mirrored file at http://SaturnianCosmology.Org/ For complete access to all the files of this collection see http://SaturnianCosmology.org/search.php ========================================================== Astronomical Chronology Since the earliest days of Assyriology, the ancient observations of lunar and solar eclipses, planetary configurations and other celestial phenomena reported on cuneiform tablets have been studied and employed for chronological purposes. In many cases these observations can be dated to the exact day and hour and are thus of the utmost importance for calibrating the various king and ruler lists of Mesopotamia. Ancient Near Eastern Chronologies (all years are BC) Historical events High (Long) Middle Low (Short) Ultra-Low First Dynasty of Akkad ????-???? 2334-2154 ????-???? 2200-2018 Third Dynasty of Ur 2161-2053 2112-2004 2048-1940 2018-1911 First Dynasty of Isin ????-???? 2017-1793 ????-???? 1922-1698 First Dynasty of Babylon 1950-1651 1894-1595 1830-1531 1798-1499 Reign of Hammurabi 1848-1806 1792-1750 1728-1686 1696-1654 Reign of Ammisaduqa 1702-1682 1646-1626 1582-1562 1550-1530 Fall of Babylon 1651 1595 1531 1499 However, the interpretation of these early reports is not always straightforward. Not every obscuration or darkening of the Sun necessarily implies a solar eclipse. In some cases, a darkening of the Sun that was first interpreted as a solar eclipse is now believed to have been caused by a meteorological phenomenon. The ancient Mesopotamian observations also provide useful information on the secular variations in the Moon's orbital motion and the slowing of the Earth's rate of rotation. Of these reports, the chronologically most important are the following: The Nineveh Eclipse Mentioned in an Assyrian limmu (eponym) list, a list of yearly-appointed high officials, as: "Bur-Sagale of Guzana, revolt in the city of Assur. In the month Simanu an eclipse of the Sun took place." The report is assumed to refer to a (total?) solar eclipse seen from Nineveh during the 9th or 10th year of Asurdan III. The identification of this eclipse with that of 15 June 763 BC makes it possible to anchor the list in time, thus providing a very precise chronological baseline of Assyrian history reaching back as far as 910 BC. Cowell (1906) claimed that this eclipse had also been seen by the prophet Amos (Amos 8:9). * Rawlinson, Henry Creswicke, "The Assyrian Canon Verified by the Record of a Solar Eclipse, B.C. 763", The Athenaeum: Journal of Literature, Science and the Fine Arts, nr. 2064, 660-661 [18 May 1867]. * [1]Oppert, Jules, "La chronologie biblique fixée par les éclipses des inscriptions cunéiformes", Revue archéologique, ou recueil de documents et de mémoires relatifs à l'étude des monuments, à la numismatique et à la philologie de l'antiquité et du moyen age, nouv. sér., 18 (1868), 308-328 & [2]379-388 - dates the eclipse to that of 13 June 809 BC. * Smith, George, The Assyrian Eponym Canon; containing Translations of the Documents, and an Account of the Evidence, on the Comparative Chronology of the Assyrian and Jewish Kingdoms, from the Death of Solomon to Nebuchadnezzar (Bagster & Sons Ltd., London, 1875). * [Anon.], "The Nineveh Solar Eclipse of B.C. 763", Nature, 15 (1876), 65. * [3]von Oppolzer, Theodor Ritter, "Über die Sonnenfinsterniss des Schu-king", Monatsberichte der Königlich Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin aus dem Jahre 1880 (Verlag der Kgl. Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin, 1881), pp. 166-185 - briefly discusses the Nineveh eclipse on pp. 184-185. * [4]Sayce, Archibald Henry, "The Assyrian Chronological Canon", in: A.H. Sayce (ed.), Records of the Past, Being English Translations of the Ancient Monuments of Egypt and Western Asia (Samuel Bagster & Sons Ltd., London, 1889), New Series, vol. 2, pp. 110-124. * Millard, Alan R., The Eponyms of the Assyrian Empire, 910-612 B.C. (Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, Helsinki, 1994 [= State Archives of Assyria Studies, nr. 11]) - review in: [5]Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, nr. 297, (1995), 93-94 [T.C. Mitchell]. * [6]Holloway, Steven W., "Biblical Assyria and Other Anxieties in the British Empire", Journal of Religion & Society, 3 (2001) - on the importance of the Eponym List in the early days of Assyriology. Solar Eclipse in the "Religious Chronicle" A total solar eclipse supposedly seen from Babylon and mentioned in the so-called "Religious Chronicle" [= BM 35968 = Sp III, 504]. First identified by L.W. King, who proposed the following translation "On the 26th day of the month Sivan, in the 7th year, the day was turned into night, and fire [was seen] in the midst of heaven". Calculations by Cowell (1905) showed that the solar eclipse of 20 June 1070 BC was only partial for Babylon; the solar eclipse of 31 July 1063 BC could have been total for Babylon. Later calculations by Simon Newcomb suggested that other possible candidates were the solar eclipses of 18 May 1124 BC or 28 June 1117 BC. The text is assumed to refer to the Babylonian king Simbar-Shihu, who is believed to have reigned from 1024 to 1007 BC. Brinkman (1968) & Grayson (1975) doubt whether the text refers to a solar eclipse and suggest that the darkening was caused by a meteorological phenomenon. * [7]Cowell, Philip Herbert, "On the Secular Acceleration of the Moon's Longitude and Node", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 65 (1905), 861-867. * [8]Cowell, Philip Herbert, "An Elementary Explanation of Recent Researches on Ancient Solar Eclipses", The Observatory, 28 (1905), 420-422. * [9]Maunder, Ernest Walter, "The Eclipse of B.C. 1063", The Observatory, 29 (1906), 287-289. * [10]Nevill, E., "On the Early Eclipses", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 67 (1906), 14-17. * King, Leonard William, Chronicles concerning Early Babylonian Kings (Luzac & Co., London, 1907), vol. I, pp. 212-240 & vol. 2, pp. 70-86 & 157-179. * Winckler, Hugo, "???", Orientalistische Literaturzeitung, ?? (1907), 592-???. * [11]Crommelin, A.C.D., "Note on the Ancient Solar Eclipses discussed by Mr. Cowell", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 68 (1907), 18-19. * [12]Fotheringham, John Knight, "The Babylonian Calendar", The Observatory, 32 (1909), 141. * Rowton, Michael B., "Mesopotamian Chronology and the `Era of Menophres' ", Iraq, 8 (1946), 94-110 (*). * Brinkman, John A., A Political History of Post-Kassite Babylonia (???, Rome, 1968 [= Analecta Orientalia, nr. 43), p. 68 [n. 345]. * Grayson, A. Kirk, Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles (J.J. Augustin Publisher, Locust Valley [NY], 1975 [= Texts from Cuneiform Sources, vol. V]), pp. 36-39, 133-138, 285 & plate XXI [= Chronicle 17]. Eclipse of Esar-Haddon and the Eclipse of Susa * [13]Nevill, E., "On the Ancient Eclipses of the Sun", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 66 (1906), 404-420. The Venus Tablets of Ammi-zaduga First published in 1870 by Henry Creswicke Rawlinson and George Smith as tablet 63 ["Tablet of Movements of the Planet Venus and their Influences"] in the third volume of The Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia. Its significance for chronology was first recognised by Franz Xaver Kugler in 1912, when he could identify the "Year of the Golden Throne" with the 8th regal year of Ammi-zaduga, the grandson of the Babylonian king Hammurabi. * Hincks, Edward, "On some Recorded Observations of the Planet Venus in the Seventh Century before Christ", Report of the 30(?)th Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (???, ???, 1860), part II, 35-?? (*). * [14]Hincks, Edward, "On certain Babylonian Observations of the Planet Venus", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 20, (1860), 319-320. * [15]Johnson, Samuel Jenkins, "On a Probable Assyrian Transit of Venus", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 43 (1882), 41-42 - appears to be based on an early and speculative translation from the BM copy of the Venus Tablet of Ammizaduga. * Schiaparelli, Giovanni Virginio, "Osservazioni ed effemeridi Babilonesi sui fenomeni del pianeta Venere scoperte fra le rovine di Ninive, ed oggi conservate nel Museo Britannico" - unpublished paper written in 1904/05 that formed the basis of the following paper and which was first published in: Scritti sulla Storia della Astronomia Antica (???, Bologna, 1926 [reprinted in 1998 by IsIAO/Mimesis, Rome/Milan]), Tomo III [Parte seconda: Scritti inediti], pp. 121-233. * Schiaparelli, Giovanni Virginio, "Venusbeobachtungen und Berechnungen der Babylonier", Das Weltall: Illustrierte Zeitschrift für Astronomie und verwandte Gebiete, 6 (1906), 371-378 & 7 (1907), 17-25 - reprinted as "Osservazioni e calcoli dei Babilonesi sui fenomeni del pianeta Venere" in: Scritti sulla Storia della Astronomia Antica (???, Bologna, 1925 [reprinted in 1997 by IsIAO/Mimesis, Rome/Milan]), Tomo I [Parte prima: Scritti editi], pp. 3-27 - dates the Venus observations to either 868-845 [or 876-853] BC, 812-789 BC or 657-634 [or 665-642] BC. * Virolleaud, Jean Charles Gabriel, "De quelques textes divinatoires: VII. K. 137, Recto. Présages tirés de la planète Dil-bat", Babyloniaca: Études de philologie assyro-babylonienne, 3 (1910), 197-199 & plate X. * [16]Schoch, Carl, "Das Venus-Tablet Ammizaduga", Astronomische Nachrichten, 222 (1924), 27-30 [nr. 5306]. * Schoch, Carl, Ammizaduga (Selbstverlag, Berlin-Steglitz, 1925), 12 pp. * Schoch, Carl, "Die erste Dynastie von Babylon [Eine Korrektur der Broschüre "Ammizaduga"]", Klio: Beiträge zur alten Geschichte, 20 (1925), 107-109. * Langdon, Stephen Herbert, Fotheringham, John Knight & Schoch, Carl, The Venus Tablets of Ammizaduga: A Solution of Babylonian Chronology by Means of the Venus Observations of the First Dynasty (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1928) - reviews in: Orientalistische Literaturzeitung, 32 (1929), 913-926 [O.E. Neugebauer]; Babyloniaca: Études de philologie assyro-babylonienne, 11 (1929/30), 217-218 [Ch.-F. Jean]. * Schaumberger, Johann Baptist Clemens, "Die Chronologie der Hammurabi-Zeit nach neueren Forschungen", Biblica, 10 (1929), 332-362 - with an appendix [pp. 361-362]: "Chronologie der Könige von Ur" - review in: Orientalistische Literaturzeitung, 33 (1930), 622-??? [E. Mahler]. * Ungnad, Arthur, Die Venustafeln und das neunte Jahr Samsuilunas (1741 v.Chr.) (???, Leipzig, 1940 [= Mitteilungen der Altorientalischen Gesellschaft, nr. 13.3]) - reprinted in 1972 by Zeller Verlag (Osnabrück). * van der Waerden, Bartel Leendert, "Plaudereien zur babylonischen Astronomie: I. Die Venusbeobachtungen unter Ammisaduqa", Die Himmelswelt, ?? (1943), Heft 10/12, 1-7 (*). * van der Waerden, Bartel Leendert, "Die Berechnung der ersten und letzten Sichtbarkeit von Mond und Planeten und die Venustafeln des Ammisaduqa", Berichte der Mathematisch-Physikalischer Klasse der Sächsischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 94 (1943), 23-56 (*). * van der Waerden, Bartel Leendert, "On Babylonian Astronomy [I]: The Venus Tablets of Ammisaduqa", Jaarberichten van het Vooraziatisch-Egyptisch Genootschap Ex Oriente Lux, 10 (1945/48), 414-424. * Weir, John D., The Venus Tablets of Ammizaduga (Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut, Istanbul, 1972 [= Publication de l'Institut historique-archaéologique néerlandais de Stamboul, nr. XXIX]) - review in: Orientalistische Literaturzeitung, 72 (1977), 477-480 [J. Oelsner]. * Weir, John D., "The Venus Tablets: A Fresh Approach", Journal for the History of Astronomy, 13 (1982), 23-49 (*). * Gurzadyan, Vahe G., "The Venus Tablet and Refraction", Akkadica: Périodique bimestriel de la Fondation Assyriologique Georges Dossin, 124 (2003), 13-17 ([17]arXiv.org link). The UR III Eclipses A set of lunar eclipses mentioned in the astrological omen series Enûma Anu Enlil (tablets 20 & 21) that appear to be linked to historical events during the Third Dynasty of Ur. The chronological importance of these eclipses was first noted by Morris Jastrow Jr. in Die Religion Babyloniens und Assyriens (Giessen, 1921). Some scholars, however, doubt that they refer to actual historical events. * Schoch, Carl, Die Ur-Finsternis (Eine Hypothese!) (Selbstverlag, Berlin-Steglitz, 31 December 1927]), 2 pp. * Schoch, Carl, Die Chronologie der Dynastie Ur III (Selbstverlag, Berlin-Steglitz, 1928), 1 p. * Schaumberger, Johann Baptist Clemens, "Die Mondfinsternisse der Dritten Dynastie von Ur", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie, 49 (1949), 50-58 (*). * Sollberger, Edmond, "Sur la chronologie des rois d'Ur et quelques problèmes connexes", Archiv für Orientforschung, 17 (1954/56), 10-48 (*). * Schaumberger, Johann Baptist Clemens, "Astronomische Untersuchung der "historischen" Mondfinsternisse in Enûma Anu Enlil", Archiv für Orientforschung, 17 (1954/56), 89-92. * Cornelius, Friedrich, "Die Mondfinsternis von Akkad", in: ??? (ed.), La divination en Mésopotamie ancienne et dans les régions voisines: XIVe Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale (Strasbourg, 2-6 juillet 1965 (Presses Universitaires de France, Paris, 1966 [= Travaux de Centre d'Études Supérieures spécialisé d'Histoire des Religions de Strasbourg]), pp. 125-129. * Huber, Peter J., Sachs, Abraham Joseph, Stol, M., Whiting, Robert M., Leichty, Erle, Walker, Christopher B.F. & van Driel, G., Astronomical Dating of Babylon I and Ur III (Undena Publications, Malibu, 1982 [= Occasional Papers on the Near East, vol. 1, nr. 4]) - reviews in: Orientalistische Literaturzeitung, 83 (1988), 554-558 [J. Oelsner]; Archaeoastronomy: The Journal of the Center for Archaeoastronomy, 7 (1984 [1985]), 136-137 [A.H. Aaboe]. * Huber, Peter J., "Dating by Lunar Eclipse Omens with Speculations on the Birth of Omen Astrology", in: J.L. Berggren & B.R. Goldstein (eds.), From Ancient Omens to Statistical Mechanics: Essays on Exact Sciences presented to Asger Aaboe (University Library, Copenhagen, 1987 [= Acta Historica Scientiarum Naturalium et Medicinalium, nr. 39]), pp. 3-13. * Huber, Peter J., "Astronomical Evidence for the Long and against the Middle and Short Chronologies", in: P.F.K. Åström (ed.), High, Middle or Low? Acts of an International Colloquium on Absolute Chronology held at the University of Gothenburg 20th-22nd August 1987 (Paul Åströms Förlag, Gothenburg, 1987/89 [= Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology and Literature, nrs. 56-57 & 80]), vol. 1, pp. 5-17 [discussion in vol. 3, pp. 19-24]. * Tuman, Vladimir S., "Astrological Omens from Lunar Eclipses as a Source for Babylonian Chronology, Confirms the Long Chronology", in: P.F.K. Åström (ed.), High, Middle or Low? Acts of an International Colloquium on Absolute Chronology held at the University of Gothenburg 20th-22nd August 1987 (Paul Åströms Förlag, Gothenburg, 1987/89 [= Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology and Literature, nrs. 56-57 & 80]), vol. 3, pp. 33 & 197-206. * Steinkeller, P., "The Date of Gudea and his Dynasty", Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 40 (1988), 47-53 (*). * Michel, Cécile & Rocher, P., "La chronologie du IIe millnaire revue l'ombre d'une éclipse de soleil", Jaarberichten van het Vooraziatisch-Egyptisch Genootschap Ex Oriente Lux, 35/36 (1997/2000), 111-126 (*). * Gasche, Hermann, Armstrong, James A., Cole, Steven W. & Gurzadyan, Vahe G., Dating the Fall of Babylon: A Reappraisal of Second-Millennium Chronology (University of Ghent and the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, Ghent, 1998 [= Mesopotamian History and Environment, Series II, Memoir 4]) - review in Archiv für Orientforschung, 46/47 (1999/2000), 287-290 [P.J. Huber] (*). * Gasche, Hermann, Armstrong, James A. & Cole, Steven W., "A Correction to Dating the Fall of Babylon: A Reappraisal of Second-Millennium Chronology (= MHEM 4), Ghent and Chicago, 1998", Akkadica: Périodique bimestriel de la Fondation Assyriologique Georges Dossin, 108 (1998), 1-4. * Koch, Johannes, "Neues von den UR III-Mondeklipsen", Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires (N.A.B.U.) (1998), nr. 132 [pp. 126-129]. * Gurzadyan, Vahe G. & Cole, Steven W., "Ur III Eclipses Revisited", Akkadica: Périodique bimestriel de la Fondation Assyriologique Georges Dossin, 113 (1999), 1-5. * Huber, Peter J., "Astronomical Dating of Ur III and Akkad", Archiv für Orientforschung, 46/47 (1999/2000), 50-79 (*). * Gurzadyan, Vahe G., "Astronomy and the Fall of Babylon", Sky & Telescope, 100 (2000), nr. 1, 40-45 ([18]arXiv.org link). * Hunger, Hermann, "Uses of Enûma Anu Enlil for Chronology", in: J.A. Armstrong & D.A. Warburton (eds.), Just in Time: Proceedings of the International Colloquium on Ancient Near Eastern Chronology (2nd Millennium BC), Ghent 7-9 July 2000 (Fondation Assyriologique George Dossin, Brussels, 2000 [= Akkadica: Périodique bimestriel de la Fondation Assyriologique Georges Dossin, 119/120]), pp. 155-158. * Gurzadyan, Vahe G., "On the Astronomical Records and Babylonian Chronology", in: J.A. Armstrong & D.A. Warburton (eds.), Just in Time: Proceedings of the International Colloquium on Ancient Near Eastern Chronology (2nd Millennium BC), Ghent 7-9 July 2000 (Fondation Assyriologique George Dossin, Brussels, 2000 [= Akkadica: Périodique bimestriel de la Fondation Assyriologique Georges Dossin, 119/120]), pp. 177-186 ([19]arXiv.org link). * Warburton, David A., "Dating the Fall of Babylon Once Again", Akkadica: Périodique bimestriel de la Fondation Assyriologique Georges Dossin, 116 (2000), 1-5. * Michel, Cêcile, "Nouvelles donnes pour la chronologie du IIe millénair", Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires (N.A.B.U.) (2002), ???-??? [nr. ??] (*). The Eclipse of Murshilish I Problematic interpretation of a solar omen, reported in the 10th year of the Hittite king Murshilish II during his campaign against the Azzi in North Anatolia. Initially dated by Schoch and Forrer to 13 March 1335 BC.; later scholars have suggested 24 June 1312 or 13 April 1308 BC. Others have suggested that the omen may refer to a halo or another meteorological phenomenon. * Schoch, Carl, "[Über die Boghazköi-Sonnenfinsternisse]", in: E.O.G. Forrer, Forschungen 2. Band, 1. Heft: Astronomische Festlegung des Soppiluljomas, Morsilis und Amenophis IV (Selbstverlag von Forrer, Berlin, 1926), pp. 5-6 - reviewed in: Isis, 15 (1931), 269 [A. Pogo]. * Friedrich, Johannes, "Zu AO. 25,2", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie, 37 [= NF, 3] (1926), 177-204 (*). * Götze, Albrecht, "Forrer, Forschungen", Orientalistische Literaturzeitung, 30 (1927), 568-570 (*). * Götze, Albrecht, "Zur Chronologie der Hethiterkönige", Kleinasiatische Forschungen, 1 (1930), 115-119 (*). * Forrer, E.O.G., "shakija(kh) = "verfinstern"!", Kleinasiatische Forschungen, 1 (1930), 273-285 (*). * Götze, Albrecht, "Nochmals shakija(kh)", Kleinasiatische Forschungen, 1 (1929), 401-413 (*). * Wente, Edward F. & Van Siclen III, Charles C., "A Chronology of the New Kingdom", in: ??? (ed.), Studies in Honor of George R. Hughes (???, Chicago, 1977 [= Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization, nr. 39]), pp. 217-261 (*). * Boese, Johannes & Wilhelm, Gernot, "Ashshur-dân I, Ninurta-apil-Ekur und die mittelassyrische Chronologie", Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Mörgenlandes, 71 (1979), 19-38. * Wilhelm, Gernot & Boese, Johannes, "Absolute Chronologie und die hethitische Geschichte des 15. und 14. Jahrhunderts v. Chr.", in: P.F.K. Åström (ed.), High, Middle or Low? Acts of an International Colloquium on Absolute Chronology held at the University of Gothenburg 20th-22nd August 1987 (Paul Åströms Förlag, Gothenburg, 1987/89 [= Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology and Literature, nrs. 56-57 & 80]), vol. 1, pp. 74-117 [discussion in vol. 3, pp. 63-67]. * Beckman, Gary, "Hittite Chronology", in: J.A. Armstrong & D.A. Warburton (eds.), Just in Time: Proceedings of the International Colloquium on Ancient Near Eastern Chronology (2nd Millennium BC), Ghent 7-9 July 2000 (Fondation Assyriologique George Dossin, Brussels, 2000 [= Akkadica: Périodique bimestriel de la Fondation Assyriologique Georges Dossin, 119/120]), pp. 19-32. The Ugarit Eclipse A problematic report of a solar eclipse(?) mentioned on a cuneiform tablet (KTU 1.78 = PRU 2.162 = RS 12.061) found in 1948 among the ruins of Ugarit (Ras Shamra, Syria). A possible translation of this enigmatic report is "The day of the Moon of Hiyaru was put to shame: the Sun went in, (with) her gate(keeper), Rashap [Mars?]". First linked by Sawyer & Stephenson (1970) to the solar eclipse of 3 May 1375 BC on the assumption that it had been total as viewed from Ugarit. A later analysis by de Jong & van Soldt (1987/89) re-dated the report to 5 March 1223 BC. More recently, the text has been linked to the solar eclipses of 21 January 1192 BC and 9 May 1012 BC. Other scholars question whether the solar eclipse was total or whether the tablet actually refers to an eclipse at all. * Virolleaud, Jean Charles Gabriel, "Les nouvelles tablettes de Ras Shamra (1948-1949)", Syria, 28 (1951), 22-56 - the supposed eclipse report is nr. III [p. 25] (*). * Schaeffer, Claude Frédéric-Armand & Virolleaud, Jean Charles Gabriel, Le Palais Royale d'Ugarit. II: Textes en cunéiformes alphabétiques des Archives Est, Ouest et Centrales (Imprimerie Nationale Klincksieck, Paris, 1957 [= Publications de la Mission Archéologique Française: Mission de Ras Shamra, nr. 7]), pp. 189-190. * Sawyer, J.F.A. & Stephenson, Francis Richard, "Literary and Astronomical Evidence for a Total Eclipse of the Sun Observed in Ancient Ugarit on 3 May 1375 B.C.", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 33 (1970), 467-489 (*). * Stephenson, Francis Richard, "The Earliest Known Record of a Solar Eclipse", Nature, 228 (1970), 651-652. * Dietrich, Manfried, Loretz, Oswald & Sanmartín, J., "Sonnenfinsternis in Ugarit PRU 2, 162 (= RS 12.61): Das älteste Dokument über ein Totaleklipse", Ugarit-Forschungen: Internationales Jahrbuch für die Altertumskunde Syrien-Palästinas, 6 (1974), 464-465. * de Jong, Teije & van Soldt, Wilfred H., "Redating an Early Solar Eclipse Record (KTU 1.78): Implications for the Ugaritic Calendar and for the Secular Accelerations of the Earth and Moon", Jaarbericht van het Vooraziatisch-Egyptisch Genootschap Ex Oriente Lux, 30 (1987/88), 65-77 (*). * Walker, Christopher B.F., "Eclipse seen at Ancient Ugarit", Nature, 338 (1989), 204-205. * de Jong, Teije & van Soldt, Wilfred H., "The Earliest Known Solar Eclipse Record Redated", Nature, 338 (1989), 238-240. * Mostert, Richard, "Dating of the Ugarit Eclipse", Nature, 341 (1989), 112-113. * Dietrich, Manfried & Loretz, Oswald, Mantik in Ugarit (Ugarit-Verlag, Münster, 1990 [= Abhandlungen zur Literatur Alt-Syrien-Palästinas und Mesopotamiens, nr. 3]), pp. 39-62 & 282-286 ["Astronomische Ueberlegungen zu dem ugaritischen Text ueber Sonne und Mars - KTU 1.78", contribution by W.C. Seitte & H.W. Duerbeck] (*). * Pardee, Dennis, "Not the Earliest Solar Eclipse", Nature, 363 (1993), 406 (*). * Wyatt, Nicolas, Religious Texts from Ugarit, 2nd ed. (Sheffield Academic Press, Sheffield, 2002 [= Biblical Seminar Series, nr. 53]), pp. ??-?? (*). * Dietrich, Manfried & Loretz, Oswald, "Der Untergang von Ugarit am 21. Januar 1192 v.Chr.?: Der astronomisch-hepatoskopische Bericht KTU 1.78 (= RS 12.061)", Ugarit-Forschungen: Internationales Jahrbuch für die Altertumskunde Syrien-Palästinas, 34 (2002), 53-74. * Wagenaar, Jan A., "In the Sixth Month: The Day of the New Moon of Hiyaru. Text and Interpretation of KTU 1.78: A New Proposal", Ugarit-Forschungen: Internationales Jahrbuch für die Altertumskunde Syrien-Palästinas, 34 (2002), 913-919. Other Reports and General Discussions * Hind, John Russell, "Historical Eclipses", Nature, 6 (1872), 151-153 - discusses the Nineveh eclipse (15 June 763 BC), the eclipse of Hezekiah (11 January 689 BC), the eclipse of Thales (28 May 585 BC), the eclipse of Xerxes (17 February 478 BC) and several later eclipses mentioned in classical and medieval sources. * Talbot, Henry Fox, "On an Ancient Eclipse", Transactions of the Society for Biblical Archaeology, 1 (1872), 13-19 & 348-354 (*) - dates a solar eclipse observed during the reign of Assurbanipal to 27 June 661 BC. * Bosanquet, James Whatman, "On the Date of the Fall of Nineveh, and the Beginning of the Reign of Nebuchadnezzar at Babylon, B.C. 581", Transactions of the Society for Biblical Archaeology, 2 (1873), 147-178. * Bosanquet, James Whatman, "Synchronous History of Assyria and Judea", Transactions of the Society for Biblical Archaeology, 3 (1874), 1-82. * Bosanquet, James Whatman, "Chronological Remarks on the History of Esther and Ahasuerus, or `Atossa and Tanu-Axeres", Transactions of the Society for Biblical Archaeology, 5 (1877), 225-292. * Mahler, Eduard, "Zur Chronologie der Babylonier", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und verwandte Gebiete, 1 (1886), 447-??? (*). * [20]Bertin, G., "Babylonian Chronology and History", Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, New Series, 5 (1891), 1-52. * [21]Lynn, William Thynne, "Assyrian Eclipses", The Observatory, 14 (1891), 285-286 - discusses the Nineveh eclipse (15 June 763 BC) and two eclipses during the reigns of Esarhaddon and Assurbanipal (possibly in 699 and 661 BC). * Oppert, Jules, "???", Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale, 1 (1894), 69-73 (*). * Mahler, Eduard, Zur Chronologie der Babylonier: Vergleichungstabellen der babylonischen und christlichen Zeitrechnung von Nabonassar (747 v.Ch.) bis 100 v.Ch. (Staatsdruckerei, Vienna, 1895 [= Denkschriften der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Classe der Kais. Akademie der Wissenschaften, nr. 62]) (*). * Oppert, Jules, "???", Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländische Gesellschaft, 51 (1897), 157-??? (*). * Weissbach, Franz Heinrich, "???", Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländische Gesellschaft, 51 (1897), 661-??? (*). * Weissbach, Franz Heinrich, "Über einige neuere Arbeiten zur babyloninisch-persischen Chronologie", Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländische Gesellschaft, 55 (1901), 195-220 (*). * Schmidt, Orlando P., "Egyptian Chronology verified by an Eclipse observed at Babylon", Biblia, 16 (1903), 74-?? (*). * Laves, K., "New Light from Old Records", Popular Astronomy, 14 (1906), 276-287 (*). * Kugler, Franz Xaver, "Darlegungen und Thesen über altbabylonische Chronologie", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie, 22 (1908), 63-78 (*). * Weissbach, Franz Heinrich, "Zur neo babyloninischen und achämenidischen Chronologie", Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländische Gesellschaft, 62 (1908), 629-??? (*). * Kugler, Franz Xaver, "Chronologisches und Soziales aus der Zeit Lugalanda's und Urukagina's", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie, 25 (1911), 275-280 (*). * Dittrich, Ernst, "Gibt es astronomische Fixpunkte in der älteren babylonischen Chronology?", Orientalistische Literaturzeitung, 15 (1912), 104-107 (*). * Sidersky, D., Étude sur la chronologie assyro-babylonienne (???, Paris, 1916) (*). * Kugler, Franz Xaver, Von Moses bis Paulus: Forschungen zur Geschichte Israels nach biblischen und profangeschichtlichen insbesondere neuen keilschriftlichen Quellen (Aschendorffsche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Münster in Westfalen, 1922). * Mahler, Eduard, "Zur Astronomie und Chronologie der Babylonier", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und verwandte Gebiete, 34 (1922), ???-??? (*). * Weissbach, Franz Heinrich, "Zur assyrisch-babylonischen Chronologie", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie, 36 [= NF, 2] (1925), 55-65 (*). * Meyer, Eduard, Die ältere Chronologie Babyloniens, Assyriens und Aegyptens (???, Stuttgart/Berlin, 1925) - review in: Babyloniaca: Études de philologie assyro-babylonienne, 10 (1927/28), 242-243 [Ch.-F. Jean]. * Weissbach, Franz Heinrich, "Zur neubabylonischen Chronologie", Studia Orientalia, 1 (1925), 359-369. * [22]Schoch, Carl & Neugebauer, Paul Victor, "Zur astronomischen Chronologie", Astronomische Nachrichten, 230 (1927), 57-64 [nr. 5499]. * Neugebauer, Otto E., "Zur Frage der astronomischen Fixierung der babylonischen Chronologie", Orientalistische Literaturzeitung, 32 (1929), 913-921 (*). * Macnaughton, Duncan, A Scheme of Babylonian Chronology (Luzac & Co., London, 1930). * [23]Neugebauer, Paul Victor, "Eine Konjunktion von Mond und Venus aus dem Jahre -418 und die Akzeleration von Sonne und Mond", Astronomische Nachrichten, 244 (1932), 305-308 [nr. 5847]. * Sidersky, D., "Contribution a l'étude de la chronologie néo-babylonienne", Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale, 30 (1933), 57-70 (*). * [24]Fotheringham, John Knight, "Two Babylonian Eclipses", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 95 (1935), 719-723. * Olmstead, Albert T., "Cuneiform Texts and Hellenistic Chronology", Classical Philology, 32 (1937), 1-14 (*). * Sidersky, D., "Nouvelle étude sur la chronologie de la dynastie Hammurapienne", Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale, 37 (1940), 45-54 (*). * Neugebauer, Otto E., "The Chronology of the Hammurabi Age", Journal of the American Oriental Society, 61 (1941), 58-61 (*). * Nougayrol, Jean, Note sur la place des "présages historiques" dans l'extispicine babylonienne (École Pratique des Hautes Études, Melun, 1945 [= Annuaire d'École Pratique des Hautes Études, Section des Sciences Religieuses 1944-1945]). * Goetze, Albrecht, "A New Letter from Ramesses to Khattushilish", Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 1 (1947), 253-265 & 358-??? (*). * van der Meer, Petrus E., The Chronology of Ancient Western Asia and Egypt (E.J. Brill, Leiden, 1947) - revised edition 1955. * Goetze, Albrecht (ed.), "Debat sur la chronologie hammourabienne", in: Compte rendu de la seconde Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, organisée à Paris du 2 au 6 juillet 1951 par le Groupe François Thureau-Dangin (Imprimerie Nationale, Paris, 1951), pp. 35-48 - with contributions by E. Cavaignac, P.É. Dhorme, G. Dossin, A. Falkenstein, H. Frankfort, A. Goetze, G.M.C.A. Goossens, E. Laroche, A. Parrot, ?. Posner, C.F.A. Schaeffer & W. von Soden + edition of a lunar eclipse observation on a Mari tablet [cf. also further contributions on pp. 67-72 by C.J. Gadd, P.É. Dhorme, A. Goetze, G.M.C.A. Goossens, F.R. Kraus & S. Smith and on pp. 101-102 by Kemal Turfan]. * Dossin, Georges, "Lettre du devin Asqudum au roi Zimrimlim au sujet d'une éclipse de lune", Actes de la IIe Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, (???, ???, 1951), pp. 46-?? (*). * Kraus, Fritz Rudolf, "Ungewöhnliche Datierungen aus der Zeit des Königs Rim-Sin von Larsa", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie, 53 (1953), 136-167 (*). * Cornelius, Friedrich, "Die Chronologie des Vorderen Orients im 2. Jahrtausend v. Chr.", Archiv für Orientforschung, 17 (1954/56), 294-309. * Schaumberger, Johann Baptist Clemens, "Die neue Seleukidenliste BM 35663 und die makkabäische Chronologie", Biblica, 35 (1955), 423-435. * Rowton, Michael B., "The Date of Hammurabi", Journal for Near Eastern Studies, 17 (1958), 97-111 (*). * Finkelstein, Jacob J., "???", Publications of the American Philosophical Society, 107 (1963), 461-472 (*). * Sachs, Abraham Joseph, "Absolute Dating from Mesopotamian Records", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 269 (1971), 19-23 (*). * Stephenson, Francis Richard, "Astronomical Verification and Dating of Old Testament References to Solar Eclipses", Palestine Exploration Quarterly, ?? (1975), 107-120 (*). * Rowton, Michael B., "Chronology. II: Ancient Western Asia", in: I.E.S. Edwards, C.J. Gadd & N.G.L. Hammond (eds.), The Cambridge Ancient History, 3rd ed. (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1976), vol. 1, part 1, pp. 193-239 (*). * Sachs, Abraham Joseph, "Achaemenid Royal Names in Babylonian Astronomical Texts", American Journal of Ancient History, 2 (1977), 129-147 (*). * Brinkman, John A., "Chronologies of the Near East 3500-2000 B.C.", in: ??? (ed.), The Sixtieth Anniversary Symposium of the Oriental Institute (The Oriental Institute, Chicago, 1980 [= Annual Report of the Oriental Institute 1979/80]), pp. 55-62 (*). * Jones, Wilbur Devereux, Venus and Sothis: How the Ancient Near East was Rediscovered (Nelson Hall, Chicago, 1982) - a popular account with two chapters on the role of astronomy in calibrating the chronology of the Ancient Near East. * Naaman, Nadav, "Statements of Time-Spans by Babylonian and Assyrian Kings and Mesopotamian Chronology", Iraq, 46 (1984), 115-123 (*). * [25]Brinkman, John A., "BM 36761, the Astronomical Diary for 331 B.C.", Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires (N.A.B.U.) (1987), nr. 63 [p. 34] - LBAT 196 mentions the defeat of Darius III and the triumphal procession of Alexander the Great in Babylon. * Kraus, Rolf, "Note on Modern Computational Errors in Astronomical Dating", in: P.F.K. Åström (ed.), High, Middle or Low? Acts of an International Colloquium on Absolute Chronology held at the University of Gothenburg 20th-22nd August 1987 (Paul Åströms Förlag, Gothenburg, 1987/89 [= Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology and Literature, nrs. 56-57 & 80]), vol. 3, pp. 160-162 [discussion in vol. 3, pp. 61-63]. * [26]Mitchell, Wayne A., "Ancient Astronomical Observations and Near Eastern Chronology", Journal of the Ancient Chronology Forum, 3 (1990), 7-26. * [27]Ben-Menahem, Ari, "Cross-Dating of Biblical History via Singular Astronomical and Geophysical Events over the Ancient Near East", Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, 33 (1992), 175-190. * Tuman, Vladimir S., "An Attempt to Date Text 3 of Enuma Anu Enlil, Tablets 50-51 [Tentative Date December 2, -1878]", Archive for the History of Exact Sciences, 45 (1992), 95-103 (*). * [28]Wallenfels, Ronald, "30 Ajjaru 219 SE = 19 June 93 BCE", Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires (N.A.B.U.) (1992), nr. 46 [pp. 37-??]. * Tuman, Vladimir S., "Astronomical Dating of Observed and Recorded Events in the Astrolabe V R 46", in: H.D. Galter (ed.), Die Rolle der Astronomie in den Kulturen Mesopotamiens: Beiträge zum 3. Grazer Morgenländischen Symposion (23.-27. September 1991) (rm-Druck & Verlagsgesellschaft, Graz, 1993 [= Grazer Morgenländische Studien, nr. 3]), pp. 199-209. * Depuydt, Leo, " "More Valuable than all Gold": Ptolemy's Royal Canon and Babylonian Chronology", Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 47 (1995), 97-?? (*). * de Meis, Salvo & Hunger, Hermann, "Astronomical Dating of "Observed" Events in the Star List V R 46", Archiv für Orientforschung, 42/43 (1996), 208-209 (*). * de Meis, Salvo & Hunger, Hermann, Astronomical Dating of Assyrian and Babylonian Reports (Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente, Rome, 1998 [= Serie orientale Roma, nr. 81]). * Tuman, Vladimir S., "Astrological Omens from Lunar Eclipses as a Source for Babylonian Chronology", in: H. Erkanal, V. Dombaz & A. Uguroglu (eds.), XXXIV. Uluslararasi Assiriyoloji Kongresi, Istanbul, 6-10 Temmuz 1987 (Türk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara, 1998 [= AKDTYK Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayinlari, XXVI. Dizi, Sa. 3]), pp. 609-628. * Banjevic, B., "Some Astronomical Dates in Ancient Egypt and Babylon", in: L.C. Popovic & M. Dacic (eds.), Proceedings of the XII National Conference of Yugoslav Astronomers and International Workshop on the Development of Astronomical Databases, held 19-21 November, 1999 in Belgrade (???, Belgrade, 1999 [= Publications of the Astronomical Observatory of Belgrade, nr. 65]), pp. 153-??? (*). * Yousef, Shahinaz M., "The 1st of April 2470 BC Total Solar Eclipse Seen by the Prophet Ibraheem", Romanian Astronomical Journal, 9 (1999), Supplement, 37-?? (*). * [29]Boiy, Tom, "Dating Methods during the Early Hellenistic Period", Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 52 (2000), 115-121. * Vallat, François, "L'Elam du IIe millénaire et la chronologie courte", in: J.A. Armstrong & D.A. Warburton (eds.), Just in Time: Proceedings of the International Colloquium on Ancient Near Eastern Chronology (2nd Millennium BC), Ghent 7-9 July 2000 (Fondation Assyriologique George Dossin, Brussels, 2000 [= Akkadica: Périodique bimestriel de la Fondation Assyriologique Georges Dossin, 119/120]), pp. 7-17. * Warburton, David A., "Synchronizing the Chronology of Bronze Age Western Asia with Egypt", in: J.A. Armstrong & D.A. Warburton (eds.), Just in Time: Proceedings of the International Colloquium on Ancient Near Eastern Chronology (2nd Millennium BC), Ghent 7-9 July 2000 (Fondation Assyriologique George Dossin, Brussels, 2000 [= Akkadica: Périodique bimestriel de la Fondation Assyriologique Georges Dossin, 119/120]), pp. 33-76. * van Soldt, Wilfred H., "Syrian Chronology in the Old and Early Middle Babylonian Periods", in: J.A. Armstrong & D.A. Warburton (eds.), Just in Time: Proceedings of the International Colloquium on Ancient Near Eastern Chronology (2nd Millennium BC), Ghent 7-9 July 2000 (Fondation Assyriologique George Dossin, Brussels, 2000 [= Akkadica: Périodique bimestriel de la Fondation Assyriologique Georges Dossin, 119/120]), pp. 117-116. * Colbow, Gudrun, "Middle, Low or Ultra-Low?: The State of Research into 2nd Millennium BC Chronology, with Special Reference to Syrian Glyptic Evidence", in: J.A. Armstrong & D.A. Warburton (eds.), Just in Time: Proceedings of the International Colloquium on Ancient Near Eastern Chronology (2nd Millennium BC), Ghent 7-9 July 2000 (Fondation Assyriologique George Dossin, Brussels, 2000 [= Akkadica: Périodique bimestriel de la Fondation Assyriologique Georges Dossin, 119/120]), pp. 117-135. * Veenhof, Klaas R., "Old Assyrian Chronology", in: J.A. Armstrong & D.A. Warburton (eds.), Just in Time: Proceedings of the International Colloquium on Ancient Near Eastern Chronology (2nd Millennium BC), Ghent 7-9 July 2000 (Fondation Assyriologique George Dossin, Brussels, 2000 [= Akkadica: Périodique bimestriel de la Fondation Assyriologique Georges Dossin, 119/120]), pp. 137-150. * Reade, Julian, "Absolute Dates and Assyrian Calendars", in: J.A. Armstrong & D.A. Warburton (eds.), Just in Time: Proceedings of the International Colloquium on Ancient Near Eastern Chronology (2nd Millennium BC), Ghent 7-9 July 2000 (Fondation Assyriologique George Dossin, Brussels, 2000 [= Akkadica: Périodique bimestriel de la Fondation Assyriologique Georges Dossin, 119/120]), pp. 151-153. * Huber, Peter J., "Astronomy and Ancient Chronology", in: J.A. Armstrong & D.A. Warburton (eds.), Just in Time: Proceedings of the International Colloquium on Ancient Near Eastern Chronology (2nd Millennium BC), Ghent 7-9 July 2000 (Fondation Assyriologique George Dossin, Brussels, 2000 [= Akkadica: Périodique bimestriel de la Fondation Assyriologique Georges Dossin, 119/120]), pp. 159-176. * Brown, David R., "Babylonian Observations", in: H. Rickman (ed.), Highlights of Astronomy, Vol. 12, as presented at the XXIVth General Assembly of the IAU 2000 [Manchester, UK, 7-18 August 2000] (Astronomical Society of the Pacific, San Francisco, 2002), pp. 313-316 (*). * Veenhof, Klaas R., The Old Assyrian List of Year Eponyms from Karum Kanish and its Chronological Implications (Türk Tarih Kurumu [Turkish Historical Society], Ankara, 2003). Secular Acceleration of the Lunar Motion and the Lengthening of the Day deduced from Ancient Reports of Lunar and Solar Eclipses * [30]Halley, Edmund, "Emendationes ac Notæ in vetustas Albatênii Observationes Astronomicas, cum restitutione Tabularum Lunisolarium ejusdem Authoris", Philosophical Transactions, giving some Account of the Present Undertakings, Studies, and Labours of the Ingenious, in many Considerable Parts of the World, 17 (1693), 913-921 [nr. 204; published in 1694]. * Halley, Edmund, "Some Account of the Ancient State of the City of Palmyra, with Short Remarks upon the Inscriptions found there", Philosophical Transactions, giving some Account of the Present Undertakings, Studies, and Labours of the Ingenious in many Considerable Parts of the World, 19 (1694), 160-175 [nr. 218; published in 1695]. * [31]Dunthorne, Richard, "A Letter [...] to the Reverend Mr. Richard Mason F.R.S. and Keeper of the Woodwardian Museum at Cambridge, concerning the Acceleration of the Moon", Philosophical Transactions, giving some Account of the Present Undertakings, Studies, and Labours of the Ingenious, in many Considerable Parts of the World, 46 (1749), 162-172 [nr. 492; published in 1750]. * [32]Costard, George, "A Letter from the Rev. Mr. George Costard, Fellow of Wadham-College, Oxford, to Dr. Bevis, concerning the Year of the Eclipse foretold by Thales", Philosophical Transactions, giving some Account of the Present Undertakings, Studies, and Labours of the Ingenious in many Considerable Parts of the World, 48 (1754), 17-26. * [33]Costard, George, "A Letter from the Rev. Mr. George Costard to Dr. Bevis, concerning an Eclipse mention'd by Xenophon", Philosophical Transactions, giving some Account of the Present Undertakings, Studies, and Labours of the Ingenious in many Considerable Parts of the World, 48 (1754), 155-160. * [34]Stukeley, William, "An Account of the Eclipse predicted by Thales", Philosophical Transactions, giving some Account of the Present Undertakings, Studies, and Labours of the Ingenious in many Considerable Parts of the World, 48 (1754), 221-226. * Baily, ?., "On the Solar Eclipse said to have been Predicted by Thales", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 101 (1811), 220-???. * [35]Oltmanns, Jabbo, "Ueber die wahre Epoche der grossen von Herodot erwähnten Sonnenfinsterniss am Flusse Halys", Abhandlungen der mathematischen Klasse der Königlich Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin aus den Jahren 1812-1813 (Realschul-Buchhandlung, Berlin, 1816), pp. 75-94. * Zech, Julius, Astronomische Untersuchungen über die Mondfinsternisse des Almagest (Weidmann, Leipzig, 1851 [= Preisschriften gekrönt und herausgegeben von der Fürstlich Jablonowski'schen Gesellschaft zu Leipzig, nr. 3]). * Zech, Julius, Astronomische Untersuchungen über die wichtigeren Finsternisse, welche von den Schriftstellern des classischen Alterthums erwähnt werden (Hirzel, Leipzig, 1853 [= Preisschriften gekrönt und herausgegeben von der Fürstlich Jablonowski'schen Gesellschaft zu Leipzig, nr. 4]). * Airy, George Biddell, "On the Eclipses of Agathocles, Thales and Xerxes", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 143 (1853), 179-???. * Hincks, Edward, "On the Eclipse of the Sun mentioned in the First Book of Herodotus", Report of the 29(?)th Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (???, ???, 1859), part II, 27-?? (*). * [36]Hansen, ?., "Extract of a Letter [...] on an Ancient Eclipse", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 17 (1857), 55-56 - on a solar eclipse supposed to have occurred during the life of the Roman poet Ennius. * Airy, George Biddell, "On the Eclipse of Agathocles, the Eclipse at Larissa, and the Eclipse of Thales. With an Appendix on the Eclipse at Stiklastad", Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society, 26 (1858), 131-??? [summary in [37]Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 17 (1857), 233-235]. * [38]Airy, George Biddell, "On the Eclipse of Agathocles, the Eclipse at Larissa, and the Eclipse of Thales", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 17 (1857), 243-244. * Airy, George Biddell, "On Oltmann's Calculation of the Eclipse of Thales", Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society, 27 (1859), 31-??. * [39]Hartwig, E., "Berechnung einiger alter Finsternisse mitt Hülfe der Hansenschen Sonnen- und Mondtafeln", Astronomische Nachrichten, 51 (1859), 33-40 [nr. 1203]. * [40]Hartwig, E., "Berechnung der Monfinsternisse des Almagest mittelst der Hansen'schen Sonnen- und-Mondtafeln", Astronomische Nachrichten, 52 (1860), 257-264 [nr. 1241]. * [41]Main, Robert, "Remarks on the Controversy respecting the Secular Acceleration of the Moon's Mean Motion", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 20 (1860), 222-225. * [42]Adams, John Couch, "Reply to Various Objections which have been brought against his Theory of the Secular Acceleration of the Moon's Mean Motion", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 20 (1860), 225-240 & [43]26 (1866), 183-189. * [44]Martin, Thomas-Henri, "Sur quelques predictions d'éclipses mentionées par des auteurs anciens", Revue archéologique, ou recueil de documents et de mémoires relatifs à l'étude des monuments, à la numismatique et à la philologie de l'antiquité et du moyen age, nouv. sér., 9 (1864), 170-199. * [45]Newcomb, Simon, "Researches on the Motion of the Moon: Part I. Reduction and Discussion of Observations of the Moon before 1750", Astronomical and Meteorological Observations made during the Year 1875, at the United States Naval Observatory (Government Printing Office, Washington, 1878), Appendix II, 1-280 - the second part was published in 1912. * Ginzel, Friedrich Karl, "Astronomische Untersuchungen über Finsternisse: I. Abhandlung. Über die zwischen 26 und 103 n.Chr. stattgefundenen Sonnenfinsternisse im Algemeinen und die Finsterniss des Plutarch insbesonders", Sitzungsberichte der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Wien, 85 (1882), II. Abtheilung, 663-747. * von Oppolzer, Theodor Ritter, "Note über eine von Archilochos erwähnte Sonnenfinsterniss", Sitzungsberichte der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Wien, 86 (1882), II. Abtheilung, 790-793. * Schwarz, Bernhard, "Astronomische Untersuchung über eine von Archilochus und eine in einer assyrischen Inschrift erwähnte Sonnenfinsterniss", Sitzungsberichte der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Wien, 87 (1883), II. Abtheilung, 763-776. * Ginzel, Friedrich Karl, "Astronomische Untersuchungen über Finsternisse: II. Abhandlung. Grundlagen aus historischen Sonnenfinsternissen zur Ableitung empirischen Correctionen der Mondbahn", Sitzungsberichte der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Wien, 88 (1883), II. Abtheilung, 629-755. * Ginzel, Friedrich Karl, "Astronomische Untersuchungen über Finsternisse: III. Abhandlung. Ernittlung empirischen Correctionen des Bahn des Mondes", Sitzungsberichte der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Wien, 89 (1884), II. Abtheilung, 491-559. * [46]Newcomb, Simon, "Remarks on the Value of the Secular Acceleration of the Moon's Motion derived from Observations", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 44 (1884), 236-237. * Oppert, Julius, "Die astronomischen Angaben der assyrischen Keilinschriften", Sitzungsberichte der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Wien, 91 (1885), II. Abtheilung, 894-906 - on eclipses mentioned in cuneiform sources. * Mahler, Eduard, "Astronomische Untersuchung über die in der Bibel erwähnte ägyptische Finsterniss", Sitzungsberichte der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Wien, 91 (1885), II. Abtheilung, 987-1001 - interprets the ?th Egyptian Plague (Exodus 10:21) as a solar eclipse which he dates to 13 March 1335 BC. * Mahler, Eduard, "Astronomische Untersuchungen über in hebräischen Schriften erwähnte Finsternisse: I. Theil. Die biblischen Finsternisse", Sitzungsberichte der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Wien, 92 (1885), II. Abtheilung, 939-966 - interprets various Old Testament passages as solar eclipses. * Mahler, Eduard, "Astronomische Untersuchungen über in hebräischen Schriften erwähnte Finsternisse: II. Theil. Die prophetischen Finsternisse", Sitzungsberichte der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Wien, 92 (1885), II. Abtheilung, 1102-1121 - interprets various Old Testament passages as solar eclipses. * [47]Ginzel, Friedrich Karl, "Über einige historische, besonders in altspanischen Geschichtsquellen erwähnte Sonnenfinsternisse", Sitzungsberichte der Königlich Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Jahrgang 1886 (Verlag der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin, 1886), Theil II, pp. 963-981. * [48]Ginzel, Friedrich Karl, "Über einige von persischen und arabischen Schriftstellern erwähnte Sonnen- und Mondfinsternisse", Sitzungsberichte der Königlich Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Jahrgang 1887 (Verlag der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin, 1887), Theil II, pp. 709-714. * [49]Stockwell, John N., "On the Secular and Long-Period Inequalities in the Moon's Motion", The Astronomical Journal, 10 (1890), 25-31 [nr. 220], [50]diagrams & [51]33-40 [nr. 221]. * [52]Stockwell, John N., "On the Great Eclipse at Rome B.C. 187 July 17", The Astronomical Journal, 10 (1890), 85 [nr. 227]. * [53]Stockwell, John N., "On the Rectification of Chronology by means of Ancient Eclipses", The Astronomical Journal, 10 (1891), 185-189 [nr. 240]. * [54]Stockwell, John N., "On the True Date of the Battle of Pydna", The Astronomical Journal, 11 (1891), 5-6 [nr. 241]. * [55]Stockwell, John N., "On Chronology and Eclipses", The Astronomical Journal, 11 (1891), 28-30 [nr. 244]. * [56]Lynn, William Thynne, "Ancient Chronology and Eclipses", The Astronomical Journal, 11 (1891), 43-44 [nr. 246]. * [57]Stockwell, John N., "On Eclipses and Chronology", The Astronomical Journal, 11 (1891), 57-59 [nr. 248]. * [58]Lynn, William Thynne, "Ancient Chronology and Eclipses", The Astronomical Journal, 11 (1891), 82-83 [nr. 251]. * [59]Stockwell, John N., "Supplement to Recent Contributions to Chronology and Eclipses", The Astronomical Journal, 12 (1892), 121-125 [nr. 280]. * [60]Lynn, William Thynne, "Ancient Chronology and Eclipses: A Reply", The Astronomical Journal, 12 (1893), 156 [nr. 284]. * [61]Stockwell, John N., "Chronology and Eclipses", The Astronomical Journal, 13 (1893), 73-74 [nr. 298]. * [62]Lynn, William Thynne, "Ancient Eclipses and Chronology", The Astronomical Journal, 13 (1893), 86-87 [nr. 299]. * [63]Lynn, William Thynne, "The Total Eclipse of A.D. 1030", The Observatory, 18 (1895), 336-337. * [64]Dreyer, J.L.E., "The Eclipse of A.D. 1030", The Observatory, 18 (1895), 363-364. * [65]Stockwell, John N., "Eclipses and Chronology", The Astronomical Journal, 16 (1896), 89-92 [nr. 372]. * [66]Lynn, William Thynne, "Eclipses and Chronology", The Astronomical Journal, 16 (1896), 118 [nr. 375]. * [67]Stockwell, John N., "Eclipses and Chronology: A Reply to Mr. Lynn", The Astronomical Journal, 16 (1896), 175-176 [nr. 380]. * [68]Lynn, William Thynne, "Eclipses and Chronology: A Final Rejoinder", The Astronomical Journal, 17 (1896), 6 [nr. 385]. * [69]Brown, Ernest William, "On the Theoretical Values of the Secular Accelerations in the Lunar Theory", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 57 (1897), 342-349. * [70]Newcomb, Simon, "On the Use of Statements of Ancient Solar Eclipses for Correcting the Elements of the Moon's Motion, with Special Reference to Prof. Ginzel's "Specieller Kanon der Finsternisse" ", Astronomische Nachrichten, 154 (1901), 197-202 [nr. 3682]. * [71]Newcomb, Simon, "On the Eclipse of Agathocles", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 65 (1904), 181-183. * [72]Cowell, Philip Herbert, "On the Secular Accelerations of the Moon's Longitude and Node", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 65 (1905), 861-867 - analysis includes the eclipse of Babylon (1063 BC) and the eponym canon eclipse (763 BC). * [73]Cowell, Philip Herbert, "On the Value of Ancient Solar Eclipses", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 65 (1905), 867-869. * [74]Cowell, Philip Herbert, "On the Secular Acceleration of the Earth's Orbital Motion", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 66 (1905), 3-5. * [75]Cowell, Philip Herbert, "On the Ptolemaic Eclipses of the Moon Recorded in the Almagest", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 66 (1905), 5-7. * [76]Newcomb, Simon, "Note on the Astronomical Value of Ancient Statements of Solar Eclipses", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 66 (1905), 34-35. * [77]Cowell, Philip Herbert, "Reply to Prof. Newcomb's Note", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 66 (1905), 35-36. * [78]Newcomb, Simon, "On Mr. Cowell's Discussions of Ancient Eclipses of the Sun", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 66 (1906), 470-472. * [79]Cowell, Philip Herbert, "On Ancient Eclipses", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 66 (1906), 473-475 & [80]523-541. * [81]Nevill, Edmund Neville Neison, "The Early Eclipses of the Sun and Moon", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 67 (1906), 2-13. * [82]Lynn, William Thynne, "The Eclipse of August 31, 1030", The Observatory, 30 (1907), 64-65. * Cowell, Philip Herbert, "The Position of Agathocles during the Eclipse of B.C. 310 August 15", Nature, 75 (1906), 10-11. * [83]Munck, W.H.S., "Ancient Eclipses", The Observatory, 30 (1907), 135-137. * [84]Cowell, Philip Herbert, "Ancient Eclipses", The Observatory, 30 (1907), 137-138. * [85]Cowell, Philip Herbert, "Ancient Eclipses", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 67 (1907), 508-511. * [86]Cowell, Philip Herbert, "On Ancient Eclipses", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 68 (1907), 109-110. * [87]Fotheringham, John Knight, "Historical data for the Secular Acceleration of the Moon", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 69 (1908), 26-30. * [88]Newcomb, Simon, "Comparison of Ancient Eclipses of the Sun with Modern Elements of the Moon's Motion", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 69 (1909), 460-467. * [89]Fotheringham, John Knight, "Note on Professor Newcomb's Paper on "Comparison of the Ancient Eclipses of the Sun with Modern Elements of the Moon's Motion" ", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 69 (1909), 467-469. * [90]Cowell, Philip Herbert, "On Ancient Eclipses", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 69 (1909), 617-618. * [91]Fotheringham, John Knight, "On the Accuracy of the Alexandrian and Rhodian Eclipse Magnitudes", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 69 (1909), 666-668. * Newcomb, Simon, "Researches on the Motion of the Moon: Part II. The Mean Motion of the Moon and other Astronomical Elements derived from Observations of Eclipses and Occultations extending from the Period of the Babylonians until A.D. 1908", Astronomical Prepared for the Use of the Astronomical Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac, 9 (1912), 1-??? [part I] - the first part was published in 1878. * [92]Fotheringham, John Knight & Longbottom, Gertrude, "The Secular Acceleration of the Moon's Mean Motion as determined from the Occultations in the Almagest", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 75 (1915), 377-394. * [93]Fotheringham, John Knight, "Note on some Results of the New Determination of the Secular Acceleration of the Moon's Mean Motion", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 75 (1915), 395-396. * [94]Fotheringham, John Knight, "The Secular Acceleration of the Sun as determined from Hipparchus' Equinox Observations; with a Note on Ptolemy's False Equinox", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 78 (1915), 406-423. * [95]Jeffreys, Harold, "The Chief Cause of the Lunar Secular Acceleration", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 80 (1920), 309-317. * [96]Fotheringham, John Knight, "Note on the Secular Accelerations of the Sun and Moon as determined from the Ancient Lunar and Solar Eclipses, Occultations, and Equinox Observations", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 80 (1920), 578-581. * [97]Fotheringham, John Knight, "A Solution of Ancient Eclipses of the Sun", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 81 (1920), 104-126 - analysis includes the eclipse of Babylon (1063 BC) and the eponym canon eclipse (763 BC). * [98]Fotheringham, John Knight, "A Neglected Eclipse", The Observatory, 43 (1920), 189-191. * [99]Fotheringham, John Knight, "Two Babylonian Eclipses", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 95 (1935), 719-723.- analysis of the solar eclipse of 26 September 322 BC (tablet Sp. I. 192, Rs. 18) and the lunar eclipse of 9 October 425 BC (tablet CBS 11901). * [100]Curott, David R., "Earth Deceleration from Ancient Solar Eclipses", Astronomical Journal, 71 (1966), 264-269 - analysis includes the eclipse of Babylon (1063 BC) and the eponym canon eclipse (763 BC). * Blanche, Lenis, "l'Éclipse de Thalés et ses problèmes", Revue philosophique, 158 (1968), 184-??? (*). * Hartner, Willy, "Eclipse Periods and Thales' Prediction of a Solar Eclipse: Historic Truth and Modern Myth", Centaurus, 14 (1969), 60-71 (*). * Newton, Robert R., Ancient Astronomical Observations and the Accelerations of the Earth and the Moon (Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore/London, 1970). * Aaboe, Asger, "Remarks on the Theoretical Treatment of Eclipses in Antiquity", Journal for the History of Astronomy, 3 (1972), 105-118 (*). * Newton, Robert R., Medieval Chronicles and the Rotation of the Earth (Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore/London, 1972). * Newton, Robert R., Ancient Planetary Observations and the Validity of Ephemeris Time (Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore/London, 1976). * Stephenson, Francis Richard & Clark, David H., Applications of Early Astronomical Records (Adam Hilger Ltd., Bristol, 1978 [= Monographs on Astronomical Subjects, nr. 4]). * Newton, Robert R., The Moon's Acceleration and its Physical Origins: Vol. I. As deduced from Solar Eclipses (Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore/London, 1979). * Mosshammer, Alden A., "Thales' Eclipse", Transactions of the American Philological Association, 111 (1981), 145-155. * Newton, Robert R., The Moon's Acceleration and its Physical Origins: Vol. II. As deduced from General Lunar Observations (Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore/London, 1984). * de Meis, Salvo & Meeus, Jean, "A propos d'occultations de planètes par la Lune dans des textes babyloniens", l'Astronomie: Revue mensuelle de la Société Astronomique de France, 105 (1991), nr. 6, 1-3. * [101]de Meis, Salvo, "Some Mutual Planetary Occultations", Journal of the British Astronomical Association, 103 (1993), 185-187. * Panchenko, Dmitriy V., "Thales's Prediction of a Solar Eclipse", Journal for the History of Astronomy, 25 (1994), 274-288. * [102]Pang, Kevin D. & Yau, Kevin K., "The Need for more Accurate 4000-Year Ephemerides, based on Lunar and Spacecraft Ranging, Ancient Eclipse and Planetary Data", in: S. Ferraz-Mello, B. Morando & J.-E. Arlot (eds.), Dynamics, Ephemerides and Astrometry of the Solar System: Proceedings of the 172nd Symposium of the International Astronomical Union, held in Paris, France, 3-8 July 1995 (Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht/Boston/London, 1996), pp. 113-116. * Stephenson, Francis Richard, Ancient Solar Eclipses and Earth's Rotation (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1997). * Morrison, Leslie V. & Stephenson, Francis Richard, "Contemporary Geophysics from Babylonian Clay Tablets", Contemporary Physics, 38 (1997), 13-23 (*). * [103]Worthen, Thomas, "Herodotus's Report on Thales' Eclipse", Electronic Antiquity: Communicating the Classics, 3 (1997), nr. 7 - argues that the account of Herodotus may have been a garbled report of a lunar eclipse. * Morrison, Leslie V. & Stephenson, Francis Richard, "The Sands of Time and Tidal Friction", in: P. Brosche, W.R. Dick, O. Schwarz & R. Wielen (eds.), The Message of the Angles, Astrometry from 1798 to 1998: Proceedings of the International Spring Meeting of the Astronomische Gesellschaft, Gotha, May 11-15, 1998, Commemorating the First Meeting of Astronomers at the Seeberg Observatory 200 Years Ago (Verlag Harri Deutsch, Thun/Frankfurt am Main, 1998 [= Acta Historica Astronomiae, vol. 3]), pp. 100-113. * [104]Stephenson, Francis Richard, "Historical Eclipses and Earth's Rotation", Astronomy & Geophysics, 44 (2003), nr. , 22-27. * Steele, John M., "Applied Historical Astronomy: An Historical Perspective", Journal for the History of Astronomy, 35 (2004), 337-355. ______________________________________________________________________ References 1. http://gallica.bnf.fr/document?O=N0203587&E=318