http://SaturnianCosmology.Org/ mirrored file For complete access to all the files of this collection see http://SaturnianCosmology.org/search.php ========================================================== History of Sumer The *history of Sumer Sumer *Sumer* was a civilization and a historical region located in Southern Iraq , known as the Cradle of civilization. It lasted from the first settlement of Eridu in the Ubaid period through the Uruk period and the Dynastic periods until the rise of Babylon in the early 2nd millennium BC.... *, taken to include the prehistoric Ubaid Ubaid period The tell of *Ubaid* near Ur in southern Iraq has given its name to the prehistoric Pottery Neolithic to Chalcolithic culture, which represents the earliest settlement on the alluvial plain of southern Mesopotamia.... and Uruk Uruk period The *Uruk period* existed from the protohistory Chalcolithic to Early Bronze Age period in the history of Mesopotamia, following the Ubaid period and succeeded by the Jemdet Nasr period.... periods, spans the 5th to 3rd millennia BC, ending with the downfall of the Third Dynasty of Ur Third Dynasty of Ur The *Third Dynasty of Ur* refers simultaneously to a 21st century BC to 20th century BC century BC Sumerian ruling dynasty based in the city of Ur and a short-lived territorial-political state that some historians regard as a nascent empire.... around 2004 BC, followed by a transition period of Amorite Amorite *Amorite* refers to a Semitic language people who occupied the country west of the Euphrates from the second half of the 3rd millennium BC. The term *Amurru* refers to them, as well as to their principal deity.... states before the rise of Babylonia Babylonia *Babylonia* was a state in Lower Mesopotamia , Babylon as its franklin. Babylonia emerged when Hammurabi created an empire out of the territories of the former kingdoms of Sumer and Akkad.... in the 18th century BC. The first settlement in southern Mesopotamia Mesopotamia *Mesopotamia* is the area of the Tigris-Euphrates river system, along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, largely corresponding to modern Iraq, as well as some parts of northeastern Syria, some parts of southeastern Turkey, and some parts of the Khuzestan Province of southwestern Iran.... was Eridu Eridu *Eridu* , from the Sumerian for 'mighty place', is modern *Tell Abu Shahrain*, Iraq. Eridu was the earliest city in southern Mesopotamia, founded c 5400 BCE.... . The Sumerians claimed that their civilization had been brought, fully formed, to the city City A *city* is an urban area with a high population density and a particular administrative, legal, or historical status.Large industrialized cities generally have advanced systems for sanitation, utilities, land usage, house, and transportation and more.... of Eridu by their god Enki Enki *Enki* was a deity in Mesopotamian mythology, later known as *Ea* in Babylonian mythology. He was originally chief god of the city of Eridu, but later the influence of his cult spread throughout Mesopotamia and also to Hittite and Hurrian areas.... or by his advisor (or Abgallu from /ab/=water, /gal/=big, /lu/=man), Adapa U-an Adapa *Adapa* or *Adamu son of Ea* was a Sumerian and Babylonian mythical figure who accidentally rejected the gift of immortality. The story is first attested in the Kassites period .... (the Oannes of Berossus Berossus *Berossus* was a Hellenistic civilization-era Babylonian writer and Babylonian astronomy who was active at the beginning of the 3rd century BC.... ). <#encyclopedia> Discussion Ask a question about '*History of Sumer*' Start a new discussion about '*History of Sumer*' Answer questions from other users Full Discussion Forum Encyclopedia The *history of Sumer Sumer *Sumer* was a civilization and a historical region located in Southern Iraq , known as the Cradle of civilization. It lasted from the first settlement of Eridu in the Ubaid period through the Uruk period and the Dynastic periods until the rise of Babylon in the early 2nd millennium BC.... *, taken to include the prehistoric Ubaid Ubaid period The tell of *Ubaid* near Ur in southern Iraq has given its name to the prehistoric Pottery Neolithic to Chalcolithic culture, which represents the earliest settlement on the alluvial plain of southern Mesopotamia.... and Uruk Uruk period The *Uruk period* existed from the protohistory Chalcolithic to Early Bronze Age period in the history of Mesopotamia, following the Ubaid period and succeeded by the Jemdet Nasr period.... periods, spans the 5th to 3rd millennia BC, ending with the downfall of the Third Dynasty of Ur Third Dynasty of Ur The *Third Dynasty of Ur* refers simultaneously to a 21st century BC to 20th century BC century BC Sumerian ruling dynasty based in the city of Ur and a short-lived territorial-political state that some historians regard as a nascent empire.... around 2004 BC, followed by a transition period of Amorite Amorite *Amorite* refers to a Semitic language people who occupied the country west of the Euphrates from the second half of the 3rd millennium BC. The term *Amurru* refers to them, as well as to their principal deity.... states before the rise of Babylonia Babylonia *Babylonia* was a state in Lower Mesopotamia , Babylon as its franklin. Babylonia emerged when Hammurabi created an empire out of the territories of the former kingdoms of Sumer and Akkad.... in the 18th century BC. The first settlement in southern Mesopotamia Mesopotamia *Mesopotamia* is the area of the Tigris-Euphrates river system, along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, largely corresponding to modern Iraq, as well as some parts of northeastern Syria, some parts of southeastern Turkey, and some parts of the Khuzestan Province of southwestern Iran.... was Eridu Eridu *Eridu* , from the Sumerian for 'mighty place', is modern *Tell Abu Shahrain*, Iraq. Eridu was the earliest city in southern Mesopotamia, founded c 5400 BCE.... . The Sumerians claimed that their civilization had been brought, fully formed, to the city City A *city* is an urban area with a high population density and a particular administrative, legal, or historical status.Large industrialized cities generally have advanced systems for sanitation, utilities, land usage, house, and transportation and more.... of Eridu by their god Enki Enki *Enki* was a deity in Mesopotamian mythology, later known as *Ea* in Babylonian mythology. He was originally chief god of the city of Eridu, but later the influence of his cult spread throughout Mesopotamia and also to Hittite and Hurrian areas.... or by his advisor (or Abgallu from /ab/=water, /gal/=big, /lu/=man), Adapa U-an Adapa *Adapa* or *Adamu son of Ea* was a Sumerian and Babylonian mythical figure who accidentally rejected the gift of immortality. The story is first attested in the Kassites period .... (the Oannes of Berossus Berossus *Berossus* was a Hellenistic civilization-era Babylonian writer and Babylonian astronomy who was active at the beginning of the 3rd century BC.... ). The first people at Eridu brought with them the Samarra Samarra *Samarra* is a city in Iraq.It stands on the east bank of the Tigris in the Salah al-Din Governorate, north of Baghdad and, in 2003, had an estimated population of 348,700.... n culture from northern Mesopotamia and are identified with the Ubaid period Ubaid period The tell of *Ubaid* near Ur in southern Iraq has given its name to the prehistoric Pottery Neolithic to Chalcolithic culture, which represents the earliest settlement on the alluvial plain of southern Mesopotamia.... , but it is not known whether or not these were Sumerians (associated later with the Uruk period Uruk period The *Uruk period* existed from the protohistory Chalcolithic to Early Bronze Age period in the history of Mesopotamia, following the Ubaid period and succeeded by the Jemdet Nasr period.... ). The Sumerian king list Sumerian king list The *Sumerian King List* is an ancient text in the Sumerian language that lists monarch of Sumer from Sumerian and foreign dynasties. It records the location of "official" kingship, along with the rulers and the lengths of their rule.... is an ancient text in the Sumerian language Sumerian language *Sumerian* was the language of ancient Sumer, spoken in Southern Mesopotamia since at least the 4th millennium BC. It was gradually replaced by Akkadian language as a spoken language somewhere around the turn of the 3rd and the 2nd millennium BC , but continued to be used as a sacred, ceremonial, literary and scientific language in Mesopotamia... listing kings of Sumer Sumer *Sumer* was a civilization and a historical region located in Southern Iraq , known as the Cradle of civilization. It lasted from the first settlement of Eridu in the Ubaid period through the Uruk period and the Dynastic periods until the rise of Babylon in the early 2nd millennium BC.... from Sumerian and foreign dynasties. Much of the earlier dynasties are likely mythical, and only a few of the early names have been authenticated through archaeology. The best-known dynasty, that of Lagash Lagash *Lagash* is located northwest of the junction of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers and east of Uruk, Lagash was one of the oldest cities of Sumer and later Babylonia.... , is not listed there at all. Periodization (All date ranges are approximate.) * Ubaid period Ubaid period The tell of *Ubaid* near Ur in southern Iraq has given its name to the prehistoric Pottery Neolithic to Chalcolithic culture, which represents the earliest settlement on the alluvial plain of southern Mesopotamia.... : 5300–4100 BC (Pottery Neolithic Neolithic The *Neolithic* period was a period in the development of human technology, beginning about 9500 Before the Christian Era in the Middle East that is traditionally considered the last part of the Stone Age.... to Chalcolithic) * Uruk period Uruk period The *Uruk period* existed from the protohistory Chalcolithic to Early Bronze Age period in the history of Mesopotamia, following the Ubaid period and succeeded by the Jemdet Nasr period.... : 4100–2900 BC (Late Chalcolithic to Early Bronze Age I) o Uruk XIV-V: 4100–3300 o Uruk IV period: 3300–3000 BC o Uruk III = Jemdet Nasr Jemdet Nasr *Jemdet Nasr* is an archaeological site in Iraq's Babil Governorate, situated to the north-east of Babylon and Kish and east of Kutha.... period: 3000–2900 BC * Early Dynastic period (Early Bronze Age II) o Early Dynastic I period: 2900–2800 BC o Early Dynastic II period: 2800–2600 BC (Gilgamesh Gilgamesh *Gilgamesh* also known as Bilgames in the earliest text , was the son of Lugalbanda and the fifth king of Uruk , ruling circa 2700 BC, according to the Sumerian king list.... ) o Early Dynastic IIIa period: 2600–2500 BC (Early Bronze Age III) o Early Dynastic IIIb period: ca. 2500–2334 BC * Akkadian Empire period: ca. 2334–2218 BC (Sargon Sargon of Akkad *Sargon of Akkad*, also known as *Sargon the Great* , was an Akkadian Empire emperor famous for his conquest of the Sumerian city-states in the 24th and 23rd centuries BC.... ) * Gutian period: ca. 2218–2047 BC (Early Bronze Age IV) * Ur III period: ca. 2047–1940 BC Earliest city-states Permanent year-round urban settlement was probably prompted by intensive agricultural Agriculture *Agriculture* refers to the production of food and goods through *farming* and forestry. Agriculture was the key development that led to the rise of civilization, with the animal husbandry of domestication animals and plants creating food surpluses that enabled the development of more Population density and Social stratification societies.... practices and the work required in maintaining the irrigation Irrigation *Irrigation* is an artificial application of water to the soil usually for assisting in growing crops. In crop production it is mainly used in dry areas and in periods of rainfall shortfalls, but also to protect plants against frost.... canals, and the surplus food this economy produced allowed the population to settle in one place, rather than follow herds or forage for food. The centres of Eridu Eridu *Eridu* , from the Sumerian for 'mighty place', is modern *Tell Abu Shahrain*, Iraq. Eridu was the earliest city in southern Mesopotamia, founded c 5400 BCE.... and Uruk Uruk *Uruk* , from the Akkadian rendering of the Sumerian toponym 'unug', is modern *Warka* , Iraq. Uruk was an ancient city of Sumer and later Babylonia, situated east of the present bed of the Euphrates river, on the ancient /Nil/ canal, some 30 km east of As-Samawah, Al Muthanna Governorate, Iraq.... , two of the earliest cities, had successively elaborated large temple complexes built of mudbrick. Developing as small shrines with the earliest settlements, by the Early Dynastic I period, they had become the most imposing structures in their respective cities, each dedicated to its own respective god. From south to north, the principal temple-cities, and the gods they served, were * Eridu Eridu *Eridu* , from the Sumerian for 'mighty place', is modern *Tell Abu Shahrain*, Iraq. Eridu was the earliest city in southern Mesopotamia, founded c 5400 BCE.... , Abzu Abzu The *abzu* from the Sumerian language /ab/ 'far' and /zu/ 'water' was the name for fresh water from underground aquifers that was given a religious quality in Sumerian mythology and Akkadian mythology.... , Enki Enki *Enki* was a deity in Mesopotamian mythology, later known as *Ea* in Babylonian mythology. He was originally chief god of the city of Eridu, but later the influence of his cult spread throughout Mesopotamia and also to Hittite and Hurrian areas.... * Ur Ur *Ur* is modern *Tell el-Mukayyar*, Iraq, and was a city in ancient Sumer. Once a coastal city near the mouth of the then Euphrates river on the Persian Gulf, Ur is now well inland.... , Enunmah, Nanna Nanna *Nanna* may refer to:* Sin , god of the moon in Sumerian mythology* Nanna , god of the moon in Tamil Nadu mythology* Nanna , the wife of Baldr in Norse mythology... (moon) * Uruk Uruk *Uruk* , from the Akkadian rendering of the Sumerian toponym 'unug', is modern *Warka* , Iraq. Uruk was an ancient city of Sumer and later Babylonia, situated east of the present bed of the Euphrates river, on the ancient /Nil/ canal, some 30 km east of As-Samawah, Al Muthanna Governorate, Iraq.... , E-anna, Inanna Inanna *Inanna* ; ) is the Sumerian goddess of sexual love, fertility, and warfare.Alternative Sumerian names include /Innin/, /Ennin/, /Ninnin/, /Ninni/, /Ninanna/, /Ninnar/, /Innina/, /Ennina/, /Irnina/, /Innini/, /Nana/ and /Nin/, commonly derived from an earlier /Nin-ana/ "lady of the sky", although Gelb presented th... * Lagash Lagash *Lagash* is located northwest of the junction of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers and east of Uruk, Lagash was one of the oldest cities of Sumer and later Babylonia.... , Eninnu, Ningirsu Ninurta *Ninurta* in Sumerian mythology and Akkadian mythology was the god of Nippur, identified with *Ningirsu* with whom he may always have been identical.... * Nippur Nippur *Nippur* , from the Sumerian for 'lord wind' , is modern Nuffar in Afak Al Qadisyah Governorate, Iraq. Nippur was one of the most ancient of all the Sumerian cities.... , Ekur, Enlil Enlil *Enlil* , was the name of a chief deity listed and written about in ancient Sumerian, Akkadian, Hittite, Canaanite and other Mesopotamian clay and stone tablets.... * Shuruppak Shuruppak *Shuruppak* was an ancient Sumerian city situated about 35 miles south of Nippur on the banks of the Euphrates.Shuruppak was dedicated to Ninlil, also called Sud, the goddess of grain and the air.... , ?, Ninlil Ninlil In Sumerian mythology, *Ninlil* , first called *Sud*, in Assyrian called /Mullitu/, is the consort goddess of Enlil. Her parentage is variously described.... (wife of Enlil) * Marad Marad *Marad* was an ancient sumer city. Marad was situated on the west bank of the then western branch of the Upper Euphrates River west of Nippur in modern day Iraq.... , ?, Ninurta Ninurta *Ninurta* in Sumerian mythology and Akkadian mythology was the god of Nippur, identified with *Ningirsu* with whom he may always have been identical.... * Kish Kish (Sumer) *Kish* is modern *Tell al-Uhaymir*, Babil Governorate, Iraq), and was an ancient city of Sumer. Kish is located some 12 km east of Babylon, and 80 km south of Baghdad.... , ?, Ninhursag Ninhursag In Sumerian mythology, *Ninhursag* was the earth and mother-goddess, one of the seven great deities of Sumer. She is principally a fertility goddess.... * Sippar Sippar *Sippar* , was an ancient Sumerian and later Babylonian city on the east bank of the Euphrates, some 60 km north of Babylon.... , ?, Utu Utu *Utu* is the Sumerian language for "Sun". The Sumerian cuneiform character is encoded in Unicode at U+12313 .In Sumerian mythology, *Utu* is the son of the moon god Nanna and the goddess Ningal.... (sun) * ?, Ekishnugal, Dumuzi Historians until recently agreed that before 3000 BC the political life of the city was headed by a priest-king (/ensi Ensi *Ensi* can refer to:*a Mesopotamian royal title in various Babylonian city states, see ENSI.*an abbreviation of Ensign*/ens?/, the Old High German for a pagan deity, see ?ss... /) assisted by a council of elders and based around these temples, but some more recent authors have asserted that the cities had secular rulers from the earliest times. The development of a sophisticated system of administration led to the invention of writing History of writing The *history of writing* is the history of how writing systems have evolved in different human civilizations. True writing is only thought to have developed independently in four different civilizations in the world, namely Mesopotamia, China, Egypt and Mesoamerica.... of numbers about 3500 BC and ideograph Ideograph *Ideograph* is a term coined by rhetorical scholar and critic Michael Calvin McGee describing the use of particular words and phrases as political language in a way that captures particular ideological positions.... ic writing about 3000 BC, which developed into logographic writing by about 2600 BC. Pre-dynastic period Sumer3 In the possibly mythical pre-dynastic period, the Sumerian king list Sumerian king list The *Sumerian King List* is an ancient text in the Sumerian language that lists monarch of Sumer from Sumerian and foreign dynasties. It records the location of "official" kingship, along with the rulers and the lengths of their rule.... portrays the passage of power from Eridu Eridu *Eridu* , from the Sumerian for 'mighty place', is modern *Tell Abu Shahrain*, Iraq. Eridu was the earliest city in southern Mesopotamia, founded c 5400 BCE.... to Shuruppak Shuruppak *Shuruppak* was an ancient Sumerian city situated about 35 miles south of Nippur on the banks of the Euphrates.Shuruppak was dedicated to Ninlil, also called Sud, the goddess of grain and the air.... in the south, until a flood occurred, from where it relocated to the northern city of Kish Kish (Sumer) *Kish* is modern *Tell al-Uhaymir*, Babil Governorate, Iraq), and was an ancient city of Sumer. Kish is located some 12 km east of Babylon, and 80 km south of Baghdad.... at the start of the Early Dynastic period. It would then pass back to Uruk Uruk *Uruk* , from the Akkadian rendering of the Sumerian toponym 'unug', is modern *Warka* , Iraq. Uruk was an ancient city of Sumer and later Babylonia, situated east of the present bed of the Euphrates river, on the ancient /Nil/ canal, some 30 km east of As-Samawah, Al Muthanna Governorate, Iraq.... , Ur Ur *Ur* is modern *Tell el-Mukayyar*, Iraq, and was a city in ancient Sumer. Once a coastal city near the mouth of the then Euphrates river on the Persian Gulf, Ur is now well inland.... , and Lagash Lagash *Lagash* is located northwest of the junction of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers and east of Uruk, Lagash was one of the oldest cities of Sumer and later Babylonia.... until the Akkad Akkad The *Akkadian Empire* was an empire centered in the city of *Akkad* Sumerian language: /Agade/ KUR A.GA.D?KI "land of Akkad". ; Biblical /Accad/) and its surrounding region Akkadian URU Akkad KI in central Mesopotamia.... ians overtook the area. Archaeologists have confirmed the presence of a widespread layer of riverine silt deposits, shortly after the Piora oscillation Piora Oscillation The *Piora Oscillation* was an abrupt cold and wet period in the climate history of the Holocene Epoch; it is generally dated to the period of c. 3200 to 2900 BCE.... , interrupting the sequence of settlement, that left a few feet of yellow sediment in the cities of Shuruppak Shuruppak *Shuruppak* was an ancient Sumerian city situated about 35 miles south of Nippur on the banks of the Euphrates.Shuruppak was dedicated to Ninlil, also called Sud, the goddess of grain and the air.... and Uruk Uruk *Uruk* , from the Akkadian rendering of the Sumerian toponym 'unug', is modern *Warka* , Iraq. Uruk was an ancient city of Sumer and later Babylonia, situated east of the present bed of the Euphrates river, on the ancient /Nil/ canal, some 30 km east of As-Samawah, Al Muthanna Governorate, Iraq.... and extended as far north as Kish Kish (Sumer) *Kish* is modern *Tell al-Uhaymir*, Babil Governorate, Iraq), and was an ancient city of Sumer. Kish is located some 12 km east of Babylon, and 80 km south of Baghdad.... . The polychrome pottery characteristic of the Jemdet Nasr Jemdet Nasr *Jemdet Nasr* is an archaeological site in Iraq's Babil Governorate, situated to the north-east of Babylon and Kish and east of Kutha.... period (3000–2900 BC) below the sediment layer was followed by Early Dynastic I artifacts above the sediment layer. Early Dynastic period The Early Dynastic Period began after a cultural break with the preceding Jemdet Nasr Jemdet Nasr *Jemdet Nasr* is an archaeological site in Iraq's Babil Governorate, situated to the north-east of Babylon and Kish and east of Kutha.... Period that has been radio-carbon dated to about 2900 BC at the beginning of the Early Dynastic I Period. No inscriptions have yet been found verifying any names of kings that can be associated with the Early Dynastic I period. The ED I period is distinguished from the ED II period by the narrow cylinder seals of the ED I period and the broader wider ED II seals engraved with banquet scenes or animal-contest scenes. The Early Dynastic II period is when Gilgamesh Gilgamesh *Gilgamesh* also known as Bilgames in the earliest text , was the son of Lugalbanda and the fifth king of Uruk , ruling circa 2700 BC, according to the Sumerian king list.... , the famous king of Uruk Uruk *Uruk* , from the Akkadian rendering of the Sumerian toponym 'unug', is modern *Warka* , Iraq. Uruk was an ancient city of Sumer and later Babylonia, situated east of the present bed of the Euphrates river, on the ancient /Nil/ canal, some 30 km east of As-Samawah, Al Muthanna Governorate, Iraq.... , is believed to have reigned. Texts from the ED II period are not yet understood. Later inscriptions have been found bearing some Early Dynastic II names from the King List. The Early Dynastic IIIa period, also known as the Fara period, is when syllabic Syllabic *Syllabic* may refer to:*Syllabary*Syllable*Syllabic verse*Syllabic consonant... writing began. Accounting records and an indeciphered logographic script existed before the Fara Period, but the full flow of human speech was first recorded about 2600 BC at the beginning of the Fara Period. The Early Dynastic IIIb period is also known as the PreSargonic period. 1st Dynasty of Kish After a flood occurred in Sumer, kingship is said to have resumed at Kish Kish (Sumer) *Kish* is modern *Tell al-Uhaymir*, Babil Governorate, Iraq), and was an ancient city of Sumer. Kish is located some 12 km east of Babylon, and 80 km south of Baghdad.... . The earliest Dynastic name on the list known from other legendary sources is Etana Etana *Etana* was an ancient, legendary Sumerian king of the city of Kish , and was, according to the Sumerian king list, one of the kings who reigned after the deluge.... , whom it calls "the shepherd, who ascended to heaven and consolidated all the foreign countries". He was estimated by Roux to have lived approximately 3000 BC. Among the 11 kings who followed, a number of Semitic Semitic In linguistics and ethnology, Semitic was first used to refer to a language family of largely Middle Eastern origin, now called the Semitic languages.... Akkadian Akkadian language *Akkadian* or *Assyrian-Babylonian* is a Semitic language that was spoken in ancient Mesopotamia. The earliest attested Semitic language, it used the cuneiform writing system derived ultimately from ancient Sumerian language, an unrelated language isolate.... names are recorded, suggesting that these people made up a sizable proportion of the population of this northern city. The earliest monarch on the list whose historical existence has been independently attested through archaeological inscription is En-me-barage-si of Kish Kish (Sumer) *Kish* is modern *Tell al-Uhaymir*, Babil Governorate, Iraq), and was an ancient city of Sumer. Kish is located some 12 km east of Babylon, and 80 km south of Baghdad.... (ca. 2700–2600 BC), said to have conquered Elam Elam *Elam* was an ancient civilization located in what is now southwest Iran.Elam was centered in the far west and southwest of modern-day Iran, stretching from the lowlands of Khuzestan and Ilam Province , as far as Jiroft in Kerman province and Burned City in Zabol, as well as a small part of southern Iraq.... and built the temple of Enlil Enlil *Enlil* , was the name of a chief deity listed and written about in ancient Sumerian, Akkadian, Hittite, Canaanite and other Mesopotamian clay and stone tablets.... in Nippur Nippur *Nippur* , from the Sumerian for 'lord wind' , is modern Nuffar in Afak Al Qadisyah Governorate, Iraq. Nippur was one of the most ancient of all the Sumerian cities.... . Enmebaragesi's successor, Aga, is said to have fought with Gilgamesh Gilgamesh *Gilgamesh* also known as Bilgames in the earliest text , was the son of Lugalbanda and the fifth king of Uruk , ruling circa 2700 BC, according to the Sumerian king list.... of Uruk Uruk *Uruk* , from the Akkadian rendering of the Sumerian toponym 'unug', is modern *Warka* , Iraq. Uruk was an ancient city of Sumer and later Babylonia, situated east of the present bed of the Euphrates river, on the ancient /Nil/ canal, some 30 km east of As-Samawah, Al Muthanna Governorate, Iraq.... , the 5th king of that city. From this time, for a period Uruk seems to have had some kind of hegemony in Sumer. This illustrates a weakness of the Sumerian kinglist, as contemporaries are often placed in successive dynasties, making reconstruction difficult. 1st Dynasty of Uruk Mesh-ki-ang-gasher Mesh-ki-ang-gasher *Mesh-ki-ang-gasher* was a Sumerian ruler and the founder of the First Dynasty of Uruk and the father of Enmerkar, according to the Sumerian king list.... is listed as the first King of Uruk Uruk *Uruk* , from the Akkadian rendering of the Sumerian toponym 'unug', is modern *Warka* , Iraq. Uruk was an ancient city of Sumer and later Babylonia, situated east of the present bed of the Euphrates river, on the ancient /Nil/ canal, some 30 km east of As-Samawah, Al Muthanna Governorate, Iraq.... . He was followed by Enmerkar Enmerkar *Enmerkar*, according to the Sumerian king list, was the builder of Uruk in Sumer, and was said to have reigned for "420 years" .The king list adds that he brought the official kingship with him from the city of E-ana, after his father Mesh-ki-ang-gasher, son of Utu, had "entered the sea and disappeared."... . The epic /Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta */Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta/* is a legendary Sumerian language account, of preserved, early post-Sumerian copies, composed in the Neo-Sumerian period .... / tells of his voyage by river to Aratta Aratta *Aratta* is a land that appears in Sumerian myths surrounding Enmerkar and Lugalbanda, two early and possibly mythical kings of Uruk also mentioned on the Sumerian king list.... , a mountainous, mineral-rich country up-river from Sumer. Among the kings of Uruk who followed is Dumuzi, the Fisherman. He was followed by Lugalbanda Lugalbanda According to the Sumerian king list, *Lugalbanda* was the third king of Uruk and father of Gilgamesh, the legendary king of that ancient city. Legend has it that his wife was Ninsun, a goddess.... , also known from fragmentary legends. The most famous monarch of this dynasty was Lugalbanda's successor Gilgamesh Gilgamesh *Gilgamesh* also known as Bilgames in the earliest text , was the son of Lugalbanda and the fifth king of Uruk , ruling circa 2700 BC, according to the Sumerian king list.... , hero of the /Epic of Gilgamesh Epic of Gilgamesh The */Epic of Gilgamesh/* is an epic poetry from Ancient Mesopotamia and is among the ancient literature. Scholars believe that it originated as a series of Sumerian legends and poems about the mythological hero-king Gilgamesh, which were gathered into a longer Akkadian language poem much later; the most complete version existing today is pr... /—copies of which have been found as far off as Hattusas in Anatolia, Megiddo Megiddo *Megiddo* is a Hebrew place name that can refer to:* Tel Megiddo, site of an ancient city in northern Israel's Jezreel valley** Megiddo, Israel, a kibbutz in Israel... in Israel, and Tell el Amarna in Egypt. 1st Dynasty of Ur ca. 26th century BC Meskalamdug Meskalamdug *Meskalamdug* was an early ruler of Ur who does not appear in the Sumerian king list.His tomb, discovered by English archaeologist Sir Leonard Wooley in the Royal Cemetery of Ur in 1924, contained numerous gold artifacts including a golden helmet with an inscription of the king's name.... is the first archaeologically recorded king (/Lugal/ from /lu/=man, /gal/=big) of the city of Ur Ur *Ur* is modern *Tell el-Mukayyar*, Iraq, and was a city in ancient Sumer. Once a coastal city near the mouth of the then Euphrates river on the Persian Gulf, Ur is now well inland.... . He was succeeded by his son Akalamdug, and Akalamdug by his son Mesh-Ane-pada. Mesh-Ane-pada is the first king of Ur listed on the king list, and he is recognised as the first king of the Early Dynastic III phase (ca. 26th century BC), defeating Lugalkildu of Uruk Uruk *Uruk* , from the Akkadian rendering of the Sumerian toponym 'unug', is modern *Warka* , Iraq. Uruk was an ancient city of Sumer and later Babylonia, situated east of the present bed of the Euphrates river, on the ancient /Nil/ canal, some 30 km east of As-Samawah, Al Muthanna Governorate, Iraq.... and Mesilim Mesilim *Mesilim* was /LUGAL/ of the Sumerian city-state Kish .He is one of the first persons in history whose name is recorded in archaeological documents.... of Kish Kish *Kish* may refer to:... . Mesh-Ane-pada thereafter assumed the title "King of Kish" for himself, a title that seems to have been used by most kings of the preeminent dynasties for some time afterward. Mesilim Mesilim *Mesilim* was /LUGAL/ of the Sumerian city-state Kish .He is one of the first persons in history whose name is recorded in archaeological documents.... of Kish Kish *Kish* may refer to:... achieved some kind of independence from Ur. He was also mentioned in some of the earliest monuments from Lagash Lagash *Lagash* is located northwest of the junction of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers and east of Uruk, Lagash was one of the oldest cities of Sumer and later Babylonia.... that claim he arbitrated a border dispute between Lugal-sha-engur, high priest of Lagash Lagash *Lagash* is located northwest of the junction of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers and east of Uruk, Lagash was one of the oldest cities of Sumer and later Babylonia.... , and the high priest of their traditional rival, the neighbouring town of Umma Umma *Umma* was an ancient city in Sumer.... . Dynasty of Awan ca. 26th century BC According to the Sumerian king list, Elam Elam *Elam* was an ancient civilization located in what is now southwest Iran.Elam was centered in the far west and southwest of modern-day Iran, stretching from the lowlands of Khuzestan and Ilam Province , as far as Jiroft in Kerman province and Burned City in Zabol, as well as a small part of southern Iraq.... , Sumer's neighbor to the east, held the kingship in Sumer for a brief period, based in the city of Awan. PreSargonic period ca. 2500–2334 BC 2nd Dynasty of Uruk Enshakushanna Enshakushanna *Enshakushanna* was a king of Uruk sometime in the later 3rd millennium BC who is named on the Sumerian king list, which states his reign to have been 60 years.... Empire of Lugal-Ane-mundu of Adab Following this period, the region of Mesopotamia seems to have come under the sway of a Sumerian conqueror from Adab Adab *Adab* was an ancient Sumerian city between Telloh and Nippur.... , Lugal-Ane-mundu, ruling over Uruk, Ur, and Lagash. According to inscriptions, he ruled from the Persian Gulf Persian Gulf The *Persian Gulf*, in the Southwest Asian region, is an extension of the Indian Ocean located between Iran and the Arabian Peninsula. Historically and commonly known as the Persian Gulf, this body of water is sometimes Persian Gulf naming dispute referred to as the /Arabian Gulf/ by certain Arab countries or simply /The Gulf/, although nei... to the Mediterranean, and up to the Zagros Mountains Zagros Mountains The *Zagros* , are the largest mountain range in Iran and Iraq. They have a total length of 1 500 km from western Iran, on the border with Iraq to the southern parts of the Persian Gulf.... , including Elam Elam *Elam* was an ancient civilization located in what is now southwest Iran.Elam was centered in the far west and southwest of modern-day Iran, stretching from the lowlands of Khuzestan and Ilam Province , as far as Jiroft in Kerman province and Burned City in Zabol, as well as a small part of southern Iraq.... . However, his empire fell apart with his death. (Sumerian records also show Nin-Kasalsi as the first ruler of the city of Adab. Like the later "King" of the 3rd Dynasty of Kish, Nin-Kasalsi was a woman.) Kug-Bau and the Third Dynasty of Kish Lugal-Ane-mundu's power may have been limited, however, as his reign seems to have been contemporaneous with the Third Dynasty of Kish Kish *Kish* may refer to:... , inaugurated by Kug-Bau or Kubaba, unique in the fact that she was the only woman ever to reign as "king". Before overthrowing the rule of Enshakushana of the 2nd Uruk Dynasty and becoming monarch, the king-list says she was a tavern-keeper. In later centuries she was worshipped as a minor goddess, achieving important status in the Hurrian and Hittites Hittites The *Hittites* were an ancient Anatolian people who spoke a Hittite language of the Anatolian languages of the Indo-European languages family, and established a kingdom centered at Hattusa in north-central Anatolia ca.... periods, when she was identified with the Hurrian goddess Hannahannah Hannahannah Hurrian Mother Goddess *Hannahannah* . Hannahannah may have been related to or influenced by the pre-Sumerian Goddess Inanna, although the similarity in name to the Bible Hannah , mother of Samuel ; the Canaan Anath, and the Christian St Anne are coincidental, the name Hannah in Hebrew having a different etymology deriving from a native root.... . In the post-Hittite Phrygia Phrygia In antiquity, *Phrygia* was a kingdom in the west central part of Anatolia, in what is now modern-day Turkey. The Phrygians initially lived in the Southern Balkans; according to Herodotus, under the name of Bryges, changing it to Phruges after their final migration to Anatolia, via the Hellespont.... n period she was called Kubele (Latin Cybele Cybele *Cybele* , was the Phrygian deification of the Earth Mother. As with Greek Gaia , or her Minoan civilization equivalent Rhea , Cybele embodies the fertile Earth, a goddess of caverns and mountains, walls and fortresses, nature, wild animals .... ), Great Mother of the Gods. Dynasty of Akshak Akshak Akshak *Akshak* was a city of ancient Sumer, situated on the northern boundary of Akkad, sometimes identified with Babylonian *Upi* . Its exact location is uncertain, it probably was near Eshnunna, on the banks of the Diyala River.... too achieved independence with a line of rulers extending from Puzur-Nirah, Ishu-Il, and Shu-Suen, son of Ishu-Il, before being defeated by the rulers in the Fourth Dynasty of Kish Kish (Sumer) *Kish* is modern *Tell al-Uhaymir*, Babil Governorate, Iraq), and was an ancient city of Sumer. Kish is located some 12 km east of Babylon, and 80 km south of Baghdad.... . 1st Dynasty of Lagash ca. 25th century BC En-hegal is recorded as the first known ruler of Lagash Lagash *Lagash* is located northwest of the junction of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers and east of Uruk, Lagash was one of the oldest cities of Sumer and later Babylonia.... , being tributary to Uruk. His successor Lugal-sha-engur was similarly tributary to the first Dynasty of Ur Ur *Ur* is modern *Tell el-Mukayyar*, Iraq, and was a city in ancient Sumer. Once a coastal city near the mouth of the then Euphrates river on the Persian Gulf, Ur is now well inland.... . Ur-Nanshe Ca. 2500 BC Ur-Nanshe Ur-Nanshe *Ur-Nanshe* was the first king of the dynasty of Lagash, probably in the first half of the 24th century BC .He ascended after Lugal-Sha-Gen-Sur , who was the patesi, or high priest.... succeeded Lugal-sha-engur as the new high priest of Lagash and achieved independence from A-annepadda, son of Mesannepada Mesannepada *Mesannepada* was the first monarch listed for the first dynasty of Ur on the Sumerian king list. He is listed to have ruled for 80 years. Mesannepada overthrew Mesilim of Kish and Lugal-kitun of Uruk.... of Ur Ur *Ur* is modern *Tell el-Mukayyar*, Iraq, and was a city in ancient Sumer. Once a coastal city near the mouth of the then Euphrates river on the Persian Gulf, Ur is now well inland.... , making himself king. In the ruins of a building attached by him to the temple of Ningirsu, /terra cotta Terra cotta *Terra cotta*, *Terracotta* or *Terra-cotta* is a clay-based unglazed ceramic. Its uses include vessels, water & waste water pipes and surface embellishment in building construction, along with sculpture such as the Terracotta Army and Greek terracotta figurines.... bas reliefs/ of the king and his sons have been found, as well as onyx plates and lions' heads in onyx reminiscent of Egypt Art of Ancient Egypt *Ancient Egyptian art* refers to the style of painting, sculpture, crafts and architecture developed by the civilization in the lower Nile Valley from 5000 BC to 300 AD.... ian work. These were dedicated to the goddess Bau. One inscription states that ships of Dilmun Dilmun *Dilmun* is a land mentioned by Mesopotamia as a trade partner, source of raw material, copper, and entrepot of the Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley Civilization trade route.... (Bahrain) brought him wood as tribute from foreign lands. He was succeeded by his son Akurgal. Eannatum Eannatum Eannatum *Eannatum* was a Sumerian king of Lagash who established one of the first verifiable empires in history.... , grandson of Ur-Nina, made himself master of the whole of the district of Sumer, together with the cities of Uruk (ruled by Enshakushana), Ur Ur *Ur* is modern *Tell el-Mukayyar*, Iraq, and was a city in ancient Sumer. Once a coastal city near the mouth of the then Euphrates river on the Persian Gulf, Ur is now well inland.... , Nippur Nippur *Nippur* , from the Sumerian for 'lord wind' , is modern Nuffar in Afak Al Qadisyah Governorate, Iraq. Nippur was one of the most ancient of all the Sumerian cities.... , Akshak Akshak *Akshak* was a city of ancient Sumer, situated on the northern boundary of Akkad, sometimes identified with Babylonian *Upi* . Its exact location is uncertain, it probably was near Eshnunna, on the banks of the Diyala River.... , and Larsa Larsa *Larsa* , was an important city of ancient Sumer. It lies some 25 km southeast of the ruin mounds of Uruk , near the east bank of the Shatt-en-Nil canal .... . He also annexed the kingdom of Kish Kish (Sumer) *Kish* is modern *Tell al-Uhaymir*, Babil Governorate, Iraq), and was an ancient city of Sumer. Kish is located some 12 km east of Babylon, and 80 km south of Baghdad.... ; however, it recovered its independence after his death. Umma Umma *Umma* was an ancient city in Sumer.... was made tributary—a certain amount of grain being levied upon each person in it, that had to be paid into the treasury of the goddess Nina and the god Ningirsu. The so-called "Stele of the Vultures", now in the Louvre Louvre The *Louvre Museum* , located in Paris, is a historic monument, and a national museum of France. It is a central landmark, located on the Rive Droite of the Seine in the 1st arrondissement of Paris .... , was erected as a monument of the victory of Eannatum of Lagash over Enakalle of Umma. On this, various incidents in the war are represented. In one scene, the king stands in his chariot with a curved weapon in his right hand, formed of three bars of metal bound together by rings, while his kilted followers, with helmets on their heads and lances in their hands, march behind him. Eannatum's campaigns extended beyond the confines of Sumer, and he overran a part of Elam, took the city of Az on the Persian Gulf Persian Gulf The *Persian Gulf*, in the Southwest Asian region, is an extension of the Indian Ocean located between Iran and the Arabian Peninsula. Historically and commonly known as the Persian Gulf, this body of water is sometimes Persian Gulf naming dispute referred to as the /Arabian Gulf/ by certain Arab countries or simply /The Gulf/, although nei... , and exacted tribute as far as Mari Mari, Syria *Mari* was an ancient Sumerian and Amorite city, located 11 kilometers north-west of the modern town of Abu Kamal on the western bank of Euphrates river, some 120 km southeast of Deir ez-Zor, Syria.... ; however many of the realms he conquered were often in revolt. During his reign, temples and palaces were repaired or erected at Lagash and elsewhere; the town of Nina—that probably gave its name to the later Niniveh—was rebuilt, and canals and reservoirs were excavated. En-anna-tum I Eannatum was succeeded by his brother, En-anna-tum I En-anna-tum I *En-anna-tum I* succeeded his brother Eannatum as king of Lagash. During his rule, Umma once more asserted independence under Ur-Lumma, who attacked Lagash unsuccessfully.... . During his rule, Umma once more asserted independence under Ur-Lumma, who attacked Lagash unsuccessfully. Ur-Lumma was replaced by a priest-king, Illi, who also attacked Lagash. Entemena His son and successor Entemena Entemena File:Foundation nail Entemena Louvre AO22934.jpg*Entemena*, son of En-anna-tum I, reestablished Lagash as a power in Sumer. He defeated Illi of Umma, with the aid of Lugal-kinishe-dudu of Uruk, successor to Enshakushanna, who is in the Sumerian king list .... restored the prestige of Lagash. Illi of Umma was subdued, with the help of his ally Lugal-kinishe-dudu or Lugal-ure of Uruk, successor to Enshakushana and also on the king-list. Lugal-kinishe-dudu seems to have been the prominent figure at the time, since he also claimed to rule Kish and Ur. A silver vase dedicated by Entemena to his god is now in the Louvre. A frieze of lions devouring ibexes and deer, incised with great artistic skill, runs round the neck, while the eagle crest of Lagash adorns the globular part. The vase is a proof of the high degree of excellence to which the goldsmith's art had already attained. A vase of calcite Calcite *Calcite* is a Carbonate minerals and the most stable Polymorphism of calcium carbonate . The other polymorphs are the minerals aragonite and vaterite.... , also dedicated by Entemena, has been found at Nippur. Urukagina After Entemena, a series of weak, corrupt priest-kings is attested for Lagash. The last of these, Urukagina Urukagina *Urukagina* , alternately rendered as *Uruinimgina* or *Irikagina*, was a ruler of the city-state Lagash in Mesopotamia. He is best known for his reforms to combat corruption, which are sometimes cited as the first example of a legal code in recorded history.... , was known for his judicial, social, and economic reforms, and his may well be the first legal code known to have existed. Empire of Lugal-zage-si of Uruk ca. 2359–2335 BC short chronology Urukagina was overthrown and his city Lagash Lagash *Lagash* is located northwest of the junction of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers and east of Uruk, Lagash was one of the oldest cities of Sumer and later Babylonia.... captured by Lugal-zage-si Lugal-Zage-Si *Lugal-Zage-Si* of Umma was the last Sumerian king before the conquest of Sumer by Sargon of Akkad and the rise of the Akkadian Empire, and was considered as the only king of the third dynasty of Uruk.... , the high priest of Umma. Lugal-zage-si also took Uruk and Ur, and made Uruk his capital. In a long inscription that he made engraved on hundreds of stone vases dedicated to Enlil Enlil *Enlil* , was the name of a chief deity listed and written about in ancient Sumerian, Akkadian, Hittite, Canaanite and other Mesopotamian clay and stone tablets.... of Nippur, he boasts that his kingdom extended "from the Lower Sea (Persian Gulf Persian Gulf The *Persian Gulf*, in the Southwest Asian region, is an extension of the Indian Ocean located between Iran and the Arabian Peninsula. Historically and commonly known as the Persian Gulf, this body of water is sometimes Persian Gulf naming dispute referred to as the /Arabian Gulf/ by certain Arab countries or simply /The Gulf/, although nei... ), along the Tigris Tigris The *Tigris* is the eastern member of the two great rivers that define Mesopotamia, along with the Euphrates, which flows from the mountains of southeastern Turkey through Iraq.... and Euphrates Euphrates The *Euphrates* is the western of the two great rivers that define Mesopotamia which flows from Anatolia.... , to the Upper Sea" or Mediterranean Mediterranean Sea The *Mediterranean Sea* is a sea or Ocean off the Atlantic Ocean surrounded by the Mediterranean region and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Europe, on the south by Africa, and on the east by Asia.... . His empire was finally overthrown by Sargon Sargon of Akkad *Sargon of Akkad*, also known as *Sargon the Great* , was an Akkadian Empire emperor famous for his conquest of the Sumerian city-states in the 24th and 23rd centuries BC.... of Akkad Akkad The *Akkadian Empire* was an empire centered in the city of *Akkad* Sumerian language: /Agade/ KUR A.GA.D?KI "land of Akkad". ; Biblical /Accad/) and its surrounding region Akkadian URU Akkad KI in central Mesopotamia.... , a Semite from northern Mesopotamia, who founded the first sustainable empire to survive after his death. Akkadian Empire Gudea of Lagash Girsu ca. 2334–2218 BC short chronology Akkadian rulers: Sargon Sargon of Akkad *Sargon of Akkad*, also known as *Sargon the Great* , was an Akkadian Empire emperor famous for his conquest of the Sumerian city-states in the 24th and 23rd centuries BC.... ca. 2334–2279 BC Rimush Rimush *Rimush* is the name of two Mesopotamian monarch:* Rimush , king of the Akkadian Empire* Rimush , king of Assyria, the successor of Mut-Ashkur in 1720 B.C.E.... ca. 2278–2270 BC younger son of Sargon Man-ishtishu ca. 2269–2255 BC elder son of Sargon Naram-Suen Naram-Suen *Naram-Sin* may refer to four kings in the history of Mesopotamia* Naram-Suen of Akkad, Akkadian Empire king, the most famous of the four* Naram-Sin of Assyria, Assyrian king... ca. 2254–2218 BC son of Man-ishtishu Shar-kali-sharri Shar-Kali-Sharri *Shar-Kali-Sharri* was a king of the Akkadian Empire. He was the son of Naram-Suen of Akkad and reigned for 25 years, around ca. 2100 BC. After his reign, there seems to have been a short period of chaos: The list of kings states:... ca. 2217–2193 BC son of Naram-Suen Irgigi Imi IMI *IMI* is a three letter acronym. It can stand for* Industrial Vibration Monitoring Instrumentation, division of PCB Piezotronics*Innovative Medicines Initiative of the European Union... Nanum Nanum *Nanum* or *Nanium* was a king of the Akkadian Empire who ascended the throne in 2257 BC. After the death of the previous ruler of Akkad, Shar-kali-sharri, he jockeyed for power with three other rival kings: Igigi, Imi, and Elulu.... Elulu Elulu *Elulu* is listed as the third king of the first dynasty of Ur on the /Sumerian Sumerian king list/, which states he reigned for 25 years.... Dudu Dudu (king) *Dudu* was a king of Akkad who reigned for 21 years. He became king and ended the period of relative anarchy that had followed the death of Shar-kali-sharri.... ca. 2189–2168 BC Shu-Durul ca. 2168–2147 BC Akkad defeated by the Gutians Sargon ca. 2334–2279 BC short chronology Naram-Suen ca. 2254–2218 BC short chronology Gutian period ca. 2147–2047 BC short chronology 2nd Dynasty of Lagash ca. 2260–2110 BC Kings of the 2nd Dynasty of Lagash: Ki-Ku-Id Engilsa Ur-A Lugalushumgal Puzer-Mama Puzer-Mama *Puzer-Mama* was a ruler of Lagash before Gudea. Though he adopted the title of lugal, Puzer-Mama shows kinship with future Lagashite kings in the religiosity of his inscriptions.... ca. 2200 BC contemporary of Shar-kali-sharri Shar-Kali-Sharri *Shar-Kali-Sharri* was a king of the Akkadian Empire. He was the son of Naram-Suen of Akkad and reigned for 25 years, around ca. 2100 BC. After his reign, there seems to have been a short period of chaos: The list of kings states:... of Akkad Akkad The *Akkadian Empire* was an empire centered in the city of *Akkad* Sumerian language: /Agade/ KUR A.GA.D?KI "land of Akkad". ; Biblical /Accad/) and its surrounding region Akkadian URU Akkad KI in central Mesopotamia.... Ur-Utu Ur-Mama Lu-Baba Lugula Kaku Kaku *Kaku* is the name of:* Kaku , a channel of Beijing TV.*Kaku, Nepal* Kaku , a fictional character from Eiichiro Oda's manga /One Piece/* Dr.... or Kakug Ur-Bau or Ur-baba ca. 2093–2080 BC (short) Gudea Gudea *Gudea* was a ruler of the city of Lagash in Southern Mesopotamia who ruled ca. 22nd century BC - 22nd century BC. He probably did not come from the city, but had married Ninalla, daughter of the ruler Urbaba of Lagash, thus gaining entrance to the royal house of Lagash.... ca. 2080–2060 BC son-in-law of Ur-baba Ur-Ningirsu ca. 2060–2055 BC son of Gudea Pirigme or Ugme ca. 2055–2053 BC Ur-gar ca. 2053–2049 BC Nammahani ca. 2049–2046 BC grandson of Kaku, defeated by Ur-Nammu Gutian Empire ca. 2147–2050 BC short chronology Following the fall of Sargon's Empire to the Gutian Gutian *Gutian* can refer to:* Gutian County in Ningde Municipality, Fujian, China* the Gutian Massacre of Christians in that county* Gutian in Shanghang County, Longyan Municipality, Fujian... s, a brief "Dark Ages" ensued. 5th Dynasty of Uruk ca. 2055–2048 BC short chronology The Gutians were ultimately driven out by the Sumerians under Utu-hegal, the only king of this dynasty, who in turn was defeated by Ur-Nammu Ur-Nammu *Ur-Nammu* founded the Sumerian 3rd dynasty of Ur, in southern Mesopotamia, following several centuries of Akkadian Empire and Gutian period rule.... of Ur Ur *Ur* is modern *Tell el-Mukayyar*, Iraq, and was a city in ancient Sumer. Once a coastal city near the mouth of the then Euphrates river on the Persian Gulf, Ur is now well inland.... . "Sumerian Renaissance" (3rd Dynasty of Ur) Ur 17 01 2004 003 ca. 2047–1940 BC short chronology Ur-Nammu Ur-Nammu *Ur-Nammu* founded the Sumerian 3rd dynasty of Ur, in southern Mesopotamia, following several centuries of Akkadian Empire and Gutian period rule.... of Ur defeated Utu-hegal of Uruk and founded the 3rd dynasty of Ur. Although the Sumerian language Sumerian language *Sumerian* was the language of ancient Sumer, spoken in Southern Mesopotamia since at least the 4th millennium BC. It was gradually replaced by Akkadian language as a spoken language somewhere around the turn of the 3rd and the 2nd millennium BC , but continued to be used as a sacred, ceremonial, literary and scientific language in Mesopotamia... ("/Emegir/") was again made official, Sumerian identity was already in decline, as the population became continually more and more Semiticised. After this "Ur-III" dynasty was destroyed by the Elamites in 2004 BC, a fierce rivalry developed between the city-states of Larsa Larsa *Larsa* , was an important city of ancient Sumer. It lies some 25 km southeast of the ruin mounds of Uruk , near the east bank of the Shatt-en-Nil canal .... , more under Elamite than Sumerian influence, and Isin ISIN An *International Securities Identification Number* uniquely identifies a Security . Its structure is defined in ISO 6166. Securities for which ISINs are issued include Bond , commercial paper, equities and Warrant s.... , that was more Amorite Amorite *Amorite* refers to a Semitic language people who occupied the country west of the Euphrates from the second half of the 3rd millennium BC. The term *Amurru* refers to them, as well as to their principal deity.... (as the Western Semitic nomads were called). Archaeologically, the fall of the Ur III dynasty corresponds to the beginning of the Middle Bronze Age. The Semites ended up prevailing in Mesopotamia by the time of Hammurabi Hammurabi *Hammurabi* Hammurabi is known for the set of laws called Code of Hammurabi, one of the first written Civil code in recorded history. These laws were written on a stone tablet standing over six feet tall that was found in 1901.... of Babylon Babylon *Babylon* was a city-state of ancient Mesopotamia, sometimes considered an empire, the remains of which can be found in present-day Al Hillah, Babil Governorate, Iraq, about 85 kilometers south of Baghdad.... , who founded the Babylonia Babylonia *Babylonia* was a state in Lower Mesopotamia , Babylon as its franklin. Babylonia emerged when Hammurabi created an empire out of the territories of the former kingdoms of Sumer and Akkad.... n Empire, and the language and name of /Sumer/ gradually passed into the realm of antiquarian scholars. Nevertheless, Sumerian influence on Babylonia, and all subsequent cultures in the region, was undeniably great. See also * Babylonia and Assyria Babylonia and Assyria During the period when they were competing for dominance in Mesopotamia, the neighbouring sister-states of Babylonia and Assyria differed essentially in character.... * Invention of the Wheel Wheel A *wheel* is a circular device that is capable of rotating on its axis, facilitating movement or transportation whilst supporting a load , or performing labour in machines.... * Sumerian Farmer's Almanac Sumerian Farmer's Almanac *Sumerian Farmer's Almanac* is the first farmer?s almanac on record. The farmer's almanac is dated to around 1500 BCE to 1700 BCE. It was discovered in 1949 by an American expedition in Iraq sponsored jointly by the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago and the University Museum of the University of Pennsylvania.... * History of writing ancient numbers History of writing ancient numbers Pre-historyThe first method of counting was counting on fingers. By placing the thumb on various finger joints a person can count up to 90,000. This evolved into sign language for hand-to-eye communication of numbers....