mirrored file at http://SaturnianCosmology.Org/ For complete access to all the files of this collection see http://SaturnianCosmology.org/search.php ========================================================== by C.J. Ransom "In questions of science the author- ity of a thousand is not worth the humble reasoning of a single indivi- dual." Galileo Galilei "Is it not the case that at first a new idea is regarded as not true and later, when accepted, as not being new?" Immanuel Velikovsky Ages in Chaos, ix, 1952. In his writings Velikovsky contends that the solar system was not always stable, nor is it in the same state as that in which it originated; therefore it has a history. The Earth, as a member of this unstable system, has repeatedly been a participant in some discontinuous changes. A central feature of this theory is that these changes have occurred in many geological epochs, as well as several times in the historical past. The agents, external to the Earth, causing these most recent catastrophes can be identified by analysis of ancient scientific and literary writings. Although many of the events reconstructed by Velikovsky in 1950 were then highly controversial, a number of them have been either confirmed or hypothesized in recent years by astronomers, geologists, geneticists and other scientists, without drawing undue criticism. A few of these "original ideas" are briefly surveyed in the following. They are mentioned to show that scientific thought, no longer restricted by an assumption that no changes have occurred in the solar system since very early in its history, is leading investigators to conclusions similar to Velikovsky's, which were deduced from analyzing data available in I950. Velikovsky contended that Venus originated as a protoplanet in a disruption of Jupiter. The origin of comets from Jupiter has been actively investigated by the Russians. In 1960 W. H. McCrea, then president of the Royal Astronomical Society, in an analysis of the nebular theory of the origin of the solar system, calculated that no planets could have originated inside the orbit of Jupiter.l In the same year R. A. Lyttleton claimed that at some time in its history Jupiter became unstable and could relieve this condition only by breaking into two very unequal parts.2 More recently Mamedov has analyzed the orbits of hypothetical comets that originated from Jupiter.3 He also used computer calculations to modify and support Vsekhsvyatskiy's theory3 a of comet origin on or near the surface of Jupiter.4 Hills has recently suggested that the three outermost planets, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto, were displaced into their present orbits by encounters with other planets.5 This is a consequence of his analysis of the solar nebula, which indicates that Jupiter and Saturn were initially the outermost planets to form in the nebula. It was theorized by Yamamoto, and later expanded by Lyttleton, that Pluto was an escaped satellite of Neptune.6 When it was found that Mercury is not fixed with one and the same face toward the sun, Gold concluded that the planet cannot have been in its orbit for more than 400,000 years- possibly less- which is l/lO,OOOth the assumed age of the solar system, and thus dates its arrival during the age of man.7 According to Velikovsky, Venus at one time had an orbit intersecting the orbits of some of the other planets-Mars and Earth in particular. (At present among the planets only Neptune and Pluto have intersecting orbits.) Venus nearly collided with Earth on two occasions and several times with Mars. These near collisions resulted in changes in the orbits of Venus, Mars, and also of Earth. Lyttleton, in The Comets, diagrammed orbital changes of bodies influenced when passing near Jupiter. Velikovsky predicted that the ground surface temperature of Venus would be found to be extremely hot (whereas the accepted value in 1950 was only a few degrees above mean annual temperature of Earth). He reasoned that Venus, vio- lent origin, and also its encounters with other planets, must have generated a large amount of internal heat, and that this heat could not have been completely radiated away, due to the planet,s extreme youth. He explained the observa- tion, known in 1950, that both the day and night sides of Venus, cloud surface have the same temperature, namely 25- C, by maintaining that the planet radiates much more heat than it absorbs from the sun.9 By 1962 there was no doubt that this was the case. This excess heat was not predicted by others and cannot be explained by the current concepts about the origin of the solar system. Since the presence of this excess heat has been confirmed, various authors have tried to explain it by the "greenhouse effect", but it was shown that this is not a viable explanation.l0 One scientist proposed a collision of a hypothetical moon with Venus "an ad hoc theory."l1 Anomalous (retrograde) rotation and angular momentum would not be unlikely as a result of these encounters. In 1967 Goldstein wrote that it is necessary to consider twin anomalies of Venus, rotation: a retrograde direction, and resonance with Earth.12 Later Colombo observed that although Mercury, the moon and several satellites of Jupiter and Saturn have odd angular momenta, the behaviors of Venus and Mars are much more difficult to explain.l3 In addition to the changed angular momentum of Mars (see L. Rose on Mars, orbit in this issue) recent radar studies and Mariner 9 photographs reveal that Mars has other unexpected features. Certain areas of the surface appear to be covered by recent lava flows crossed with wide faults. In Worlds in Collision Veli- kovsky said that any "canals" on Mars were not constructed by intelligent beings, but rather are "...a result of the play of geological forces that answered with rifts and cracks the outer forces acting in collisions.,, (Doubleday edition, p. 364) These external forces could also be effective mountain builders. Although observations before 1962 were used by Slipher to "prove conclusively that there are no high mountains on Mars."14 Recent studies by Goldstein 5 indicate that 13 kilometer variations exist between peak and valley on Mars. Recently released photographs from Mariner IX look down on a "super volcano" six miles high and 310 miles wide. Collisions of the Earth with external bodies resulting in large scale changes of the Earth, or collisions of other bodies within the solar system are no longer considered unlikely. It has been postulated that the unexplained splitting of some comets may be accounted for by collisions between the comets and asteroids.l6 In 1959 Ewing and Worzel of Columbia University found a layer of white ash evenly distributed on the bottom of the oceans and ascribed its deposi- tion to a "fiery end of bodies of cosmic origin." This "cometary collision", they wrote, "could hardly be without some recorded consequences of global extent."l7 In 1965 Urey suggested that a collision of the Earth and an external body (comet) produced violent events which caused rocky materials and water to leave the earth and be captured by the moon.l8 Dachillel9 and Gallant20 have presented calculations concerning axis changes in the Earth resulting from large meteorite collisions. Thomas Gold showed that the terrestrial axis could be rather easily turned into a new direction by the application of a modest external force.2I This change and. its possible effects on climate and tectonic movements are discussed. Hudson Bay and other large areas on the earth are being claimed to have originated in collision with asteroids. The possibility of petroleum being deposited on the earth as a result of encounters of this nature is claimed by Wilson.22 In 1966 Oro and Han23 contended that aromatic hydrocarbons and other hydrocarbons could be produced from the collision of a comet and a planet. P.V. Smith24 has shown that petroleum off-shore and on-shore in the Gulf of Mexico is found in recent sediments and can be carbon dated. This is a surprising result if all petroleum was formed millions of years ago. In Worlds in Collision it is suggested that at least some of the earth,s oil deposits are the result of a recent earth-comet collision.25 Comets are no longer regarded as insubstantial bodies which would cause no harm in case of collision. Whipple has suggested that Pluto was once a comet. In the past the Earth's magnetic field has reversed its polarity a number of times. The geological data for this fact was referred to by Velikovsky in Worlds in Collision (1950) and Earth in Upheaval (1955). He suggested that the cause of this phenomenon was an interplanetary discharge. By 1971 physicists Durrani and Khan26 had similarly suggested as a cause of magnetic reversal an interaction between the Earth and an external body. They claimed that tektites were deposited on portions of the earth at the time of the last accepted reversal. Tektites, according to some authorities,27 may have been the result of an Earth-comet encounter; G. Baker, the leading authority on Australian tektites (australites) maintained that, whatever their age, they lay on the ground no more than 5000 years.29 (Only recently it was claimed that the last magnetic reversal occurred about 700,000 years ago; but even more recently indications were found of a reversal 12,500 years ago,30 and other evidence from paleomagnetic study of ancient pottery31 previously referenced by Velikovsky32 indicates a reversal in the eighth century B.C.) Kennet and Watkins33 have also drawn attention to the correlation between polarity change, widespread faunal extinction, climatic changes, and maxima of volcanic activity. Velikovsky,s original work was ridiculed, ignored, and then, as with all great work, it was copied, and its conclusions were often arrived at "independently" by other investigators without due credit being given to Velikovsky. Noted scientists have recently postulated interplanetary changes and collisions, collisions of the earth with external bodies, and the possibility of the very events, resulting from these collisions, that Velikovsky described in 1950. NOTE: After the Footnote Section there is a contact list for ----- further information on current Velikovskian research. I. W.H. McCrea, Proceedings, Royal Astronomical Society, Ser. A, Vol. 26, May 2. R.A. Lyttleton, Monthly Notices, Royal Astronomical Society, 121, #6 (1960); Man s View of the Universe (Boston, Little, Brown and Co., 1961) 36. 3. M.A. Mamedov, Mathematicheskikh Nauk, #3 (1969), 83-95. 3a. S. K. Vsekhsvyatskiy, Soviet Astronomy, Al 11, # 3 (1967),473. 4. M.A. Mamedov, Dokl Akad Nauk Azerb, SSR Vol. 26, #6 (1970), 15-18; in English (NASA-TT-F-13788) Avail: NTIS CSCL 5. J.G. Hills, "The Origin and Dynamical Evolution of the Solar System," Ph.D. Thesis (Michigan University, Ann Arbor, 1969). 6. Frontiers in Astronomy, intro by O. Gingerich (W.H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco 1970. New York Times (April, 1965). 8 R.A. Lyttleton, The Comets and Their Origin (Cambridge University Press, 1953) 13. 9. 1. Velikovsky Worlds in Collision (Doubleday, 1950), 37i. 10. M H. McElroy, "Venus- A Mystery Still To Unfold," Astronautics and Aeronautics (January, 1971), 19. 11 S.F. Singer, Science, 170 (1970), 1196. 12 R.M. Goldstein, Moon and Planets, ed. A. Dolfus (North-Holland Publishing Co., 1967), 126. 13. G. Colombo, ESRO Planetary Space Missions, Vol. 1: Basic Data on Planets and Satellites (November, 1970),29. 14. E.C. Slipher, Photographic Story of Mars (Sky Publishing Corp., Cambridge, Mass., 1962), 67. 15. Downs, et. aL, Science, 174 (1971) 1324. 16. M. Harwit, Astrophysical Journal, 151 17. Proceedin~s, National AcademY of Science, 45, # 3. 18. H.C. Urey, Science, 147 (1965), 1262-65 . 19. F. Dachille, Nature, 198 (1963), 176. 20. R.L.C. Gallant, Nature, 197 (1963), 38. 21. T. Gold, Nature, 175 (March 26, 1955), 526. Sky and Telescope, (April 1968 22. A.T. Wilson,Nature (October 6 1962 . 23. J. Oro and l. Han, Science, 15 (1966), 1393. 24. P.V. Smith, Science, 116 (October 24, 1952), 437. 25. I. Velikovsky, Worlds in Collision (Doubleday, 1950), 53. 26. S.A. Durrsni and H.A. Khan, Nature, 232 (1971), 320. 27. H.C. Utey Nature 179 (1957),556. 28. R.A. Lyttieton, P;oceedinxs, RoyalAstronomical Society, Series A, Vol. 272 (April 9, 1963), 457. 29. G. Baker, "The Present State of Knowledge of the 'Age-on-Earth' and the 'Age- of-Formation' of Australites," Ceorgia Mineral Newsletter, 15, No. 34 (Winter, 1962), 68; Nature (January 30 1960). 30 Nature, 23i (1971), 441. 31 G. Folgheraiter, Rendi Conti deiLicei (1896, 1889). Archives des sciences physiques et naturellas (Geneva, 1899); Journal de physique (1899); P. L. Mercanton, "La methode de Folgheraiter et son role in geophysique,,, Archives des sciences physiques ct naturellas (1907). 32 1. Velikovsky, Earth in Upheaval (Doubleday, 1955), 146. 33. J .P. Kennet and N .D . Watkins. Nat ure, 227 (1970),930. Dr. C.J. Ransom, a plasma physicist, has taught at the University of Texas. Currently he works in the Electro-optics and Recon- naissance Group of General Dynamics, Con- vair Aerospace Division, Fort Worth, Texas. He teaches a course in Velikovsky theory at Texas Christian University, and has lectured on the subject at other universities in Texas, Switzerland, Germany, and England. reprinted with permission from Pensee journal May 1972 /////90 MINUTE VIDEO DOCUMENTARY\\\\\ Kronia communications has completed a 90 minute video documentary on "Saturn Myth" author Dave Talbot's startling discoveries about destructive perturbations in the planetary arrangement of the solar system. "Remembering the End of the World" give a clear insight into the very different world that ancient peoples inhabited and told about in their myths and art. The video is profusely illustrated with computer animation and a beautiful gallery of archaeological photos and ancient art. ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Direct inquiries about ordering to our toll free number 1-800-230-9347 Internet: http://www.kronia.com/~kronia email: inquiries at kronia.com ----------------------------------------------------------------------- ///// CONTEMPORARY VELIKOVSKIAN SCHOLARSHIP \\\\\ On Nov. 26, 1994, Portland, Oregon hosted an international symposium on ancient myth and modern astronomy dedicated to the pioneering work of Immanuel Velikovsky, author of "Worlds In Collision". Over 20 researchers spoke on the need for a reinterpretation of the archaeological, astronomical, geological and anthropological records in light of growing evidence that The Earth's recent history witnessed catastrophic encounters with a number of planetary and comet-like bodies. Kronia Communications is making the proceedings of that symposium available both on audio cassette and as ASCII text 3 1/2" diskettes. We also have a collection of representative text files from the pages of historic and ongoing Velikovskian journals including Pensee, Kronos, The Velikovskian, AEON, SIS Review and Catastrophe & Ancient History. A partial list of the contributors and their bios is below. Prices are as follows: 20 Cassette set of audio tapes from the International Symposium: "VELIKOVSKY- ANCIENT MYTH AND MODERN ASTRONOMY" $60.00 PROCEEDINGS on 3 1/2" IBM floppy- ASCII text, no illustrations $10.00 30 + ARTICLES from the above journals on floppy $10.00 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- KRONIA, box 403, Beaverton, Or 97008 email: walter at teleport.com ----------------------------------------------------------------------- ///////\\\\\\\ AEON is a journal of science devoted to the collection and exploration of archaeo-astronomical traditions and analysis of common patterns in ancient myths from around the world. Topics include: Reconstruction of standard archaeological dating systems Evidence for cataclysmic evolution and extinction Common elements in the myths of the planets, the Deluge and comet-like dieties associated with quakes, volcanos, tempests conflagrations, ice ages, plagues, mass destruction and migration in Egypt, India, Assyria, Akkadia, Chaldea, Medea, Minoa, Sumeria, Judea, Greece, Rome, Babylon, Persia, China, S.E. Asia, the Pacific, Scandanavia, the Americas and among contemporary native peoples. Please send all manuscripts and inquiries to: ----------------------------------------------------------------------- AEON, 601 Hayward St., Ames, IA, 50014. email: ev at eai.com ----------------------------------------------------------------------- ///////\\\\\\\ THE VELIKOVSKIAN is a journal devoted to Myth, History and Science. Topics have included: origin of the Moon, ice core dating evidence, the suppression of science, the nature of Venus' heat, gravity and electrical properties in space, ancient maps, "dark matter", calendar dating, planetary magnetic fields, the dating of ancient ruins, etc. ----------------------------------------------------------------------- THE VELIKOVSKIAN, 65-35 108TH St., Ste D15, Forrest Hills, NY 11375 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- ///////\\\\\\\ SIS- THE SOCIETY FOR INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDY REVIEW is a journal about chronology and catastrophism- the evidence for catastrophic events in archaeology, history, anthropology, and evolution. Other topics include: celestial mechanics, myth and tradition, historic dating, erratic events in the Solar System, meteors, ancient planetary dieties, problems and new interpretations in Greek, Persian, Hebraic, Egyptian, Babylonian history, etc. ----------------------------------------------------------------------- SIS REVIEW, 10 Witley Green, Darley Heights, Stopsley LU2 8TR, Bedfordshire,England ----------------------------------------------------------------------- ///////\\\\\\\ SCIENCE FRONTIERS- William Corliss' bimonthly collection of digests of scientific anomalies in the current literature. Hundreds of short abstracts in many areas including: Archaeology, Astronomy, Biology, Geology, Geophysics, Psychology, Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics and Esoterica ----------------------------------------------------------------------- THE SOURCEBOOK PROJECT, P. O. Box 107, Glen Arm, MD 21057 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- ///////\\\\\\\ Speaker Biographies - International Symposium "VELIIKOVSKY- ANCIENT MYTH AND MODERN SCIENCE" DWARDU CARDONA- Electrical engineer, founder Canadian Society of Interdisciplinary Studies, senior editor of AEON. Researcher and prolific writer on comparative mythology having published over 100 articles in various journals. VICTOR CLUBE- Dean of the astrophysics department at Oxford University, England. Co-author of two books, "Cosmic Serpent" and "Cosmic Winter", claiming that major cometary disasters have occurred within historic times, devastating early civilizations. His current work is aimed at alerting government agencies to such perils as comet Shoemaker/Levy and encouraging governments to mobilize the technologies necessary to identify potential cometary intruders and to provide terrestrial defenses against them. EV COCHRANE- Associate Editor Kronos; executive editor and publisher AEON; published many articles in Kronos and AEON from comparative mythology, to planet/comet catastrophism and biological evolution; currently finishing major work: "The Many Faces of Venus". VINE DELORIA- An American Indian activist, lawyer, historian, educator author screen writer and consultant. He is author of "Custer Died For Your Sins", "God Is Red", "Indians of The Pacific Northwest", "The Nations Within", and 10 other books on native peoples issues. He has served on the editorial boards of the American Historical Society, the National Geographic Society, the American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, the Journal of International and Comparative Law, and over 15 other publications. He has over 5 honorary degrees, has authored 8 special government reports on Indian affairs., and has over 100 periodical articles including articles in Pensee and Kronos. ROBERT DRISCOLL- Graduated Caltech (physics) and Case Tech (mechanical engineering) (cum laude); author "Unified Theory of Ether, Field and Matter", 1964; member American Physical Society and his articles on physics have appeared in The Bulletin of the American Physical Society, Hadronic Journal, Physics Essays, AEON, author of numerous journal articles. CHARLES GINENTHAL- Editor-in-Chief, The Velikovskian;; contributor to Kronos, AEON, Meta Research Bulletin; author: "Carl Sagan and Immanuel Velikovsky" and "The Continuing Velikovsky Affair: The Second Generation". Charles is also working on a cosmology invoking electromagnetism as a counterforce to gravity in interplanetary and interstellar space. ROBERT GRUBAUGH- Structural Dynamicist 1967-1990 at TRW Ballistic Missiles Division, San Bernardino CA, Section Chief, Department Manager, Senior Staff Engineer- Analyzed trajectories in relation to stipulated orbital conditions; inventor of a rotational shock measuring device, now being used by the Japanese for earthquake measuring. RICHARD HEINBERG- Velikovsky's personal assistant and editor of his unpublished manuscripts. Heinberg's popular book, "Memories & Visions of Paradise" was hailed by Jean Houston (noted authority on the great religions) as "...a new classic in the study of the world's psyche." He is also the author of two other books and numerous articles on mythology, anthropology, and ecology. GUNNAR HEINSOHN- Masters Sociology 1971, Doctorate Social Sciences 1973, Doctorate Economics 1982, Freie Universitat, Berlin; tenured Professor, University of Bremen 1984. Author of over 15 books and 300 articles since 1969 in the fields of history, economics, theory and chronology of civilization, the separation of modern man from Neanderthal, Bronze Age Mesopotamian civilization, Greek city state economics, origins of Jewish monotheism, recontructions and revisions of Mesopotamian, Egyptian, Akhaemenid and Indus-Valley civilizations, the European witch hunts, and the 20th century Jewish Holocaust. EARL MILTON- BS 1956, MS inorganic chemistry 1958, doctorate gas phase spectroscopy University of Lethbridge, Montreal; staff University of Saskatchewan, photometrics of the aurora borealis; founding faculty member and head Centennial University at Lethbridge where he engaged in laboratory research on the aurora and stellar spectra and developed an all-electric theory governing cosmic and terrestrial events; currently completing manuscripts on astro-catastrophism including collaboration on an Encyclopedia of Quantavolution and Catastrophes; editor of "Recollections of a Fallen Sky, Velikovsky and Cultural Amnesia" and co-author of "Solaria Binaria: Origins and History of the Solar System" WILLIAM MULLEN- Recognized as one of the world's leading classicists, Dr. Mullen is currently Professor of Classics at Bard College. Undergraduate study- Harvard, Magna cum Laude, Phi Beta Kappa, and Bowdoin prize for best undergraduate essay; Ph.D. University of Texas at Austin; Assistant Professor of Classics, University of California, Berkeley. Dr. Mullen is the author of "Choreia; Pindar, and Dance" (Princeton University Press, 1982), and articles on "Dithyramb" and "Choral Dancing," in the "INTERNATIONAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF DANCE," in addition to many other articles and published works. DONALD PATTEN- B.A. and M.A. degrees in geography from the University of Washington. Author of The Biblical Flood and the Ice Epoch (1966), The Long Day of Joshua and Six Other Catastrophes (1973), and Catastrophism and the Old Testament (1987). He is also a principal in the production of two videos, "Cataclysm From Space 2800 B.C." and "The Discovery of Noah's Ark." LYNN E. ROSE- Professor of philosophy, State University of New York at Buffalo; B.A. cum laude, Ohio State University, 1955, in ancient history and Classical Languages (Greek), Phi Beta Kappa; .M.A. in Philosophy, Ohio State University, 1957; Ph.D. in Philosophy, University of Pennsylvania, Author of over a half-dozen books on Classics and several dozen journal articles. DAVID TALBOTT- Founder and publisher of Pensee magazine's ten-issue series, "Immanuel Velikovsky Reconsidered," which helped to spark international interest in Velikovsky's work in the mid seventies. Author of "The Saturn Myth" (Doubleday, 1980), and founder of the journal AEON: A Symposium on Myth and Science. WALLACE THORNHILL- computer systems engineer with IBM and the Australian Government; postgraduate Astrophysics studies at Queen Mary College, University of London; papers on Venus and the origin of chondritic meteorites have been published in the UK Society for Interdisciplinary Studies (SIS) Review and the Proceedings of the National Australian Convention of Amateur Astronomers; Past committee member of SIS. ROGER W. WESCOTT- B.A. Princeton, (linguistics, summa cum laude); Ph.D. Princeton, linguistics 1948; Rhodes Scholar; anthropological field work in Nigeria; director African Language Program, Michigan State University.; Author of over 40 books and 400 articles; listed in Who's Who; Professor of Linguistics in the Humanities Division of the Graduate School and Professor of Anthropology in the Social Science Division of the College of Liberal Arts at Drew University in Madison, New Jersey; first holder of The Endowed Chair of Excellence in Humanities at the University of Tennessee.; current President of the International Society for the Comparative Study of Civilizations. SAMUEL WINDSOR- Windsor is a mechanical engineer previously employed by Boeing and by the Department of the Navy in building nuclear submarines. Currently working as a naval architect and marine engineer. His essays have appeared in the journals Catastrophism and Ancient History and AEON. TOM VAN FLANDERN- Phd 1969 Yale, celestial mechanics; former director U. S. Naval Observatory, Celestial Mechanics Branch; teacher of astronomy and consultant to the Jet Propulsion Laboratory; frequent contributor to scholarly technical journals and astronomy magazines. Author- "Dark Matter, Missing Planets, & New Comets". DUANE VORHEES- Doctorate in American Culture Studies from Bowling Green State University. His dissertation was "A Cultural and Intellectual Biography of Immanuel Velikovsky." Dr. Vorhees is currently with the University of Maryland, Asia Division, teaching American History, literature and related courses. He is the author of numerous articles in Kronos and AEON. IRVING WOLFE- B.A. English and Philosophy 1956, M.A. English 1958, doctorate Drama 1970 McGill University, Montreal; Professor of Drama, McGill University 1978 to present; author of over 25 articles and 50 papers on Velikovsky and the role of global catastrophe in the shaping of ancient and contemporary dramatic themes, in the formation of cultural amnesia, in the creation of world religions and other forms of collective behavior; frequent lecturer and consultant outside the university. NANCY OWEN- B.S Michegan State University, M.E. University of Texas; author "Astronomical Events on the Dates of the Dresden Codex" and "Archeoastronomy in Pre-Columbian America", contributed papers to Sobretiro de: Estudios de Cultura Maya Vol VIII, SIS Review, , Il Coloquio Internacional de Mayistas, ESOP, Memorias del Primera Coloqueo Internacional de Mayistas; presented papers at the Museum of Natural History, NY, AAAS- Mexico City. ERIC MILLER- Poet, playwright, writer; former Trustee of Island Campus (Pacific Institute for Advanced Studies); correspondent with and performed research for I. Velikovsky; author of "Passion for Murder: The Homicidal Deeds of Dr. Sigmund Freud" (1985 New Directions), "Venus Worship In Ancient China" (manuscript), "The Errors of Einstein" (manuscript). CHARLES RASPIL- B.A. Political Science. 1967, City College of NY; currently working as a Fair Hearing representative for the City of New York; published in Horus, The Velikovskian, Proceedings of the International Forum on New Science.