah, Nanna
Nanna
*Nanna* may refer to:* Sin , god of the moon in Sumerian
mythology* Nanna , god of the moon in Tamil Nadu mythology* Nanna
, the wife of Baldr in Norse mythology...
(moon)
* Uruk
Uruk
*Uruk* , from the Akkadian rendering of the Sumerian toponym
'unug', is modern *Warka* , Iraq. Uruk was an ancient city of
Sumer and later Babylonia, situated east of the present bed of the
Euphrates river, on the ancient /Nil/ canal, some 30 km east of
As-Samawah, Al Muthanna Governorate, Iraq....
, E-anna, Inanna
Inanna
*Inanna* ; ) is the Sumerian goddess of sexual love, fertility,
and warfare.Alternative Sumerian names include /Innin/, /Ennin/,
/Ninnin/, /Ninni/, /Ninanna/, /Ninnar/, /Innina/, /Ennina/,
/Irnina/, /Innini/, /Nana/ and /Nin/, commonly derived from an
earlier /Nin-ana/ "lady of the sky", although Gelb presented th...
* Lagash
Lagash
*Lagash* is located northwest of the junction of the Euphrates and
Tigris rivers and east of Uruk, Lagash was one of the oldest
cities of Sumer and later Babylonia....
, Eninnu, Ningirsu
Ninurta
*Ninurta* in Sumerian mythology and Akkadian mythology was the god
of Nippur, identified with *Ningirsu* with whom he may always have
been identical....
* Nippur
Nippur
*Nippur* , from the Sumerian for 'lord wind' , is modern Nuffar in
Afak Al Qadisyah Governorate, Iraq. Nippur was one of the most
ancient of all the Sumerian cities....
, Ekur, Enlil
Enlil
*Enlil* , was the name of a chief deity listed and written about
in ancient Sumerian, Akkadian, Hittite, Canaanite and other
Mesopotamian clay and stone tablets....
* Shuruppak
Shuruppak
*Shuruppak* was an ancient Sumerian city situated about 35 miles
south of Nippur on the banks of the Euphrates.Shuruppak was
dedicated to Ninlil, also called Sud, the goddess of grain and the
air....
, ?, Ninlil
Ninlil
In Sumerian mythology, *Ninlil* , first called *Sud*, in Assyrian
called /Mullitu/, is the consort goddess of Enlil. Her parentage
is variously described....
(wife of Enlil)
* Marad
Marad
*Marad* was an ancient sumer city. Marad was situated on the west
bank of the then western branch of the Upper Euphrates River west
of Nippur in modern day Iraq....
, ?, Ninurta
Ninurta
*Ninurta* in Sumerian mythology and Akkadian mythology was the god
of Nippur, identified with *Ningirsu* with whom he may always have
been identical....
* Kish
Kish (Sumer)
*Kish* is modern *Tell al-Uhaymir*, Babil Governorate, Iraq), and
was an ancient city of Sumer. Kish is located some 12 km east of
Babylon, and 80 km south of Baghdad....
, ?, Ninhursag
Ninhursag
In Sumerian mythology, *Ninhursag* was the earth and
mother-goddess, one of the seven great deities of Sumer. She is
principally a fertility goddess....
* Sippar
Sippar
*Sippar* , was an ancient Sumerian and later Babylonian city on
the east bank of the Euphrates, some 60 km north of Babylon....
, ?, Utu
Utu
*Utu* is the Sumerian language for "Sun". The Sumerian cuneiform
character is encoded in Unicode at U+12313 .In Sumerian mythology,
*Utu* is the son of the moon god Nanna and the goddess Ningal....
(sun)
* ?, Ekishnugal, Dumuzi
Historians until recently agreed that before 3000 BC the political life
of the city was headed by a priest-king (/ensi
Ensi
*Ensi* can refer to:*a Mesopotamian royal title in various Babylonian
city states, see ENSI.*an abbreviation of Ensign*/ens?/, the Old High
German for a pagan deity, see ?ss...
/) assisted by a council of elders and based around these temples, but
some more recent authors have asserted that the cities had secular
rulers from the earliest times.
The development of a sophisticated system of administration led to the
invention of writing
History of writing
The *history of writing* is the history of how writing systems have
evolved in different human civilizations. True writing is only thought
to have developed independently in four different civilizations in the
world, namely Mesopotamia, China, Egypt and Mesoamerica....
of numbers about 3500 BC and ideograph
Ideograph
*Ideograph* is a term coined by rhetorical scholar and critic Michael
Calvin McGee describing the use of particular words and phrases as
political language in a way that captures particular ideological
positions....
ic writing about 3000 BC, which developed into logographic writing by
about 2600 BC.
Pre-dynastic period
Sumer3
In the possibly mythical pre-dynastic period, the Sumerian king list
Sumerian king list
The *Sumerian King List* is an ancient text in the Sumerian language
that lists monarch of Sumer from Sumerian and foreign dynasties. It
records the location of "official" kingship, along with the rulers and
the lengths of their rule....
portrays the passage of power from Eridu
Eridu
*Eridu* , from the Sumerian for 'mighty place', is modern *Tell Abu
Shahrain*, Iraq. Eridu was the earliest city in southern Mesopotamia,
founded c 5400 BCE....
to Shuruppak
Shuruppak
*Shuruppak* was an ancient Sumerian city situated about 35 miles south
of Nippur on the banks of the Euphrates.Shuruppak was dedicated to
Ninlil, also called Sud, the goddess of grain and the air....
in the south, until a flood occurred, from where it relocated to the
northern city of Kish
Kish (Sumer)
*Kish* is modern *Tell al-Uhaymir*, Babil Governorate, Iraq), and was an
ancient city of Sumer. Kish is located some 12 km east of Babylon, and
80 km south of Baghdad....
at the start of the Early Dynastic period. It would then pass back to
Uruk
Uruk
*Uruk* , from the Akkadian rendering of the Sumerian toponym 'unug', is
modern *Warka* , Iraq. Uruk was an ancient city of Sumer and later
Babylonia, situated east of the present bed of the Euphrates river, on
the ancient /Nil/ canal, some 30 km east of As-Samawah, Al Muthanna
Governorate, Iraq....
, Ur
Ur
*Ur* is modern *Tell el-Mukayyar*, Iraq, and was a city in ancient
Sumer. Once a coastal city near the mouth of the then Euphrates river on
the Persian Gulf, Ur is now well inland....
, and Lagash
Lagash
*Lagash* is located northwest of the junction of the Euphrates and
Tigris rivers and east of Uruk, Lagash was one of the oldest cities of
Sumer and later Babylonia....
until the Akkad
Akkad
The *Akkadian Empire* was an empire centered in the city of *Akkad*
Sumerian language: /Agade/ KUR A.GA.D?KI "land of Akkad". ; Biblical
/Accad/) and its surrounding region Akkadian URU Akkad KI in central
Mesopotamia....
ians overtook the area.
Archaeologists have confirmed the presence of a widespread layer of
riverine silt deposits, shortly after the Piora oscillation
Piora Oscillation
The *Piora Oscillation* was an abrupt cold and wet period in the climate
history of the Holocene Epoch; it is generally dated to the period of c.
3200 to 2900 BCE....
, interrupting the sequence of settlement, that left a few feet of
yellow sediment in the cities of Shuruppak
Shuruppak
*Shuruppak* was an ancient Sumerian city situated about 35 miles south
of Nippur on the banks of the Euphrates.Shuruppak was dedicated to
Ninlil, also called Sud, the goddess of grain and the air....
and Uruk
Uruk
*Uruk* , from the Akkadian rendering of the Sumerian toponym 'unug', is
modern *Warka* , Iraq. Uruk was an ancient city of Sumer and later
Babylonia, situated east of the present bed of the Euphrates river, on
the ancient /Nil/ canal, some 30 km east of As-Samawah, Al Muthanna
Governorate, Iraq....
and extended as far north as Kish
Kish (Sumer)
*Kish* is modern *Tell al-Uhaymir*, Babil Governorate, Iraq), and was an
ancient city of Sumer. Kish is located some 12 km east of Babylon, and
80 km south of Baghdad....
. The polychrome pottery characteristic of the Jemdet Nasr
Jemdet Nasr
*Jemdet Nasr* is an archaeological site in Iraq's Babil Governorate,
situated to the north-east of Babylon and Kish and east of Kutha....
period (30002900 BC) below the sediment layer was followed by Early
Dynastic I artifacts above the sediment layer.
Early Dynastic period
The Early Dynastic Period began after a cultural break with the
preceding Jemdet Nasr
Jemdet Nasr
*Jemdet Nasr* is an archaeological site in Iraq's Babil Governorate,
situated to the north-east of Babylon and Kish and east of Kutha....
Period that has been radio-carbon dated to about 2900 BC at the
beginning of the Early Dynastic I Period.
No inscriptions have yet been found verifying any names of kings that
can be associated with the Early Dynastic I period. The ED I period is
distinguished from the ED II period by the narrow cylinder seals of the
ED I period and the broader wider ED II seals engraved with banquet
scenes or animal-contest scenes.
The Early Dynastic II period is when Gilgamesh
Gilgamesh
*Gilgamesh* also known as Bilgames in the earliest text , was the son of
Lugalbanda and the fifth king of Uruk , ruling circa 2700 BC, according
to the Sumerian king list....
, the famous king of Uruk
Uruk
*Uruk* , from the Akkadian rendering of the Sumerian toponym 'unug', is
modern *Warka* , Iraq. Uruk was an ancient city of Sumer and later
Babylonia, situated east of the present bed of the Euphrates river, on
the ancient /Nil/ canal, some 30 km east of As-Samawah, Al Muthanna
Governorate, Iraq....
, is believed to have reigned. Texts from the ED II period are not yet
understood. Later inscriptions have been found bearing some Early
Dynastic II names from the King List.
The Early Dynastic IIIa period, also known as the Fara period, is when
syllabic
Syllabic
*Syllabic* may refer to:*Syllabary*Syllable*Syllabic verse*Syllabic
consonant...
writing began. Accounting records and an indeciphered logographic
script existed before the Fara Period, but the full flow of human speech
was first recorded about 2600 BC at the beginning of the Fara Period.
The Early Dynastic IIIb period is also known as the PreSargonic period.
1st Dynasty of Kish
After a flood occurred in Sumer, kingship is said to have resumed at
Kish
Kish (Sumer)
*Kish* is modern *Tell al-Uhaymir*, Babil Governorate, Iraq), and was an
ancient city of Sumer. Kish is located some 12 km east of Babylon, and
80 km south of Baghdad....
.
The earliest Dynastic name on the list known from other legendary
sources is Etana
Etana
*Etana* was an ancient, legendary Sumerian king of the city of Kish ,
and was, according to the Sumerian king list, one of the kings who
reigned after the deluge....
, whom it calls "the shepherd, who ascended to heaven and consolidated
all the foreign countries". He was estimated by Roux to have lived
approximately 3000 BC.
Among the 11 kings who followed, a number of Semitic
Semitic
In linguistics and ethnology, Semitic was first used to refer to a
language family of largely Middle Eastern origin, now called the Semitic
languages....
Akkadian
Akkadian language
*Akkadian* or *Assyrian-Babylonian* is a Semitic language that was
spoken in ancient Mesopotamia. The earliest attested Semitic language,
it used the cuneiform writing system derived ultimately from ancient
Sumerian language, an unrelated language isolate....
names are recorded, suggesting that these people made up a sizable
proportion of the population of this northern city.
The earliest monarch on the list whose historical existence has been
independently attested through archaeological inscription is
En-me-barage-si of Kish
Kish (Sumer)
*Kish* is modern *Tell al-Uhaymir*, Babil Governorate, Iraq), and was an
ancient city of Sumer. Kish is located some 12 km east of Babylon, and
80 km south of Baghdad....
(ca. 27002600 BC), said to have conquered Elam
Elam
*Elam* was an ancient civilization located in what is now southwest
Iran.Elam was centered in the far west and southwest of modern-day Iran,
stretching from the lowlands of Khuzestan and Ilam Province , as far as
Jiroft in Kerman province and Burned City in Zabol, as well as a small
part of southern Iraq....
and built the temple of Enlil
Enlil
*Enlil* , was the name of a chief deity listed and written about in
ancient Sumerian, Akkadian, Hittite, Canaanite and other Mesopotamian
clay and stone tablets....
in Nippur
Nippur
*Nippur* , from the Sumerian for 'lord wind' , is modern Nuffar in Afak
Al Qadisyah Governorate, Iraq. Nippur was one of the most ancient of all
the Sumerian cities....
.
Enmebaragesi's successor, Aga, is said to have fought with Gilgamesh
Gilgamesh
*Gilgamesh* also known as Bilgames in the earliest text , was the son of
Lugalbanda and the fifth king of Uruk , ruling circa 2700 BC, according
to the Sumerian king list....
of Uruk
Uruk
*Uruk* , from the Akkadian rendering of the Sumerian toponym 'unug', is
modern *Warka* , Iraq. Uruk was an ancient city of Sumer and later
Babylonia, situated east of the present bed of the Euphrates river, on
the ancient /Nil/ canal, some 30 km east of As-Samawah, Al Muthanna
Governorate, Iraq....
, the 5th king of that city. From this time, for a period Uruk seems to
have had some kind of hegemony in Sumer. This illustrates a weakness of
the Sumerian kinglist, as contemporaries are often placed in successive
dynasties, making reconstruction difficult.
1st Dynasty of Uruk
Mesh-ki-ang-gasher
Mesh-ki-ang-gasher
*Mesh-ki-ang-gasher* was a Sumerian ruler and the founder of the First
Dynasty of Uruk and the father of Enmerkar, according to the Sumerian
king list....
is listed as the first King of Uruk
Uruk
*Uruk* , from the Akkadian rendering of the Sumerian toponym 'unug', is
modern *Warka* , Iraq. Uruk was an ancient city of Sumer and later
Babylonia, situated east of the present bed of the Euphrates river, on
the ancient /Nil/ canal, some 30 km east of As-Samawah, Al Muthanna
Governorate, Iraq....
. He was followed by Enmerkar
Enmerkar
*Enmerkar*, according to the Sumerian king list, was the builder of Uruk
in Sumer, and was said to have reigned for "420 years" .The king list
adds that he brought the official kingship with him from the city of
E-ana, after his father Mesh-ki-ang-gasher, son of Utu, had "entered the
sea and disappeared."...
. The epic /Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta
Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta
*/Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta/* is a legendary Sumerian language
account, of preserved, early post-Sumerian copies, composed in the
Neo-Sumerian period ....
/ tells of his voyage by river to Aratta
Aratta
*Aratta* is a land that appears in Sumerian myths surrounding Enmerkar
and Lugalbanda, two early and possibly mythical kings of Uruk also
mentioned on the Sumerian king list....
, a mountainous, mineral-rich country up-river from Sumer. Among the
kings of Uruk who followed is Dumuzi, the Fisherman. He was followed by
Lugalbanda
Lugalbanda
According to the Sumerian king list, *Lugalbanda* was the third king of
Uruk and father of Gilgamesh, the legendary king of that ancient city.
Legend has it that his wife was Ninsun, a goddess....
, also known from fragmentary legends.
The most famous monarch of this dynasty was Lugalbanda's successor
Gilgamesh
Gilgamesh
*Gilgamesh* also known as Bilgames in the earliest text , was the son of
Lugalbanda and the fifth king of Uruk , ruling circa 2700 BC, according
to the Sumerian king list....
, hero of the /Epic of Gilgamesh
Epic of Gilgamesh
The */Epic of Gilgamesh/* is an epic poetry from Ancient Mesopotamia and
is among the ancient literature. Scholars believe that it originated as
a series of Sumerian legends and poems about the mythological hero-king
Gilgamesh, which were gathered into a longer Akkadian language poem much
later; the most complete version existing today is pr...
/copies of which have been found as far off as Hattusas in Anatolia,
Megiddo
Megiddo
*Megiddo* is a Hebrew place name that can refer to:* Tel Megiddo, site
of an ancient city in northern Israel's Jezreel valley** Megiddo,
Israel, a kibbutz in Israel...
in Israel, and Tell el Amarna in Egypt.
1st Dynasty of Ur
ca. 26th century BC
Meskalamdug
Meskalamdug
*Meskalamdug* was an early ruler of Ur who does not appear in the
Sumerian king list.His tomb, discovered by English archaeologist Sir
Leonard Wooley in the Royal Cemetery of Ur in 1924, contained numerous
gold artifacts including a golden helmet with an inscription of the
king's name....
is the first archaeologically recorded king (/Lugal/ from /lu/=man,
/gal/=big) of the city of Ur
Ur
*Ur* is modern *Tell el-Mukayyar*, Iraq, and was a city in ancient
Sumer. Once a coastal city near the mouth of the then Euphrates river on
the Persian Gulf, Ur is now well inland....
. He was succeeded by his son Akalamdug, and Akalamdug by his son
Mesh-Ane-pada.
Mesh-Ane-pada is the first king of Ur listed on the king list, and he is
recognised as the first king of the Early Dynastic III phase (ca. 26th
century BC), defeating Lugalkildu of Uruk
Uruk
*Uruk* , from the Akkadian rendering of the Sumerian toponym 'unug', is
modern *Warka* , Iraq. Uruk was an ancient city of Sumer and later
Babylonia, situated east of the present bed of the Euphrates river, on
the ancient /Nil/ canal, some 30 km east of As-Samawah, Al Muthanna
Governorate, Iraq....
and Mesilim
Mesilim
*Mesilim* was /LUGAL/ of the Sumerian city-state Kish .He is one of the
first persons in history whose name is recorded in archaeological
documents....
of Kish
Kish
*Kish* may refer to:...
. Mesh-Ane-pada thereafter assumed the title "King of Kish" for himself,
a title that seems to have been used by most kings of the preeminent
dynasties for some time afterward.
Mesilim
Mesilim
*Mesilim* was /LUGAL/ of the Sumerian city-state Kish .He is one of the
first persons in history whose name is recorded in archaeological
documents....
of Kish
Kish
*Kish* may refer to:...
achieved some kind of independence from Ur. He was also mentioned in
some of the earliest monuments from Lagash
Lagash
*Lagash* is located northwest of the junction of the Euphrates and
Tigris rivers and east of Uruk, Lagash was one of the oldest cities of
Sumer and later Babylonia....
that claim he arbitrated a border dispute between Lugal-sha-engur, high
priest of Lagash
Lagash
*Lagash* is located northwest of the junction of the Euphrates and
Tigris rivers and east of Uruk, Lagash was one of the oldest cities of
Sumer and later Babylonia....
, and the high priest of their traditional rival, the neighbouring town
of Umma
Umma
*Umma* was an ancient city in Sumer....
.
Dynasty of Awan
ca. 26th century BC
According to the Sumerian king list, Elam
Elam
*Elam* was an ancient civilization located in what is now southwest
Iran.Elam was centered in the far west and southwest of modern-day Iran,
stretching from the lowlands of Khuzestan and Ilam Province , as far as
Jiroft in Kerman province and Burned City in Zabol, as well as a small
part of southern Iraq....
, Sumer's neighbor to the east, held the kingship in Sumer for a brief
period, based in the city of Awan.
PreSargonic period
ca. 25002334 BC
2nd Dynasty of Uruk
Enshakushanna
Enshakushanna
*Enshakushanna* was a king of Uruk sometime in the later 3rd millennium
BC who is named on the Sumerian king list, which states his reign to
have been 60 years....
Empire of Lugal-Ane-mundu of Adab
Following this period, the region of Mesopotamia seems to have come
under the sway of a Sumerian conqueror from Adab
Adab
*Adab* was an ancient Sumerian city between Telloh and Nippur....
, Lugal-Ane-mundu, ruling over Uruk, Ur, and Lagash. According to
inscriptions, he ruled from the Persian Gulf
Persian Gulf
The *Persian Gulf*, in the Southwest Asian region, is an extension of
the Indian Ocean located between Iran and the Arabian Peninsula.
Historically and commonly known as the Persian Gulf, this body of water
is sometimes Persian Gulf naming dispute referred to as the /Arabian
Gulf/ by certain Arab countries or simply /The Gulf/, although nei...
to the Mediterranean, and up to the Zagros Mountains
Zagros Mountains
The *Zagros* , are the largest mountain range in Iran and Iraq. They
have a total length of 1 500 km from western Iran, on the border with
Iraq to the southern parts of the Persian Gulf....
, including Elam
Elam
*Elam* was an ancient civilization located in what is now southwest
Iran.Elam was centered in the far west and southwest of modern-day Iran,
stretching from the lowlands of Khuzestan and Ilam Province , as far as
Jiroft in Kerman province and Burned City in Zabol, as well as a small
part of southern Iraq....
. However, his empire fell apart with his death. (Sumerian records also
show Nin-Kasalsi as the first ruler of the city of Adab. Like the later
"King" of the 3rd Dynasty of Kish, Nin-Kasalsi was a woman.)
Kug-Bau and the Third Dynasty of Kish
Lugal-Ane-mundu's power may have been limited, however, as his reign
seems to have been contemporaneous with the Third Dynasty of Kish
Kish
*Kish* may refer to:...
, inaugurated by Kug-Bau or Kubaba, unique in the fact that she was the
only woman ever to reign as "king". Before overthrowing the rule of
Enshakushana of the 2nd Uruk Dynasty and becoming monarch, the king-list
says she was a tavern-keeper.
In later centuries she was worshipped as a minor goddess, achieving
important status in the Hurrian and Hittites
Hittites
The *Hittites* were an ancient Anatolian people who spoke a Hittite
language of the Anatolian languages of the Indo-European languages
family, and established a kingdom centered at Hattusa in north-central
Anatolia ca....
periods, when she was identified with the Hurrian goddess Hannahannah
Hannahannah
Hurrian Mother Goddess *Hannahannah* . Hannahannah may have been related
to or influenced by the pre-Sumerian Goddess Inanna, although the
similarity in name to the Bible Hannah , mother of Samuel ; the Canaan
Anath, and the Christian St Anne are coincidental, the name Hannah in
Hebrew having a different etymology deriving from a native root....
. In the post-Hittite Phrygia
Phrygia
In antiquity, *Phrygia* was a kingdom in the west central part of
Anatolia, in what is now modern-day Turkey. The Phrygians initially
lived in the Southern Balkans; according to Herodotus, under the name of
Bryges, changing it to Phruges after their final migration to Anatolia,
via the Hellespont....
n period she was called Kubele (Latin Cybele
Cybele
*Cybele* , was the Phrygian deification of the Earth Mother. As with
Greek Gaia , or her Minoan civilization equivalent Rhea , Cybele
embodies the fertile Earth, a goddess of caverns and mountains, walls
and fortresses, nature, wild animals ....
), Great Mother of the Gods.
Dynasty of Akshak
Akshak
Akshak
*Akshak* was a city of ancient Sumer, situated on the northern boundary
of Akkad, sometimes identified with Babylonian *Upi* . Its exact
location is uncertain, it probably was near Eshnunna, on the banks of
the Diyala River....
too achieved independence with a line of rulers extending from
Puzur-Nirah, Ishu-Il, and Shu-Suen, son of Ishu-Il, before being
defeated by the rulers in the Fourth Dynasty of Kish
Kish (Sumer)
*Kish* is modern *Tell al-Uhaymir*, Babil Governorate, Iraq), and was an
ancient city of Sumer. Kish is located some 12 km east of Babylon, and
80 km south of Baghdad....
.
1st Dynasty of Lagash
ca. 25th century BC
En-hegal is recorded as the first known ruler of Lagash
Lagash
*Lagash* is located northwest of the junction of the Euphrates and
Tigris rivers and east of Uruk, Lagash was one of the oldest cities of
Sumer and later Babylonia....
, being tributary to Uruk. His successor Lugal-sha-engur was similarly
tributary to the first Dynasty of Ur
Ur
*Ur* is modern *Tell el-Mukayyar*, Iraq, and was a city in ancient
Sumer. Once a coastal city near the mouth of the then Euphrates river on
the Persian Gulf, Ur is now well inland....
.
Ur-Nanshe
Ca. 2500 BC Ur-Nanshe
Ur-Nanshe
*Ur-Nanshe* was the first king of the dynasty of Lagash, probably in the
first half of the 24th century BC .He ascended after Lugal-Sha-Gen-Sur ,
who was the patesi, or high priest....
succeeded Lugal-sha-engur as the new high priest of Lagash and achieved
independence from A-annepadda, son of Mesannepada
Mesannepada
*Mesannepada* was the first monarch listed for the first dynasty of Ur
on the Sumerian king list. He is listed to have ruled for 80 years.
Mesannepada overthrew Mesilim of Kish and Lugal-kitun of Uruk....
of Ur
Ur
*Ur* is modern *Tell el-Mukayyar*, Iraq, and was a city in ancient
Sumer. Once a coastal city near the mouth of the then Euphrates river on
the Persian Gulf, Ur is now well inland....
, making himself king. In the ruins of a building attached by him to the
temple of Ningirsu, /terra cotta
Terra cotta
*Terra cotta*, *Terracotta* or *Terra-cotta* is a clay-based unglazed
ceramic. Its uses include vessels, water & waste water pipes and surface
embellishment in building construction, along with sculpture such as the
Terracotta Army and Greek terracotta figurines....
bas reliefs/ of the king and his sons have been found, as well as onyx
plates and lions' heads in onyx reminiscent of Egypt
Art of Ancient Egypt
*Ancient Egyptian art* refers to the style of painting, sculpture,
crafts and architecture developed by the civilization in the lower Nile
Valley from 5000 BC to 300 AD....
ian work. These were dedicated to the goddess Bau. One inscription
states that ships of Dilmun
Dilmun
*Dilmun* is a land mentioned by Mesopotamia as a trade partner, source
of raw material, copper, and entrepot of the Mesopotamia and the Indus
Valley Civilization trade route....
(Bahrain) brought him wood as tribute from foreign lands. He was
succeeded by his son Akurgal.
Eannatum
Eannatum
Eannatum
*Eannatum* was a Sumerian king of Lagash who established one of the
first verifiable empires in history....
, grandson of Ur-Nina, made himself master of the whole of the district
of Sumer, together with the cities of Uruk (ruled by Enshakushana), Ur
Ur
*Ur* is modern *Tell el-Mukayyar*, Iraq, and was a city in ancient
Sumer. Once a coastal city near the mouth of the then Euphrates river on
the Persian Gulf, Ur is now well inland....
, Nippur
Nippur
*Nippur* , from the Sumerian for 'lord wind' , is modern Nuffar in Afak
Al Qadisyah Governorate, Iraq. Nippur was one of the most ancient of all
the Sumerian cities....
, Akshak
Akshak
*Akshak* was a city of ancient Sumer, situated on the northern boundary
of Akkad, sometimes identified with Babylonian *Upi* . Its exact
location is uncertain, it probably was near Eshnunna, on the banks of
the Diyala River....
, and Larsa
Larsa
*Larsa* , was an important city of ancient Sumer. It lies some 25 km
southeast of the ruin mounds of Uruk , near the east bank of the
Shatt-en-Nil canal ....
. He also annexed the kingdom of Kish
Kish (Sumer)
*Kish* is modern *Tell al-Uhaymir*, Babil Governorate, Iraq), and was an
ancient city of Sumer. Kish is located some 12 km east of Babylon, and
80 km south of Baghdad....
; however, it recovered its independence after his death. Umma
Umma
*Umma* was an ancient city in Sumer....
was made tributarya certain amount of grain being levied upon each
person in it, that had to be paid into the treasury of the goddess Nina
and the god Ningirsu.
The so-called "Stele of the Vultures", now in the Louvre
Louvre
The *Louvre Museum* , located in Paris, is a historic monument, and a
national museum of France. It is a central landmark, located on the Rive
Droite of the Seine in the 1st arrondissement of Paris ....
, was erected as a monument of the victory of Eannatum of Lagash over
Enakalle of Umma. On this, various incidents in the war are represented.
In one scene, the king stands in his chariot with a curved weapon in his
right hand, formed of three bars of metal bound together by rings, while
his kilted followers, with helmets on their heads and lances in their
hands, march behind him.
Eannatum's campaigns extended beyond the confines of Sumer, and he
overran a part of Elam, took the city of Az on the Persian Gulf
Persian Gulf
The *Persian Gulf*, in the Southwest Asian region, is an extension of
the Indian Ocean located between Iran and the Arabian Peninsula.
Historically and commonly known as the Persian Gulf, this body of water
is sometimes Persian Gulf naming dispute referred to as the /Arabian
Gulf/ by certain Arab countries or simply /The Gulf/, although nei...
, and exacted tribute as far as Mari
Mari, Syria
*Mari* was an ancient Sumerian and Amorite city, located 11 kilometers
north-west of the modern town of Abu Kamal on the western bank of
Euphrates river, some 120 km southeast of Deir ez-Zor, Syria....
; however many of the realms he conquered were often in revolt. During
his reign, temples and palaces were repaired or erected at Lagash and
elsewhere; the town of Ninathat probably gave its name to the later
Ninivehwas rebuilt, and canals and reservoirs were excavated.
En-anna-tum I
Eannatum was succeeded by his brother, En-anna-tum I
En-anna-tum I
*En-anna-tum I* succeeded his brother Eannatum as king of Lagash. During
his rule, Umma once more asserted independence under Ur-Lumma, who
attacked Lagash unsuccessfully....
. During his rule, Umma once more asserted independence under Ur-Lumma,
who attacked Lagash unsuccessfully. Ur-Lumma was replaced by a
priest-king, Illi, who also attacked Lagash.
Entemena
His son and successor Entemena
Entemena
File:Foundation nail Entemena Louvre AO22934.jpg*Entemena*, son of
En-anna-tum I, reestablished Lagash as a power in Sumer. He defeated
Illi of Umma, with the aid of Lugal-kinishe-dudu of Uruk, successor to
Enshakushanna, who is in the Sumerian king list ....
restored the prestige of Lagash. Illi of Umma was subdued, with the
help of his ally Lugal-kinishe-dudu or Lugal-ure of Uruk, successor to
Enshakushana and also on the king-list. Lugal-kinishe-dudu seems to have
been the prominent figure at the time, since he also claimed to rule
Kish and Ur.
A silver vase dedicated by Entemena to his god is now in the Louvre. A
frieze of lions devouring ibexes and deer, incised with great artistic
skill, runs round the neck, while the eagle crest of Lagash adorns the
globular part. The vase is a proof of the high degree of excellence to
which the goldsmith's art had already attained. A vase of calcite
Calcite
*Calcite* is a Carbonate minerals and the most stable Polymorphism of
calcium carbonate . The other polymorphs are the minerals aragonite and
vaterite....
, also dedicated by Entemena, has been found at Nippur.
Urukagina
After Entemena, a series of weak, corrupt priest-kings is attested for
Lagash. The last of these, Urukagina
Urukagina
*Urukagina* , alternately rendered as *Uruinimgina* or *Irikagina*, was
a ruler of the city-state Lagash in Mesopotamia. He is best known for
his reforms to combat corruption, which are sometimes cited as the first
example of a legal code in recorded history....
, was known for his judicial, social, and economic reforms, and his may
well be the first legal code known to have existed.
Empire of Lugal-zage-si of Uruk
ca. 23592335 BC short chronology
Urukagina was overthrown and his city Lagash
Lagash
*Lagash* is located northwest of the junction of the Euphrates and
Tigris rivers and east of Uruk, Lagash was one of the oldest cities of
Sumer and later Babylonia....
captured by Lugal-zage-si
Lugal-Zage-Si
*Lugal-Zage-Si* of Umma was the last Sumerian king before the conquest
of Sumer by Sargon of Akkad and the rise of the Akkadian Empire, and was
considered as the only king of the third dynasty of Uruk....
, the high priest of Umma. Lugal-zage-si also took Uruk and Ur, and made
Uruk his capital. In a long inscription that he made engraved on
hundreds of stone vases dedicated to Enlil
Enlil
*Enlil* , was the name of a chief deity listed and written about in
ancient Sumerian, Akkadian, Hittite, Canaanite and other Mesopotamian
clay and stone tablets....
of Nippur, he boasts that his kingdom extended "from the Lower Sea
(Persian Gulf
Persian Gulf
The *Persian Gulf*, in the Southwest Asian region, is an extension of
the Indian Ocean located between Iran and the Arabian Peninsula.
Historically and commonly known as the Persian Gulf, this body of water
is sometimes Persian Gulf naming dispute referred to as the /Arabian
Gulf/ by certain Arab countries or simply /The Gulf/, although nei...
), along the Tigris
Tigris
The *Tigris* is the eastern member of the two great rivers that define
Mesopotamia, along with the Euphrates, which flows from the mountains of
southeastern Turkey through Iraq....
and Euphrates
Euphrates
The *Euphrates* is the western of the two great rivers that define
Mesopotamia which flows from Anatolia....
, to the Upper Sea" or Mediterranean
Mediterranean Sea
The *Mediterranean Sea* is a sea or Ocean off the Atlantic Ocean
surrounded by the Mediterranean region and almost completely enclosed by
land: on the north by Europe, on the south by Africa, and on the east by
Asia....
.
His empire was finally overthrown by Sargon
Sargon of Akkad
*Sargon of Akkad*, also known as *Sargon the Great* , was an Akkadian
Empire emperor famous for his conquest of the Sumerian city-states in
the 24th and 23rd centuries BC....
of Akkad
Akkad
The *Akkadian Empire* was an empire centered in the city of *Akkad*
Sumerian language: /Agade/ KUR A.GA.D?KI "land of Akkad". ; Biblical
/Accad/) and its surrounding region Akkadian URU Akkad KI in central
Mesopotamia....
, a Semite from northern Mesopotamia, who founded the first sustainable
empire to survive after his death.
Akkadian Empire
Gudea of Lagash Girsu
ca. 23342218 BC short chronology
Akkadian rulers:
Sargon
Sargon of Akkad
*Sargon of Akkad*, also known as *Sargon the Great* , was an Akkadian
Empire emperor famous for his conquest of the Sumerian city-states in
the 24th and 23rd centuries BC....
ca. 23342279 BC
Rimush
Rimush
*Rimush* is the name of two Mesopotamian monarch:* Rimush , king of the
Akkadian Empire* Rimush , king of Assyria, the successor of Mut-Ashkur
in 1720 B.C.E....
ca. 22782270 BC younger son of Sargon
Man-ishtishu ca. 22692255 BC elder son of Sargon
Naram-Suen
Naram-Suen
*Naram-Sin* may refer to four kings in the history of Mesopotamia*
Naram-Suen of Akkad, Akkadian Empire king, the most famous of the four*
Naram-Sin of Assyria, Assyrian king...
ca. 22542218 BC son of Man-ishtishu
Shar-kali-sharri
Shar-Kali-Sharri
*Shar-Kali-Sharri* was a king of the Akkadian Empire. He was the son of
Naram-Suen of Akkad and reigned for 25 years, around ca. 2100 BC. After
his reign, there seems to have been a short period of chaos: The list of
kings states:...
ca. 22172193 BC son of Naram-Suen
Irgigi
Imi
IMI
*IMI* is a three letter acronym. It can stand for* Industrial Vibration
Monitoring Instrumentation, division of PCB Piezotronics*Innovative
Medicines Initiative of the European Union...
Nanum
Nanum
*Nanum* or *Nanium* was a king of the Akkadian Empire who ascended the
throne in 2257 BC. After the death of the previous ruler of Akkad,
Shar-kali-sharri, he jockeyed for power with three other rival kings:
Igigi, Imi, and Elulu....
Elulu
Elulu
*Elulu* is listed as the third king of the first dynasty of Ur on the
/Sumerian Sumerian king list/, which states he reigned for 25 years....
Dudu
Dudu (king)
*Dudu* was a king of Akkad who reigned for 21 years. He became king and
ended the period of relative anarchy that had followed the death of
Shar-kali-sharri....
ca. 21892168 BC
Shu-Durul ca. 21682147 BC Akkad defeated by the Gutians
Sargon
ca. 23342279 BC short chronology
Naram-Suen
ca. 22542218 BC short chronology
Gutian period
ca. 21472047 BC short chronology
2nd Dynasty of Lagash
ca. 22602110 BC
Kings of the 2nd Dynasty of Lagash:
Ki-Ku-Id
Engilsa
Ur-A
Lugalushumgal
Puzer-Mama
Puzer-Mama
*Puzer-Mama* was a ruler of Lagash before Gudea. Though he adopted the
title of lugal, Puzer-Mama shows kinship with future Lagashite kings in
the religiosity of his inscriptions....
ca. 2200 BC contemporary of Shar-kali-sharri
Shar-Kali-Sharri
*Shar-Kali-Sharri* was a king of the Akkadian Empire. He was the son of
Naram-Suen of Akkad and reigned for 25 years, around ca. 2100 BC. After
his reign, there seems to have been a short period of chaos: The list of
kings states:...
of Akkad
Akkad
The *Akkadian Empire* was an empire centered in the city of *Akkad*
Sumerian language: /Agade/ KUR A.GA.D?KI "land of Akkad". ; Biblical
/Accad/) and its surrounding region Akkadian URU Akkad KI in central
Mesopotamia....
Ur-Utu
Ur-Mama
Lu-Baba
Lugula
Kaku
Kaku
*Kaku* is the name of:* Kaku , a channel of Beijing TV.*Kaku, Nepal*
Kaku , a fictional character from Eiichiro Oda's manga /One Piece/* Dr....
or Kakug
Ur-Bau or Ur-baba ca. 20932080 BC (short)
Gudea
Gudea
*Gudea* was a ruler of the city of Lagash in Southern Mesopotamia who
ruled ca. 22nd century BC - 22nd century BC. He probably did not come
from the city, but had married Ninalla, daughter of the ruler Urbaba of
Lagash, thus gaining entrance to the royal house of Lagash....
ca. 20802060 BC son-in-law of Ur-baba
Ur-Ningirsu ca. 20602055 BC son of Gudea
Pirigme or Ugme ca. 20552053 BC
Ur-gar ca. 20532049 BC
Nammahani ca. 20492046 BC grandson of Kaku, defeated by Ur-Nammu
Gutian Empire
ca. 21472050 BC short chronology
Following the fall of Sargon's Empire to the Gutian
Gutian
*Gutian* can refer to:* Gutian County in Ningde Municipality, Fujian,
China* the Gutian Massacre of Christians in that county* Gutian in
Shanghang County, Longyan Municipality, Fujian...
s, a brief "Dark Ages" ensued.
5th Dynasty of Uruk
ca. 20552048 BC short chronology
The Gutians were ultimately driven out by the Sumerians under Utu-hegal,
the only king of this dynasty, who in turn was defeated by Ur-Nammu
Ur-Nammu
*Ur-Nammu* founded the Sumerian 3rd dynasty of Ur, in southern
Mesopotamia, following several centuries of Akkadian Empire and Gutian
period rule....
of Ur
Ur
*Ur* is modern *Tell el-Mukayyar*, Iraq, and was a city in ancient
Sumer. Once a coastal city near the mouth of the then Euphrates river on
the Persian Gulf, Ur is now well inland....
.
"Sumerian Renaissance" (3rd Dynasty of Ur)
Ur 17 01 2004 003
ca. 20471940 BC short chronology
Ur-Nammu
Ur-Nammu
*Ur-Nammu* founded the Sumerian 3rd dynasty of Ur, in southern
Mesopotamia, following several centuries of Akkadian Empire and Gutian
period rule....
of Ur defeated Utu-hegal of Uruk and founded the 3rd dynasty of Ur.
Although the Sumerian language
Sumerian language
*Sumerian* was the language of ancient Sumer, spoken in Southern
Mesopotamia since at least the 4th millennium BC. It was gradually
replaced by Akkadian language as a spoken language somewhere around the
turn of the 3rd and the 2nd millennium BC , but continued to be used as
a sacred, ceremonial, literary and scientific language in Mesopotamia...
("/Emegir/") was again made official, Sumerian identity was already in
decline, as the population became continually more and more Semiticised.
After this "Ur-III" dynasty was destroyed by the Elamites in 2004 BC, a
fierce rivalry developed between the city-states of Larsa
Larsa
*Larsa* , was an important city of ancient Sumer. It lies some 25 km
southeast of the ruin mounds of Uruk , near the east bank of the
Shatt-en-Nil canal ....
, more under Elamite than Sumerian influence, and Isin
ISIN
An *International Securities Identification Number* uniquely identifies
a Security . Its structure is defined in ISO 6166. Securities for which
ISINs are issued include Bond , commercial paper, equities and Warrant s....
, that was more Amorite
Amorite
*Amorite* refers to a Semitic language people who occupied the country
west of the Euphrates from the second half of the 3rd millennium BC. The
term *Amurru* refers to them, as well as to their principal deity....
(as the Western Semitic nomads were called). Archaeologically, the fall
of the Ur III dynasty corresponds to the beginning of the Middle Bronze
Age. The Semites ended up prevailing in Mesopotamia by the time of
Hammurabi
Hammurabi
*Hammurabi* Hammurabi is known for the set of laws called Code of
Hammurabi, one of the first written Civil code in recorded history.
These laws were written on a stone tablet standing over six feet tall
that was found in 1901....
of Babylon
Babylon
*Babylon* was a city-state of ancient Mesopotamia, sometimes considered
an empire, the remains of which can be found in present-day Al Hillah,
Babil Governorate, Iraq, about 85 kilometers south of Baghdad....
, who founded the Babylonia
Babylonia
*Babylonia* was a state in Lower Mesopotamia , Babylon as its franklin.
Babylonia emerged when Hammurabi created an empire out of the
territories of the former kingdoms of Sumer and Akkad....
n Empire, and the language and name of /Sumer/ gradually passed into the
realm of antiquarian scholars.
Nevertheless, Sumerian influence on Babylonia, and all subsequent
cultures in the region, was undeniably great.
See also
* Babylonia and Assyria
Babylonia and Assyria
During the period when they were competing for dominance in
Mesopotamia, the neighbouring sister-states of Babylonia and
Assyria differed essentially in character....
* Invention of the Wheel
Wheel
A *wheel* is a circular device that is capable of rotating on its
axis, facilitating movement or transportation whilst supporting a
load , or performing labour in machines....
* Sumerian Farmer's Almanac
Sumerian Farmer's Almanac
*Sumerian Farmer's Almanac* is the first farmer?s almanac on
record. The farmer's almanac is dated to around 1500 BCE to 1700
BCE. It was discovered in 1949 by an American expedition in Iraq
sponsored jointly by the Oriental Institute of the University of
Chicago and the University Museum of the University of
Pennsylvania....
* History of writing ancient numbers
History of writing ancient numbers
Pre-historyThe first method of counting was counting on fingers.
By placing the thumb on various finger joints a person can count
up to 90,000. This evolved into sign language for hand-to-eye
communication of numbers....