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A RECORD OF SUCCESS

"Some of these predictions were said to be impossible when
you made them.  A1l of them were predicted long before
proof that they were correct came to hand. Conversely I do
not know of any specific prediction you made that has
since been proven to be false.  I suspect the merit lies
in that you have a good basic background in the natural
sciences and you are quite uninhibited by the prejudices
and probability taboos which confine the thinking of most
of us."

the lale H.H. Hess, chairman, geology
department, Princeton, and chairman,
Space Science Hoard, National Academy
of Science, in a letter to Velikovsky
for public record, 1963.

Many scientists and popularizers of science have charged that Velikovsky's 
successful predictions are no more than coincidence, that they are ad hoc 
rather than the result of deduction from a consistent, unified set of 
hypotheses.  Yet, it has been the ironic lot of some of these scientists to 
construct truly ad hoc explanations for the unforeseen discoveries which have 
con~rmed Velikovsky,s advance claims.  (Velikovsky claimed in 1950, on the 
basis of a hypothesis concerning Venus, that that planet is far hotter than 
scientists expected.  When Venus, 1000 F temperature was discovered, another 
scientist put forth the purely ad hoc suggestion that the heat may have been 
caused by a collision between Venus and a moon.)

"Seldom in the history of science," Ralph Juergens said of Velikovsky,s 
predictions, "have so many diverse anticipations- the naturalfallout from a 
single central idea- been so quickly substantiated by independent 
investigation." ("Minds in Chaos", American Behavioral Scientist, 7, Sep- 
tember, 1963)

Why then, have scientists been so slow to acknowledge Velikovsky's successes 
in perhaps the most risky of scientific activities: accurate prediction on the 
basis of a working hypothesis?  One wonders whether the pride of specialists 
might not interfere with their objectivity.  As Eric Larrabee remarks about 
Velikovsky: "Breaking barriers between disciplines, he arrives at conclusions 
which no discipline had reached independently.  This is the real nature of his 
challenge, and it is fundamental." ("Scientists in Collision: Was Velikovsky 
Right?," Harpers, December, 1963) Set forth below is a partial enumeration of 
Velikovsky's advance claims and their subsequent confirmation by scientific 
discoveries and investigations. All oSthese prognostications are inferences 
drawn from the historical reconstruction offered in Worlds in Collision.

This list is not complete, and the literature quoted is usually only a short
selection of what has been published.  Many of these claims have been directly
confirmed, while others have been supported by additional evidence or taken
over by other theorists.

The first sentence in each section represent Velikovsky's claims as set forth 
in the books, published lectures, articles, or memoranda cited. (The numerous 
confirmations of Ages in Chaos are not included in this list.)  References to 
Worlds in Collision are based on page numbers in the hardcover edition 
(Macmillan, 1950; Doubleday, 1950; and the following unchanged, 18 printings 
by Doubleday).  The Forum lecture before the Princeton Graduate College was 
published as an appendix to Earth in Upheaval (Doubleday, 1955).  The reader 
should also see Velikovsky, "Some Additional Examples of Correct Prognosis," 
American Behavioral Scientist, 7 (September, 1963); Velikovsky, "Are the 
Moon's Scars Only 3000 Years Old?", New York Times, early city edition (July 
21, 1969); and Bargmann and L. Motz, "On the Recent Discoveries Concerning
Jupiter and Venus," Science, 138 (December 21, 1962), 1350. A July, 1971,
joint publication by the Texas chapter of Cosmos and Chronos Campus Study
Groups in Interdisciplinary.Synthesis, titled "Lunar Probes and Velikovsky's
Advance Claims," can be obtainedfrom Cosmos and Chronos, Physical Sciences
Division, P.O. Box 12807, Fort Worth, Texas.

ELECTRO MAGNETISM AND THE SUN

"Space is not a vacuum; and electromagnetism plays a fundamental role in
our solar system and the entire universe."

This thesis is no longer controversial since the discovery of Jovian radio
noises (1955), terrestrial magnetosphere (1958), interplanetary magnetic field
(1960), and solar plasma (1960), followed by the discovery of quasars,
pulsars, and black holes.  But in 1950 the claim that the universe is not a
vacuum but is permeated by electric charges and magnetic fields was greeted as
an inadmissible heresy.  A correspondence between A. Einstein and Velikovsky
(1950-1955) bears witness to this attitude in science.  Einstein stressed that
the scientific community's violent opposition to Velikovsky centered on this
claim.  Martin Gardner (In the Name of Science, 1952) classified Velikovsky
with flat-earthers for inventing "electromagnetic forces capable of doing
precisely what he wants them to do.  There is no scientific evidence whatever
for the powers of these forces. But so convinced is the hermit scientist that
everyone is prejudiced except himself, that he can-with a straight
face-belabor the 'orthodox' for refusing to recognize these imaginary
energies!,"

"The sun is an electrically charged body."

In the October lS, 1952, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, D.
Menzel, Harvard astronomer, purported to show that the sun cannot hold a
charge above 1800 volts if positive (and, it follows, only a single volt if
negative).  He asserted that Velikovsky,s model requires a charge of 1019
volts.  Eight years later Professor V.A. Bailey of the University of Sydney,
Australia, unaware of the discussion concluded that the sun carries a net
negative charge on the order of l0tothe19 volts.  Existence of Net Electric
Charges on Stars," Naturre, 186 (May 14, 1960) 508. Nature, 189 (January 7 and
March 25, 1961), 43-5 and 994-5.  It was also found in 1960 that the newly
discovered interplanetary magnetic field is centered on the sun and rotates
with it.

VENUS

"Venus originated in a violent disruption of Jupiter."

Worlds in Collision, "Pallas Athene," 169-172) For references see C.J. Ransom, 
"How Stable is the Solar System?" in this issue.  (Velikovsky referred to the 
legendary motifs on this subject in Worlds in Collision and promised to 
elaborate in a sequel to that book dealing with earlier catastrophes. In the 
meantime, he has discussed the physical implications in "A Rejoinder to Motz,"  
Yale Scientifc Magazine 41 (April, 1967], 14-16.)

"Venus is hot."

(W in C, "The Thermal Balance of Venus," 371) In 1950 it was known that the
cloud surface of Venus is -25'C on both night and day sides.  Velikovsky
claimed that "Venus gives off heat" and explained why: it was "in a state of
candescence" in historical times (W in C, 77) and "must still be hot" (371).
In December, 1962' Mariner 11 disclosed that the surface temperature of Venus
is 800'F a temperature above that of molten lead, whereas the estimates of
astronomers had varied from 45 - 90.F.  Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Mariner
Mission to Venus (1963), 111. Later probes showed that Venus' ground
temperature is close to 1000.F.

"The Venetic atmosphere contains - besides carbon dioxide - carbohydrates
and hydrcarbons."

(W in C, "The Gases of Venus,,' 368-9, 381) This was confirmed by NASA in
Febru- ary, 1963, and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (Mariner Mission to Venus,
1963), but was contested by Plummer' Science (March 14, 1 969).

"Venus was in near collision with Earth."

(W in C, part one, "Venus", Passim) On April 23, 1966, P. Goldreich and S.J.
Peale reported to the American Geophysical Union their startling discovery of
Venus' resonant axial rotation: every time Venus passes between the sun and
Earth it tums the same face to our planet. T.J.  Gordon, formerly chief
engineer for the upper stage of the Saturn rocket, wrote: "This type of
resonant motion resists outside disturbances.  once locked, the motion tends
to remain locked.  When did the Earth capture Venus, rotation?   In Ideas in
Conflict (New York, 1966), 37. (Velikovsky himsetf does not consider this
evidence as necessarily supporting his claim of near collision.)

"Venus may have an anomalous rotation."

(W in C, passim) This follows from the claim that Venus became a member of the
solar system in a separate event and experienced near collisions with Earth
and Mars.  The discovery of Venus, retrograde rotation by R. Carpenter and B.
Goldstein, of the Goldstone Radar Tracking Station, confirmed this possibility
late in 1962.  Their find elicited this comment at a meeting of the American
Geophysical Union: "Maybe Venus was created apart from the other planets
perhaps as a secondary solar explosion, or perhaps in a collision of planets."  
The National Observer, December, 1962.  See also J.A. Van Allen' et al, 
"Mariner 11: Preliminary Reports on Measurements of Venus," Science, 139 
(March 8, 1963), 905~

COMETS AND METEORITES

"A large comet was in collision with Earth."

(W in C, 39-152) There is a layer of white ash covering the oceans. floors
that, according to J.L. Worzel and M. Ewing, was deposited in a "cometary
collision" - or from a "fiery end of bodies of cosmic origin...' Worzel,
"Extensive Deep Sea Sub-Bottom Reflections Identified as White Ash" Proceed
ings of the National A cademy of Sciences, 45 (March 15, 1959)' 349-55; Ewing,
"Significance of the Worzel Deep Sea Ash", Proceedings, 355-61. The even
distribution and amount of this deposit suggested to Ewing a "cometary
collision' of gigantic proportions.  See also Urey's claim that Earth collided
with a large comet, referred to by Ransom, "How Stable is the Solar System?"
in this issue. Cf. Hans Pettersson, "Exploring the Ocean Floor", Scientific
American, 183 (August, 1950), 424, as to rich deposits of nickel of meteoric
origin in the red clay on the ocean bottoms.

"Many comets are of recent origin (historical times) and are the result
of disrupaons on planets."

(W in C, p. 201 and elsewhere) See S.K.  Vsekhsviatsky, "New Works Concerning
the Origin of Comets and the Theory of Eruption", Publications of the Kiev
Observatory, 5 (1953), 3-57.

"Some cometary tails and also some meteorites contain hydrocarbons"

(W in C' "Naphtha," 53-8) Bobrovnikoff reports spectral analysis has revealed 
the presence of such compounds in cometary tails.  Astrophysics, ed.  Hynek 
(N.Y., 1951), 342. Hydrocarbons in some meteorites "resemble in many ways some 
of the waxes and petroleum products that are found in the earth."  H.H. 
Nininger, Out of the Sky (N.Y., 1959), 89-90.

"Some meteorites contain argon and neon."

(W in C, "The Atmosphere of Mars," 367) See H. Stauffer' "Cosmogenic Argon and 
Neon in Stone Meteorites,'' Journal of Geophysical Research, 66 (May, 1961), 
1513-21.

JUPITER

"Jupiter emits radio noises."

(Forum lecture Princeton Graduate College, October 14, 1953j Eighteen months 
after Velikovsky made this claim, B.F. Burke and K.L. Franklin of the Carnegie 
Institute announced (on April 5 1955) the chance detection of strong radio 
signals emanating from Jupiter, supposedly a cold body incased in thousands of 
miles of ice.  In 1960 "V. Radhakrishnah of India and J.A.  Roberts of 
Australia, working at California Institute of Technology, established the 
existence of a radiation belt encompassing Jupiter giving 10l4 times as much 
radio energy as the Van Allen belts around the earth~  V. Bargmann and L. 
Motz, Science, 138 (December 21 1962), 1350-2.

"Jupiter- a dark star."

(W in C, "The End''' 373) Jupiter is now considered a star and the sun-Jupiter
system a binary- see G. Kuiper among others. See D. McNally, "Radio Emissions
from the Planet Jupiter," Sci Progress 53 (1965)' 257-62; P. Peeples' "Are the
Interiors of Jupiter and Saturn Hot?"  The Ofigin and Evolution of Atmospheres
and Oceans, ed.  Brancazic and A. Cameron (1964). A.G. Smith "Jupiter, the
Radio-Active Planet,"  American Scientist, 57 (1969), 177-92.

"Part of the ammonia and methane-rich Jovian atmosphere was converted 
into hydrocarbons by means of electrical discharges when it became Venus'
trailing part."

(W in C, "The Gases of Venus" 369) A.T. Wilson apparently followed this 
suggestion, using electrical discharges in a mixture of ammonia and methane.  
He succeeded in creating heavy molecules of hydrocarbons. "Synthesis of 
Macromolecules under Possible Primeval Earth Conditions," Nature, 188 
(December 17, 1960), 1007-8.

MARS

"Mars has been subjected to stress, heating and bubbling activity in 
recent times."

(W in C) "The Planet Mars" 362-5; "The Thermal Balance of Mars," 367-8) In 
July, 1965, Mariner IV photographs revealed a Martian surface heavily 
pock-marked by moon-like craters, and this finding was conflrmed in greater 
detail by the current 1972 Mariner IX probe. See also L.  Rose, ""Could Mars 
Have Been an Inner Planet?" in this issue.

"Mars must have localized areas of strong radioactivity (due to 
interplanetary discharges)"

(W in C, "The Thermal Balance of Mars," ~68.  also, Velikovsky, memorandum to 
the Space Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, March 14, 1967) Hot 
spots were detected on Mars' surface by Mariner IX (1972) and ascribed to 
radioactivity.

"Mars must have changed its orbit and its rotational momentum."

(W in C, "The Planet Mars" 363-5) See for references the theoretical and 
observational support for these claims in L.  Rose, "Could Mars Have Been an
Inner Planet," in this issue.

THE MOON

"The moon has been subjected to heating (or liquefaction) and bubbling
activity in recent times."

(W in C, "The Moon and Its Craters," 360-62. also Velikovsky, "Are the moon's 
Scars Only 3000 Years Old?" New York Times, early city edition, July 21, 1969)  
Lunar rocks were found to have undergone heating and bubbling.  Tiny glassy 
spheres constitute a large portion of the soil.  They are considered to have 
resulted from the evaporation of lunar material, which fell back upon 
condensation. Cf. lunar issue Science (January 13, 1970) with reports of NASA 
scientists concerning Apollo Xl.  As to the recentness of the last heating of 
the lunar surface, see Velikovsky, "When Was the Lunar Surface Last Molten?" 
in this issue.

"The majority of the lunar craters resulted from the collapse of large 
bubbles."

(W in C) "The Moon and its Craters" 360-2) In 1955 Percy Wilkins described two 
score of domes observed by telescope, which he called unburst bubbles. Since 
then many more such formations have been observed. The two theories about the 
origin of the lunar craters- volcanic and meteoric- are more recently giving 
ground to the collapse theory P. Wilkins and P. Moore The Moon (New York; 
1955), 42.

"Evidence of petroleum hydrocarbons will be found on the moon."

(Velikovsky, "Are the Moon's Scars Only 3000 Years Old?'' op. cit.) Evidence 
of organic matter (aromatic hydro- carbons) was found in several samples of 
lunar material returned by the Apollo Xl mission.  See C. Ponnamparuma' et 
al., "Search for Organic Compounds in the Lunar Dust from the Sea of 
Tranquillity," and B. Nagy' et aL, "Organic Compounds in Lunar Samples: 
Pyrolysis Products, Hydrocarbons, Amino Acids, Science 167 (January 30, 1970), 
760-2, 770-3; and P.l Abell, et al., "Indigenous Lunar Methane and Ethane," 
Nature, 226 (April 18' 1970)' 251-2.

"Hydrocarbons on the lunar surface must have been mostly converted to 
carbides."

(Velikovsky, "Are the Moon's Scars Only 3000 Years Old?" op. cit.) Carbide 
rocks were found on the lunar surface. C. Eglington. el. al., Nature 226 
(April 18,1970) 251-2.

"Lunar rocks will reveal remanent magnetism, despite the fact that the
moon itself has an exceedingly weak magnetic field."

(Velikovsky, memorandum to Space Science Board, National Academy of Sciences, 
May 19, 1969; or Velikovsky, "Are the Moon's Scars Only 3000 Years Old?" op. 
cit.)  One of the most puzzling finds of Apollo 11 is the magnetic remanence 
in lunar rocks.  See D.W. Strangway et al., "Magnetic Properties of Lunar 
Samples," R.R. Doell, et al, Magnetic Studies of Lunar Samples," and S.K. 
Runcorn, et al., "Magnetic Properties of Lunar Samples," Science, 167 (January 
1970), 691-3, 695-7, and 697-9. and P. Dyal, et aL, "Apollo Xll Magnetometer: 
Measurement of a Steady Magnetic Field on the Surface of the Moon,"  Science, 
169 (August 21, 1970), 7624. See also Treash, "Remanent Magnetism on the 
Moon," in this issue.

"Moonquakes must be very numerous (not necessarily strong)."

(Velikovsky, "Are the Moon's Scars Only 3000 Years Old?" op. cit.) On November 
20, 1970, NASA reported that equipment left on the moon by Apollo Xll records 
an average of one lunar quake a day, with more severe quakes occurring once a 
month. "Research Reporter,', Chemistry (Octo- ber, 1971), 17.

"Lunar rocks will be found to contain excessive inclusions of argon and 
neon from an extraneous source; on the basis of potassiumargon dating the
age of the moon will be calculated as older than the solar system itsel£

(Velikovsky, statement postmarked July 23 1969-in supplement of New York Times 
arti- cle, op. cit.- mailed to A.W. Burgstahler, professor of chemistry, 
University of Kansas, Laurence, Kansas; and Velikovsky, letter to H.  Hess, 
August 7, 1969).  Very rich inclusions of argon and neon were found in lunar 
rocks.  Based on potassium-argon dating, some of the rocks gave an 
unacceptable age of seven billion years.  At least two Apollo Xll rocks have 
been dated at 20 billion years. Philadelphia Evening Bulletin. January 6, 
1970.) Since smaller particles with proportionally larger surfaces contain 
more argon and neon, it was deduced that these gases were implanted from the 
outside.  Funkhausen, et al, "Gas Analysis of Lunar Surface," and D. Heymann, 
et al., "Inert Gases in Lunar Samples," Science, 167 (January 30, 1970) 561-3, 
555-8. R.H. Manka and F.C. Michel "Lunar Atmosphere As a Source of Argon 40 
and Other Lunar Surface Elements," Science 169 (July 17' 1970), 278-80.

"Localized spots of excessively strong radio- activity exist on the lunar 
surface."

(Velikovsky memorandum to the Space Science Board, National Academy of 
Sciences, "On Radio- activity Hazards on Moon and Mars"; and Velikovsky, New 
York Times, op. cit.) For NASA information concerning Apollo XV, see New York 
Times (August 5, 1971): "Some unusually radioactive 'hot spots' were 
observed." Velikovsky ascribed the origin of localized areas of strong 
radioactivity to interplanetary discharges. the so-called "rayed craters" he 
considered to be loci of such discharges.  Magnetic anomalies also result from 
these discharges.

"A strong thermal gradient toward the sur- face, due to disturbance in 
lunar motion will be found."

("Since the moon was heated and its surface became molten only a few thousand 
years ago, the temperature gradient under the surface crust will show, to some 
depth, a mounting curve." Velikovsky' supplement to memorandum of May 9' 1969, 
to H.H. Hess' Princeton University, July 2, 1969.) Reporting on the Third 
Lunar Science Conference, Houston, January, 1972' Time magazine (January 24' 
1972) referred to the "surprisingly high" gradient-so high that "skeptics 
suggested...instrument malfunction.''

"Thermoluminescence of lunar cores will show a thermal process in 
historical times."

(Velikovsky' New York Times, op. cit.) The report by R. Walker (Washington 
University, St.  Louis) to NASA on TL tests on shallow cores (about six inches 
deep) refers to thermal activity about 10,000 years ago.  Velikovsky suggested 
in his article that the cores should be taken from a depth of three feet, 
where the solar heat of the long lunar day does not penetrate.

THE EARTH

"The Earth has a magnetosphere. It reaches at least as far as the moon."

(Velikovsky memorandum to the United States Nationai Committee for the
International Geophysical Year, December 5, 1956) The magnetosphere was
discovered in 1958 by Van Allen and was thought not to extend far from the
earth.  (After this discovery Velikovsky,s critics claimed he was still wrong,
because he had claimed the magnetosphere reached as far as the moon.) In
November, 1 964, Ness reported that the magnetosphere on the anti-solar side
reaches the moon. In 1965 Mariner IV, on its way toward Mars, detected the
Earth,s magnetosphere at a distance 13 times the radius of the moon,s orbit.
In 1971 the Russian Mars 111 probe proved that it reaches 49 times the
distance of the moon.

"There have been many sudden reversals in the Earth,s magnetic polarity, 
and they were caused by interplanetary discharges."

(W in C) "The Reversed Polarity of the Earth,'' 114-15) See S.K. Runcorn, "The 
Earth's Magnetism'" Scientific American, 193 (September, 1955) 152-4; P.M. 
Blackett, Lectures on Rock Magnetism (Jeruselem, 1956).  It was maintained by 
several authors that the last reversal took place 700,000 years ago. Recently 
a reversal ca.  12,500 years ago was detected.  See, however, the findings of 
the originators of the method (Velikovsky' Forum lecture, October 14, 1953, 
contained in Earth in Upheal~al, 282-3), who worked on Attic and Etruscan 
vases and established the last reversal to be in the Eighth Century before the 
present era. Velikovsky came to identical conclusions in Earth in Upheaval. 
Subsequently, E. Thellier found two Carthaginian vases of the Eighth Century 
B.C.  that were fired when Tunisia was in the southern magnetic hemisphere. 
The cause of the reversals is said not to be known.

"There have been shifts in the direction of the Earth's astronomical axis 
and in the position of the geographical pole.

(W in C, Part 1, Chapter 5; Part ~, Chapter 7.) Upon publication of Worlds in 
Collision it was stressed by the critics that such shifts are unthinkable. But 
"Thomas Gold has come to the conclusion that the earth may have rolled over 
several times during its history: that is, it may have turned over its axis so 
that points formerly near the geographic poles are now near the equator." 
"Wandering Poles," Scientific American, 192 (June, 1955), 52. See also 
"Irregularities in the Earth's Rotation," Sky and Telescope, 17 (April, 1958), 
284-6.

"Changes in the length of the day could have been caused in the past by 
electromagnetic interactions."

(Cf. W in C, 44 386-7; also Velikovsky' "Answer to My Critics" Harpers, June, 
1951) A. Danjon, Director of the Paris Observatory' reported to l'Academie des 
Sciences that after a strong solar flare in 1960 the duration of the day 
suddenly lengthened by 0.85 millisecond, and that thereafter it began to 
decrease by 3.7 microseconds every 24 hours.  Comptes rendues des seances de 
l'Academie des Sciences, 250 (February 22 and April ll, 1960).

"Some of Earth,s petroleum deposits are of recent date and 
extrateIlestrial origin.

(W in C, "Naphtha,', 53-58) Radiocarbon analysis of oil off- and on-shore in 
the Gulf of Mexico has revealed that it was deposited during the last 9000 
years not millions of years ago. P.V.  Smith, "The Occurrence of Hydrocarbons 
in Recent Sediments from the Gulf of Mexico" Science, 116 (October 24, 1952), 
437-9. Ten years later A.T. Wilson claimed an extraterrestrial origin for a11 
the Earth's oil. "Origin of Petroleum and the Composition of the Lunar Maria," 
Nature, 196 (October6, 1962), 11-13; J. Oro and J. Han describe how petroleum 
can be formed through the interaction of comets and planets. "High-Temperature 
Synthesis of Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Methane," Science, 153 (September 16, 
1966), 1393-5.

"The Earth's climate has undergone radical change as recently as the 
Bronze Age. Human settlements will be discovered on the Kolyma or Lena
Rivers flowing into the Arctic Ocean."

(Worlds in Collision, 329) A. P. Okladnikov ("Po Sledam Drevnikh Kultur,, 
["Vestiges of Ancient Culture,'] 1951) discovered settlements on the Kolyma 
River'and Bronze civilization in the Yakutsk region. The ground sur- rounding 
the Kolyma habitations is now permanently &ozen.

"The last (Wisconsin) glacial period ended not 35'000 years ago but much 
later, and a more recent glacial advance occurIed 3,400 years ago."

The first claim was confirmed- Johnson in W.E. Libby, Radiocarbon Dating 
(Chicago, 1952), 105. The second claim was also confirmed. H. Seuss, "U.S. 
Geological Survey Radiocarbon Dates 1," Science, 120 (Sep- tember 24, 1954), 
467-73; and M. Rubin and Suess, "U.S. Geological Survey Radiocarbon Dates 11." 
Science, 121 (April 8, 1955), 481-8.

ANCIENT HISTORY

"Entire civilizations were overthrown by violent catastrophes in the Near 
East during historical times."

("Theses for the Reconstruction of Ancient History," 1946) In a highly 
detailed and technical study analyzing the archaeological evidence from 
practically every excavation from Troy and the Aegean and Egypt to the 
Caucasus and Persia and India, Claude Schaeffer concludes: "Our inquiry has 
demonstrated that these repeated crises [i.e., the violent destruc- tion of 
ancient cities] ...were not caused by the action of man. Far from it, because 
compared with the vastness of these allembracing crises and their profound 
effects, the exploits of conquerors...would appear only insignificant."  One 
of the greatest upheavals, according to Schaeffer, brought an end to the 
Middle Kingdom of Egypt and to Middle Bronze civilization in general.  
Stratigraphie comparee et chronologie de l'Asie Occidentale (London, 1948).

"The Minoan B script writings unearthed on Crete and in the Peloponnesus 
are Greek.

(Forum lecture, Princeton Graduate College, October 14, 1953) In November, 
1953, Michael Ventris made his initial decipherment of Linear B known. Fifty 
of the world's most noted Hellenist scholars previously canvassed by Ventris 
replied unanimously that they did not expect the script to be Greek, nor did 
Ventris himself.  But Ventris proved this script to be an ancient form of the 
Greek language. See J.  Chadwick, The Decipherment of Linear B (New York, 
1958), esp. 67-100.

"Mesoamerican culture is several centuries older than the date assigned 
to it in traditional historical chronology."

G. Kubler vrote: "The Mesoamerican cosmology to which Velikovsky repeatedly
appeals for proof did not originate until about the beginning of our era."
American Journal of Science, 248 (1950). "In December' 1956, the National
Geographic Society announced: "Atomic science has proved the ancient
civilizations of Mexico to be some 1'000 years older than had been believed"
Juergens, "Minds in Chaos," The Velikovsky Affair, ed.  de Grazia, 28 . P.
Drucker' et aL "Radiocarbon Dates from La Venta, Tabasco " Science, 126 (July
12, 1957), 72-3; and Richard S. MacNeish, "The Origins of New World Civiliza-
tion," Scientific American, 211 (November, 1964), 29-37.

Following is an undocumented list of additional claims, most of which have
subsequently been confirmed or cupported by scientific data.  A few of the
items, still unconfirmed, stand as further experimental tests.  The interested
reader can check confirmations by consulting Velikovsky's writings and the
scientific literature.

The behavior of comet tails near the sun is due, not to light pressure, but to 
their electrical charges.

Ice (water) is present in cometary spectra.  

Ammonia and methane are present in cometary spectra.

Comets can attain a mass on the order of planetary masses.

MERCURY

The precession of Mercury is not a relativistic phenomenon, but results from 
that planet's electrical charge and its motion in the sun's magnetic

Mercury has occupied its current orbit only since recent tlmes.

Mercury possesses excess heat (more than it receives from the sun) owing to 
planetary contacts in the past.  This results in its mght side being
unexpectedly warm.

Mercury has an atmosphere of hydrogen.

VENUS

Petroleum fires burn at the terminator and on the night side of Venus,
resulting in a higher temperature on the night side than on the day slde.

The emission spectrum on Venus, night side is due, not to lightnings, but to
the planers heat.

The swifter rotabon of Venus' higher atmosphere results from absorption of
the momentum of the cometary tail the planet once possessed.

Venus possesses a massive atmosphere (more than 100 terrestrial atmospheric
pressures).

Oxygen is present in Venus' lower atmosphere and hydrogen and carbon are
present in the higher atmosphere- a result of petroleum fires.

MARS

Mars, having suffered planetary contacts, has a moon-like surface.

The Martian surface exhibits cracks and fissures.  ¥Some of the Martian
craters resulted from interplanetary discharges.

The Martlan polar caps are carbonaceous.

Mars gives off more heat than it receives.

Mar's atmosphere possesses argon and neon, but no mtrogen.

Earth's argon and neon is partly of extra-terrestrial origln.

Pathogenic microorganisms live on Mars.

MOON

Traces of water exist on the moon

Iron, sulfur, and molecular oxygen (bound in the lunar rocks) exist on the
moon.

JUPITER

Jupiter is an electrically charged lanet.

Jupiter possesses sulfur, iron and gold

Jupiter's red spot is a tornado (Taylor column) over a hole which was the 
place of Venus' birth.

Jupiter's core has a high temperature.

Jupiter possesses organic molecules.

Jupiter,s electrical charge explains why its equator rotates more swiftry than
the rest of the planet.

SATURN

Saturn contains (or consists of) water.

Saturn possesses molecular chlorine.

Saturn emits X-rays and/or cosmic rays.

The Saturnian rings consist of ice.

The Saturnian rings rotate more swiftly than the planet

PLUTO

Pluto's mass is insufficient to produce the observed perturbations in
Neptune's and Uranus' orblts.

Pluto is highly charged

EARTH

Sudden changes in ocean levels have occurred including one change 3500 years
ago.

Cause of pluvial crises and ice formation was the evaporation of oceans.

The salt in the oceans onginated extra-terrestria1ly.

The area covered by the oceans increased after the Deluge.

Tektites (australites) have lain on the ground only 3000-6000 years.

Thee great rifts circling the globe resulted from cosmic forces.

Coal originated from fires and tides on a global scale

Reversal of Earth's magnetic poles, widespread volcanic activity, and 
extinction of species occurred simultaneously in the past.

In the spring of 1971 the radiocarbon laboratory of the British Museum, 
London, performed radiocarbon tests on palm kernels and reeds from 
Tutankhamen's tomb.  The tests dated the samples at 899 before the present 
era.  Velikovsky, in a letter (March 2, 1964) to Dr. Elizabeth K.  Ra1ph of 
the University of Pennsylvania radiocarbon laboratory, suggested that seeds 
and short-living plants- reed, papyrus- from Tutankhamen's tomb should be 
subjected to radiocarbon testing.  He stated that he expected the result to be 
ca. 840 B.C.  The accepted date for the death and entombment of Tutankhamen is 
1350 B.C.  The tomb was not opened until the early 1920's, when it was 
discovered by Carter.