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This article first appeared in:
SIS /Chronology & Catastrophism/ Workshop 1993 No. 1
<http://www.catastrophism.com/cdrom/pubs/journals/workshop/w1993no1/>

Geological Genesis

by

Harold Tresman

/Editor's note: this is a corrected and revised version of the article
published in Workshop 1992:2, with proper references./

*Foreword *

This article was first drafted in 1978, shortly after the
publication of 'The Primordial Light <35light.htm>' (/SIS Review/,
Vol 2 1977). It is not surprising that now, as then, supportive or
complimentary 'scientific' evidence is, to say the least, sparse.
Accordingly, a lateral approach to circumstantial evidence has been
the main tool in assembling the data for these proposals. There have
been many oblique references from the scientific world that all is
not well with their conventional approach, invariably combined with
those observations that unsettled them. Some of these we have used.
Other catastrophist researchers have made important connections in
their publications (indeed SIS itself is the most valuable source)
and where appropriate we have adopted their ideas. As far as is
possible an attribution has been made. However, the writer
apologises for any oversight in acknowledging ideas without reference.

*Introduction *

The Review Article 'The Primordial Light' (/SISR/ VII No.2)
investigated the mythology surrounding the planet Saturn. It was
proposed that such mythology indicates that Earth was once a
satellite of what is now known as Saturn. A catastrophic disruption
of this Saturnian system led to radical changes in the conditions on
Earth. We intend to investigate whether our present knowledge can
uphold our support for such a view of Earth History.

*Part 1 - The Golden Mesozoic Age*

*Thesis*: We propose that Earth was a satellite of Saturn, or more
correctly a body which the ancients identified as Ouranus and which
we shall refer to as proto-Saturn. The present day Saturn is all
that remains of the once larger primary which we orbited as the
closest and innermost satellite [1]. As such, in the same way as our
moon is now in a synchronous rotation and always presents the same
face to the Earth [2], Earth as a satellite of proto-Saturn would
also have been in synchronous rotation. Just as measurements have
shown that the moon is slightly egg-shaped with the small end
towards the Earth [3], the Earth in rotation around proto-Saturn
would also have been slightly pear-shaped with the crustal land mass
concentrated in a bulge turned towards its primary.

At the centre of Pangaea where Earth was closest to proto-Saturn
there was the mythological World Mountain [4], a place of continuous
electrical discharge and activity [5]. The continents would have
formed the one land mass, surrounded on all sides by a large shallow
sea. Observations have shown that most Saturnian moons at present
also show synchronous rotation which means that the same face of the
satellite is always presented to the planet [6].

It is also proposed that proto-Saturn gave out its own light and
heat. At present it radiates two to three times the energy it
receives from the Sun [7] and its internal temperature is estimated
to be in the region of 20,000K [8]. The structure of both the giant
planets, with their preponderance of hydrogen and helium, is
regarded as more like the Sun than the inner planets such as the
Earth [9]. If what we see today is the remnant of its former
condition it must have radiated enough energy to sustain life on
Earth. As the land mass and the shallow seas around it would be
permanently turned towards the primary, there would be no diurnal
variation in light and heat, nor seasonal changes.

As space exploration continues it becomes more and more obvious that
electro-magnetism cannot be ignored. Planets have magnetic fields
and magnetospheres extending millions of miles into space.
Interactions take place between these and the solar winds. In the
case of the Earth at present, because of rotation, such interactions
take the form of a dynamo effect which powers an electrical
discharge process around the Earth, as evidenced by the Aurora [10].
Only a small variation in cosmic flux or sunspot activity leads to a
large disturbance in the lower atmosphere via such electric fields
[11].

Around Saturn, hydrogen extending outside the ring system glows
faintly as it is excited by electromagnetic radiation from the Sun.
The rings themselves lie in an area of low density plasma and are
now thought to be influenced by electromagnetic forces. Ideas that
their complexities are controlled by the gravity of shepherding
moons have failed for lack of evidence [12]. Voyager results show
that lightning discharges across the rings are of the order of
millions of volts, 100,000 times the power of terrestrial lightning
[13].

Within such a sphere of influence, the Earth would have been highly
charged electrically and, because of the polarisation induced
between two charged bodies, the charge would have been largely
concentrated on the surface of the bulging land mass upon which life
was centred. A description of the effects and manifestations is
described by Ziegler [14]. Writers such as Immanuel Velikovsky [15],
Hugh Auchincloss Brown [16], C.E.R. Bruce [17] [18], and Ralph
Juergens [19] have all ventured to suggest that the cosmos is
electromagnetically ordered, not gravitationally, and some have
suggested that gravity is, in effect, only a function of electrical
charges. We postulate that as a result, 'gravity' would have been
greatly reduced on the Earth's charged land mass bulge.

*Evidence*: Palaeomagnetic, fossil and geological evidence all point
to there having been one supercontinent, namely Pangaea, for most of
this period. The land was relatively low lying, with perhaps only
ancient Caledonian, Appalachian and the Ural mountains in the form
of prominences [20]. The individual oceans did not exist but one
large ocean surrounded the one continental mass [21]. Marine
deposits during this era indicate large areas of inland freshwater
shallow seas. The disposition of land and sea during this era is,
therefore, precisely what we have postulated it would be, had Earth
been in orbit around proto-Saturn. We pause to wonder how Pangaea, a
single land-mass, could have been formed if the Earth had been
rotating: this must have been inherently unstable [22].

Glaciations leave characteristic signs upon the landscape and these
have been observed on rocks from the earlier Palaeozoic period and
in abundance during the later Pleistocene but there are no signs of
any glaciation during the Mesozoic itself [23]. Descriptions of
climate during the various periods of the Mesozoic range from mild
to subtropical with an equable, stable weather system.

Warm seas are indicated by a wide distribution of reef-forming
corals, which will only grow in such profusion today in areas of
warm, shallow seas. The land flora consisted of the lower plants,
tree-ferns and conifers. The bulk of the survivors of this type of
vegetation are today confined to the tropics and subtropics [24].
Some primitive trees do show growth rings and Mesozoic belemnites
show indications of seasonal change, but these are very slight
compared to today [25]. The flora and fauna across Pangaea were also
very similar, indicating that conditions were the same all over the
area. All the Palaeotological evidence shows, therefore, that
conditions on Earth during the Mesozoic period are difficult to
explain with Earth's present orbit but do fit the scenarios we have
postulated.

The most obvious characteristic of Mesozoic flora and fauna was the
upper limit of size. Pangaea's forests contained giant lycopods,
horsetails and pteridophytes, trees over 100m in height. Today the
survivors of these primitive groups are mostly small plants; the
tallest fern is only 20m high and height is only achieved by the
conifers and flowering plant trees with specially strengthened
trunks and good root systems [26].

The dinosaurs included the largest terrestrial animals the world has
ever known. Some weighed more than 80 tonnes, as much as 20 large
elephants, but old views that they were slow, clumsy animals have
been superseded by evidence that they were fast, active and probably
warm-blooded [27], [28]. The weight of an animal's body is
proportional to the cube of its linear dimensions but the strength
of its legs is proportional to only the square of their dimensions;
for this reason, larger animals have proportionally shorter and
thicker the limb bones but there is a limit to the possible size of
an animal living under the direct action of gravity [29]. The
dimensions of an elephant's limb bones are approaching the maximum
limits of size which physical forces permit and are already tending
towards disproportionate thickness [30].

Dinosaurs were of such a degree of magnitude heavier than modern
animals that the larger herbivorous sauropods were traditionally
thought of as wallowing permanently in swamps to take the weight off
their feet [31] [32]. However, there is evidence that they were
completely terrestrial [33] and the large, bipedal carnosaurs, such
as Tyrannosaurus, were manifestly built for running with hind limbs
more slender in proportion to their bulk than those of an elephant.
If gravity were less, then animals could be larger and still be
active with relatively more slender limbs than an elephant [34].

The Pterosaurs (flying reptiles), are another case in point. Fossil
specimens with wing spans up to 8m were once regarded to be at the
limit of size for any airborne creature, even given that their bone
structure was lighter and stronger size for size than modern birds.
Then Quetzalcoatlus specimens were found with wing spans up to 15.5m
and pronounced to be beyond the engineering limits for a living
flying machine [35]. Recent considerations of the circulatory
systems of the larger dinosaurs suggest that the normal heart/lung
construction would be insufficient to keep the brain supplied with
oxygenated blood [36].

The problem of explaining away the apparent defiance of physical
laws by so many of the Mesozoic plants and animals is solved easily
by an assumption of lowered gravity. Is it just coincidence that
such forms of life should be abundant at the very period when all
the continental areas were grouped into one land mass ?

*Part 2 - The Cretaceous Catastrophe*

*Proposal*: It is proposed that the stable, warm and reduced
gravitational conditions of the proto-Saturnian/Mesozoic era were
all suddenly altered when proto-Saturn underwent a disruption,
precipitating Earth into its present orbit. Any form of disruption
would produce chemical fall-out and high-energy radiation from the
primary, as is seen today by the large flux of X-rays produced in
the early stages of a supernova outburst, or that detected on Earth
after solar outbursts, and this would have immediate and
catastrophic effects, with drastic effects upon climatic conditions
[37].

Once freed from its synchronous rotation around proto-Saturn the
polarisation of electrical charge would be instantly lost, resulting
in a sudden increase in gravitation over the land mass. This would
mean that none of the life forms over a certain size could survive,
and there would be preferential survival of smaller forms.

The effects of proto-Saturn having been lost, the Earth's rotation
would bring its own forces to bear upon the crust, with the result
that the one-side bulge would disappear and an equatorial bulge
develop instead. The land mass upon the bulge would therefore be
shattered as the radius of curvature of its underlying mantle
increased, causing rifting and thinning. Massive flows of molten
magma would ensue, together with volcanoes and earthquakes. The
shattered plates of what once was Pangaea would be redistributed
under the new rotational forces, to form separated continents. Where
crustal plates or sections of continental mass were forced together,
compression and uplift would result in the rapid formation of high
mountain chains; where there was rifting between plates, trenches
would be formed, for example, the Mariana Trench [38].

In orbit around the Sun and with a tilt and rotation around its own
axis, the Earth would now be subject to diurnal and seasonal
fluctuations in light and heat, leading to the development of
complex climatic variations and the development of polar ice-caps,
and an overall decrease in the mean global temperature. The remnants
of surviving flora and fauna, possibly already undergoing massive
mutation due to radiation effects, would explosively adapt to a
whole range of entire new conditions.

*Observations*

The geological boundary between the Cretaceous and the Tertiary
periods marks a radical change in conditions on Earth. Massive
extinctions of life took place, including entire major groups and an
estimated 70% of total species [39]. The boundary is marked
physically by a world-wide thin layer of clay which chemical
analysis has shown to be considerably enriched in several elements,
notably iridium, over and above the levels normally found on Earth.
The obvious explanation for the presence of the elements is that
they were derived from an extra-terrestrial source [40].

The upheaval of the catastrophe caused widespread elimination of
many species and the decimation of many lifeforms. The apparent
increase in 'gravity' had a disastrous effect on the larger
lifeforms, causing the extinction of many surviving species. On
land, giant trees, and few animals weighing more than about 2,500
kilograms survived [41]. The huge flying reptiles disappeared along
with the early, apparently 'flightless' birds. (The earlier
Archaeopteryx shows adaptations to flight, despite the lack of a
large bony keel to the breast bone for flight muscle attachment
[42]. The keel is a notable development in flying birds after the
Mesozoic period and is a feature which increased gravity would
render necessary.)

The general picture of the breakup of Pangaea is indeed one of
initial shattering in all directions, followed by a longitudinal
rifting and separation of blocks outwards along the Earth's
rotational plane. Wherever continental crustal sections were
separated there was a thinning and rifting of the underlying crust
with outpourings of molten mantle material. After separation from
proto-Saturn, rotation followed about a new pole, the World Mountain
being located in the new equatorial region.

Northern Laurasia separated from southern Gondwanaland and a huge
rift opened up, splitting northwards and then southwards, to form
the Atlantic basin which eventually separated the Americas from the
rest of the land masses. Where the western edges of the Americas
were being thrust against the Pacific crust, massive crumpling of
the continental crustal edges produced the Rockies and the Andes.
Another rift opened up the Indian Ocean, with Greater India moving
north and eventually impinging on Laurasia and throwing up the
Tibetan plateau. An Australian Antarctic block moved southwards.

Later a new rift developed, separating Australia from Antarctica
and, splitting northwards, separated Arabia from Africa and formed
the East African Rift. The later movements of Greater India and
Africa, thrusting against Laurasia, crumpled the trapped continental
crust between them and formed the great Alpine chain of mountains
from the Atlas, through the Alps, Carpathians and Turkey across to
the Himalayas [43]. Associated with the rifted continental margins
are huge basaltic outpourings such as the Ethiopian highlands, the
Deccan plateau in western India and the Columbia River in the
Western USA. These basaltic layers are 10-30m thick and up to a
million cubic kilometres in volume [44]. During the later movements
there were extensive outpourings in Greenland, Scotland, South
America, and Greater India [45].

In the accepted time scale all these movements took place over
millions of years and were initiated at various times during the
Mesozoic. However, some geologists consider that if the crust lies
over a plastic mantle, certain irregularities of the surface should
have settled out more quickly than they appear to have done [46].
This would indicate a shorter time scale than normally accepted, the
major parts of the separation taking place in hours rather than
millions of years; current plate movement is the settlement of this
earlier rapid process as it approaches continental stability.

As to the sequence of rifting events, some fossil evidence poses
problems for the accepted timing. Two species of large sauropod
dinosaur found in both North America and Africa indicate that the
two continents were still connected in the late Jurassic and three
more species of dinosaur from the late Cretaceous appear to connect
South America, Africa, Europe and India [47]. This belies certain
scenarios which suggest that these continental separations occurred
before the end of the Mesozoic.

Earth's new rotation changed its shape from pear-shaped, centred on
the World Mountain, to an oblate spheroid, bulging around the new
equator. One uniformitarian premise questioned by a few is the
constancy of the Earth's dimensions. Hugh Owen of the Natural
History Museum, after work trying to 'reassemble' Pangaea from the
new scattered land masses, has come to the conclusion that an
expanding Earth is indicated [48]. The present continental margins
only fit together on an Earth of present diameter if we assume the
existence of several gaps for which there is no geological evidence.
There is also fossil evidence to back up the theory of an expanding
Earth.

One of the unexplained gaps is the assumption of a huge Tethys Sea
dividing the Eastern side of Pangaea into widely separated African
and Laurasian margins. Yet in the early Mesozoic the land-dwelling
dicynodent reptiles are found with little variations in both
Laurasia and Gondwanaland, indicating no impassable barrier which a
wide sea would form [49]. Just after the Mesozoic one group of
crocodile fossils is found in South America, North Africa and Europe
but not North America, which indicates that they migrated from South
America via Africa and North America. Yet, if the Tethys Sea were as
wide as an Earth of constant dimensions would indicate, it would
have formed a barrier across to Europe [50].

There appears to be too much evidence that the radius of curvature,
at least under the Pangaean land mass, did increase around the time
of the break up of Pangaea; such an increase would itself provide
the initial force for rifting. The subsidence of a land bulge would
also lower the land relative to the sea and there is fossil evidence
of wide incursions of the sea on to the land soon after Pangaea
broke apart [51]. A change of planetary proportions from the
pre-separation pear shape, to the now rotational oblate spheroid, is
in keeping with observations above.

After the break up of Pangaea and the mass extinctions which marked
the end of the Mesozoic, the world became a very different place.
The early part of the succeeding Tertiary period showed considerable
tectonic activity due to the settling of the rifted land masses
which are still observed today. With the opening of the Atlantic,
Indian and Pacific gaps, the newly created deeper ocean waters began
to cool, though these oceans were not as deep and did not cover as
much area as we see today. By the middle of the Tertiary the
youngest mountain ranges were being thrust up where rifted
continental masses had collided.

The predominance of the lower orders of plants was over; the
survivors which still relied on constant warmth and moisture were
confined to what is now the tropics and the conifers were
represented mostly by the pines which are adapted to colder
conditions. The flowering plants had exploded into a vast variety of
new types adapted to a myriad of harsher ecological niches from
tundra to desert, mountain top to plain, and a significant new
group, the grasses, became widespread.

Their type and distribution shows that the climate had become
seasonal - trees showed prominent growth rings and many species
became deciduous - with a marked zoning from tropical to temperate
at higher latitudes. By the late Tertiary, ice-caps were developing
at the poles and by the Pleistocene the world was undergoing
ice-ages [52], [53].

The world's fauna had also undergone a radical change. Smaller
reptiles survived and today largely inhabit the warmer areas.
Surviving birds and mammals expanded into a vast range of new types,
adapted for browsing or grazing upon the new types of plants, or
preying upon each other. The dinosaurs had completely disappeared
leaving the old ecological niches empty, so if the new conditions
developed as slowly as convection-powered continental drift theories
would suggest then the new types of animal should have developed
differently on the different continental blocks. Yet the fossil
record shows that the faunas of all the land masses were extremely
similar, although already diverse, immediately after the extinction
of the previous fauna [54].

There appears to be a case to answer in the idea that whatever
caused the extinctions was also responsible for massive mutations
among the survivors. Only later, in the final stages of separation
of the rifted continents, did the faunas adapt to meet the altered
conditions and become distinct in the different areas.

*Summary*

During the Mesozoic, proto-Saturn (Ouranos) orbited the Sun in what
is now the asteroid belt. It was probably the only body orbiting the
Sun, its immense size locking it into a binary system which
astronomers believe to be the more usual solar system formation.
Earth and other satellites orbited proto-Saturn, which dominated the
skies to the almost complete exclusion of the Sun and other
celestial bodies; in comparison, the Sun was an insignificant body,
proto-Saturn being the main source of heat and light.

The Earth was dominated by the large single super-continent Pangaea,
with the World Mountain at its epicentre, and surrounded by a
fresh-water shallow Sea. Only a non-rotating synchronous orbit, with
the super-continent locked into and facing proto-Saturn, would
account for this stability.

The climate was sub-tropical with high humidity. The synchronous
(syn-, chronous: 'together with Saturn'?) orbit meant constant light
and heat, and hence no variation in temperature. There were no tidal
forces in the large shallow Sea, and hence no sedimentation. There
were no seasons and hence minimal tree rings.

Birds, mammals and our ancestors inhabited the planet during the
Mesozoic and coexisted with the dinosaurs [55]. In much the same
ways as our diversity exists today, cultures varied from the
sophisticated, who lived towards the World Mountain, to the
primitive who lived towards the edges of the super-continent.
Giantism was common in this era of reduced gravitation and size and
bulk were no disadvantage.

The Earth and original satellites of proto-Saturn separated some
15,000-20,000 years ago and the Golden Mesozoic Age came to an end.
Proto-Saturn separated into many parts, to form the gas giants
Neptune and Uranus. Proto-Saturn became Saturn. Some of the smaller
debris became moons of the outer planets and much remained in the
original orbit as the asteroid belt. The events were witnessed by
the peoples of the Earth and became the basis of the ancient
catastrophic mythologies [56], beginning with the Genesis event 'Let
There be Light'. During separation, Earth was saturated with
radiation from proto-Saturn, which caused much mutation and was the
catalyst for new sequences of evolution for many generations. The
same radiation rendered all forms of radiometric dating useless,
causing grossly exaggerated time-scales [57].

Separated from proto-Saturn, planet Earth commenced rotation and the
charge focused on the World Mountain dispersed. The Earth lost its
inherent stability and, with the new centrifugal force, the
super-continent separated and 'drifted', changing the pear-shaped
Earth into its present shape. The dispersion of the charge, together
with piezo-electro effects in the rocks, enabled the separation to
take place in hours, rather than millions of years [58].

The survivors of the catastrophe found themselves in a completely
new environment: lower temperatures, seasons, diurnal variations, a
changed atmosphere and an apparently greater gravitational effect.
This was neither the environment, nor the 'solar' system, in which
life had evolved [59].

The writer acknowledges the assistance and research provided by Jill
Abery, Alasdair Beal and Ian Tresman. It is true to say that without
their encouragement and persistence this article would never have
been published. Acknowledgement is also due to the copious works of
Dwardu Cardona [60], David Talbott [61], Alfred de Grazia [62],
Melvin Cook [63] and many others.

*Notes:*

1. We have been unable to find any references in mythology or
folklore referring to any planetary sized body or moon passing
between the Earth and proto-Saturn.
2. Soderboa and Johnson: 'The Moons of Saturn', /Scientific
American/, June 1982, pp. 73-86.
3. Beatty, O'Leary and Chalkin: /The New Solar System/, Sky
Publishing Corpor-ation, 1981.
4. David N. Talbot: /Saturn: Universal Monarch and Dying God/,
Research Communica-tions Network, 1977.
5. Jerry L. Ziegler: /YHWH,/ Star Publishers, 1977.
6. /The New Solar System/. Op cit.
7. Ibid, p. 119. See also . Patrick Moore: /The Guinness Book of
Astronomy/, 1992.
8. Ibid. p 128.
9. Ingersoll: 'Jupiter and Saturn', /Scientific American/, Dec 1981.
pp. 66-80.
10. S.I.Akasofu: 'The aurora: an electrical discharge process around
the Earth',/ Endeavour/ Vol.2 No.1, 1978.
11. Hale and Croskey: 'An auroral effect on the fair weather
electric field', /Nature/ Vol.278, 15.3.79.
12. Pollack and Cuzzi: 'Rings in the Solar System', /Scientific
American/ , Nov 1981, pp. 79-93.
13. /The Washington Post,/ 31.8.81, reporting Voyager results as
reported by Romig, Jet Propulsion Lab., Pasedena, California.
14. /YHWH,/ Op. cit.
15. I. Velikovsky: /Cosmos without Gravitation/, Scripta Academica
Hierosolymatana, 1946.
16. Hugh Auchincloss Brown: /Cataclysms of the Earth/, Twayne Publ.
Inc., 1967.
17. C.E. Bruce: /A New Approach to Geophysics/, London 1944.
18. C.E. Bruce: /Problems of Atmosphere and Space/, Elsevier, 1965.
19. Ralph Juergens: 'Reconciling Celestial Mechanics', /Pensée/, 1972.
20. Chris Paul: /The Natural History of Fossils/, Weidenfeld and
Nicolson, London, 1980.
21. Steel and Harvey: /The Encyclopaedia of Prehistoric Life,/
Mitchell Beazley, London, 1979.
22. Murphy, Nance: 'Mountain Belts and the Supercontinental cycle',
/Scientific American/, April 1992 v.266 No.4, p. 84,
23. /The Natural History of Fossils/. Op. cit.
24. /The Encyclopaedia of Prehistoric Life./ Op. cit.
25. /The Natural History of Fossils/. Op. cit.
26. Bellamy: /Botanic Man, Hamlyn/, 1978.
27. Charig: /A New Look at Dinosaurs/, Heinemann, 1979.
28. Desmond: /The Hot-Blooded Dinosaurs/.
29. D'Arcy Thompson: /On Growth and Form/, Paperback Edition 1981,
Cambridge University Press, p.22.
30. Ibid.
31. Ibid.
32. Daniel Choy of Columbia University's St Luke's-Roosevelt
Hospital has proposed that the Barosaur, with its 25´ neck, would
have needed eight hearts to provide an adequate blood supply when
standing on its hind legs. A single heart would have reqired a
blood-pressure seven times that of a human, placing it in danger of
a stroke. /Discover/, January 1993.
33. /The Hot-Blooded Dinosaurs/. Op. cit.
34. On Growth and Form. Op. cit.
35. Langston: 'Pterosaurs', /Scientific American/, Feb 1981.
36. /The Guardian/, 28 August 1992, referring to paper published in
/The Lancet/.
37. Russell and Tucker: 'Supernovae and the Extinction of the
Dinosaurs', /Nature/ 19.2.91, Vol.229, pp. 553-4.
38. M J Brendan and N J Damian: 'Mountain Belts and Supercontinent
Cycle', /Scientific American/, April 1992.
39. Surlyk: 'The Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary event', /Nature/
22.5.80, Vol.285, p. 187ff.
40. 'Alvarez Theory Gains Support', /SISW/ 3:3, pp16-17.
41. /The Mass Extinctions of the Late Mesozoic/. Op. cit.
42. Feduccia: /The Age of Birds,/ Harvard University Press, 1980.
43. Steel and Harvey: /The Encyclopaedia of Prehistoric Life/,
Mitchell and Beazley, London, 1979.
44. Mehr: 'Ethiopian flood basalt providence', /Nature/ 16.6.83,
Vol.303, pp577-583.
45. /The Encyclopaedia of Prehistoric Life/. Op. cit.
46. Tindall and Thornhill:/ Rock and mineral guide/, Blandford
Press, 1975.
47. Hallam: 'Continental drift and the Fossil Record', /Scientific
American/, Nov.1972. pp. 56-64.
48. Paul: /The Natural History of Fossils/, Weidenfeld and Nicolson,
London, 1980.
49. /The Encyclopaedia of Prehistoric Life/. Op. cit.
50. Buffetaut, /Nature/, Vol.300, p. 176.
51. Charig: /A New Look at Dinosaurs/, Heinemann, 1979.
52. /The Encyclopaedia of Prehistoric Life,/ Op. cit.
53. /The Natural History of Fossils/, Op. cit.
54. /The Encyclopaedia of Prehistoric Life/, Op. cit.
55. Dale Russell and his colleagues at the Canada Museum of Natural
History believe that the majority of dinosaurs only existed in
outlying areas of Pangaea, which are now North America and Eastern
Asia./ New Scientist/, 25 July 1992.
56. G. de Santillana and H. von Dechend: /Hamlet's Mill/, (London
1979).
57. Richard Milton, /The Facts of Life,/ Fourth Estate, London 1992.
58. The piezo-electric effect is thought to be connected with
earthquake lights and related to the rippling and 'flowing' of rock
during an earthquake.
59. At this point, Earth did not have its Moon, so there were still
no tides or sedimentation. Nor did this planet have the large volume
of oceans, which were also to be acquired later.
60. Dwardu Cardona, see /Kronos/ and the /SIS Review/.
61. David Talbott, /Universal Monarch and Dying Gods,/ unpublished.
62. Alfred de Grazia, in conversations with this author.
63. Melvin Cook, /Prehistory and Earth Models/, Parrish,1966.

*Editor's note*. The author would be most interested to hear from
any member who can provide further evidence to support the
hypothesis outlined in this article.

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