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The Source of Precession

The alternative scientific community is ignored, ridiculed and even
persecuted by the consensual science community guided only by a few
magazine and journal editors with questionable frames of reality. If
alternate science wants to get anywhere at all, we had better stop the
practice of blindly accepting and building theory on scientific dicta
that is received as the gospel truth without knowing the history of the
dicta.

MOTION IN SPACE

To understand precession, we need to have a clear concept of our motion
in space. As there is no up or down in space and as stars change their
position constantly with respect to the Earth, we have to use a
reference point on Earth. The only disequilibrium in the Earth's motion
is its rotation and orbiting with respect to its North Pole, where the
North Pole is arbitrarily designated using a magnet. The motion of the
Earth with respect to its North Pole reflects the motion of the solar
system, and presumably the motion of the galaxy.

The relationship of the North Pole and the Earth's rotation and orbiting
can be remembered by taking the thumb of the right hand and pointing it
upwards. This is the direction of the North Pole. The fingers curl in
the direction that the Earth rotates on its axis. They also curl in the
direction that the Earth is orbiting the sun, the rotation of the sun,
the rotation and orbiting of the planets, and in fact, the motion of
everything in the solar system with only some disputable and several
more interesting exceptions.

But for purposes of precession, when we want to find our bearings in the
solar system, we merely need reference the thumb of our right hand.
Point it up, and we will have a picture of the motion of the solar
system by the direction the fingers point.

ROTATION: A HARD FACT TO PROVE

The Earth rotates on its axis in front of the sun, which is at the
center of the solar system. We might consider this to be a trite
observation, but we could not demonstrate that the Earth rotated in
front of the sun and therefore orbited it until Foucault devised his
pendulum in 1851. That was over three centuries after Copernicus
proposed (and 2,300 years after Aristarchus of Samos made the same
proposal without Copernicus's detailed explanation) that the appearance
of the sun moving across the sky was the result of the Earth's rotation
rather than the sun actually moving across the sky by circling the Earth.

The belief that the sun circled the Earth prevailed throughout recorded
history and there is substantial evidence it prevailed in societies that
existed before history started recording our activities. The sun looks
like it circles the Earth. It comes up in the East and sets in the West.
Without consensus belief, it's not easy to convince someone otherwise.
The only reason we grow up with a correct picture of the soar system as
far as the relationship of the Earth and the sun is concerned is that we
all believe that to be the relationship. It is the consensus view that
was detailed in 1543 and argued viciously until Galileo's telescope
reveled a miniature solar system in the moons of Jupiter in 1610. While
Galileo's view of Jupiter's moons was convincing, it was not "proof,"
which had to await Foucault's pendulum.

ORBITING: THE SEASONS

The Earth is tilted on its pole with respect to the sun. See Figure 1.
This tilt produces the seasons by allowing the sun to trace north and
south across the equator. It should also produce a method of measuring
one full passage of the Earth around the sun. While there is no up or
down or fixed points that can be used to measure location, the tilt of
the Earth allows two fixed measuring points, the equinoxes, the points
at which the sun passes the equator on its north-south-north journey and
night and day are thought to be equal, the source of the word equinox.

Because it provides a fixed point, the tilt of the Earth allows us to
measure precession, a fixed, immovable point on the Earth's orbit by
that orbit's relationship to the sun.

In Figure 2, we can see our familiar right hand rule at work. Point the
thumb of the right hand north, and the fingers point in the direction
that the Earth moves around the sun. The Winter and Summer Solstices are
measuring points of a sort because it is at these points the sun
reverses its north-south-north motion, solstice meaning the sun stands
still, with the Winter Solstice being the point the sun starts to move
south and the Summer Solstice the point the sun starts to move north.
The measuring points used for precession are the Autumnal and Vernal
Equinoxes, and specifically the Vernal or Spring Equinox.

The Winter Solstice is the point the Earth passes closest to the sun
while the Earth is furthest from the sun at the Summer Solstice.

When we look at the night sky, we see stars, but because the Earth is
located at the edge of the galaxy, where it is located in its orbit
controls the number of stars that we can measure for precession. For
instance, at night in the Autumn, we are looking out away from the
galaxy into intergalactic space and we don't have a multitude of stars
to fix on. (The truth is, we don't know where we are located in the
galaxy and some think the reason we can't get fixes on Autumn stars is
that we are located on the inside of the Orion arm and its clouds of
dust prevent us from measuring the stars in the next arm out, the
Perseus Arm.) The real star harvest occurs during the Vernal Equinox
when we are looking directly back into the galaxy and can see many
isolated stars. This is why precession is associated with the Vernal
Equinox. The stars are there to measure.

In Figure 3, we can see why our northern winter occurs when the Earth is
closer to the sun than in the summer. Because of the Earth's tilt, the
sun strikes the southern hemisphere in the northern winter, moving as
far away as possible from the northern hemisphere (Figure 3A) and thus
producing the winter. In the northern summer, the sun is striking the
northern hemisphere, creating its summer (Figure 3B).

In Spring and Autumn, of course, the sun hits the equator (Figure 3C)
but the most important aspect of this is the path of the sun, which is
from north to south and back to north again. As the Earth leaves the
Vernal Equinox, the sun moves north until the Summer Solstice where it
changes direction and starts to move south. It continues to move south
until the Winter Solstice, where it once again changes direction, moving
north.

If the Earth were stationary with respect to the sun, this is the type
of motion that would result if the Earth wobbled on its axis, a
north-south-north movement. That's because, permanently tilted with
respect to the sun, the axis actually moves with respect to the sun,
simulating a north-south-north motion of the sun.

It's tilted away from the sun in the winter and toward the sun in the
summer, and with the sun shinning on it from the center, the tilt causes
the sun to appear to move north-south-north on a continuous basis
throughout the year although the sun is stationary. The tilt, orbiting a
stationary sun, gives the appearance of the sun moving north to south
and back to north again.

Because the Vernal Equinox is fixed by its position on the Earth's
orbit, it cannot move from that position.

There's no argument about this because this is the way things are. If
Foucault's Pendulum leaves some unconvinced, the space shots of the last
forty-five years confirm

how the solar system moves (but not what makes it move).

Another point to note is that there is a Celestial Sphere whose equator
approximates the line-up of the equator at the Spring and Autumnal
Equinoxes. The Celestial Sphere is the equator of the sun and the
planets move around the sun within approximate 8ºs of this equator. It
is on the equator of the Celestial Sphere that the constellations mark
off the houses of the Zodiac so that they are never further north or
south of the Earth's equator, its elliptic, than the sun reaches during
the solstices.

The Precession of the Equinoxes, then, is a movement that follows the
orbit of the Earth around the sun rather than the sun's
north-south-north movement as a result of the Earth's tilt.

CYCLES WITH THE EARTH AT THE CENTER OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM

Let us now become geniuses and move back in time several thousand years
when the Ptolemaic view of the solar system prevailed. Geniuses are
people that are wrong, and when we look at our scientific past, the
wronger someone was, the more we revere them as great thinkers. Who was
the greatest thinker of the ancient world? Aristotle, of course, and
Aristotle had the Earth motionless at the center of the universe.

People that travel the seas at night using the stars in a world that
believed the sun went around the Earth had to adjust for the error if
they wanted to get to where they were going, and one of those
adjustments was the famous epicycle, the idea that certain heavenly
bodies orbited other heavenly bodies so that the actual Earth orbiting
the sun would compute as valid. Epicycles made the Ptolemaic system of
the sun orbiting the Earth practical until Copernicus, and a hundred
years after. Hipparchus, 190 to 120 B.C. was the inventor of epicycles,
although Ptolemy gives credit to Apollonius of Perga, who died the year
Hipparchus was born and today's Astronomers claim possible earlier
sources. Hipparchus was also the discoverer of the third "cycle of the
sun," the very real Precession of the Equinoxes, or at least, what he
termed the Precession of the Equinoxes because he believed in
Aristotle's dead center Earth. See Figure 4 for a picture of Hipparchus'
view of the solar system.

The first cycle of the sun is its daily rotation around the Earth. If we
take our right hand and hold our thumb up, our fingers point in the
direction that the Earth orbits the sun. But to Hipparchus, the Earth
was stationary, so to get the east to west motion of the sun's daily
movement, the sun had to move from the tips of the fingers to the
knuckles and back to the tips of the fingers, around the Earth in an
endless cycle.

When a Copernican consensus was reached that the Earth went around the
sun, all that had to be changed was the motion of the Earth. Put the
Earth in rotation in the direction of the fingers, and the sun is
observed to move the way we see it move, east to west across the sky.
That is why it was so hard for a consensus to accept Copernicus. You
couldn't prove either, and both explained precisely what we saw.

With the sun moving around the Earth, the science of the time then had
to explain the yearly cycle of the sun and that was just as easy. The
sun moved in a circle around the Earth, west to east, rising and
lowering in the sky to produce the seasons. When the Copernican
consensus was reached, the same effect was explainable by the Earth's
tilting away from the sun in the winter and also circling the sun west
to east. Because the tilt was stable, the sun traced its
north-south-north pattern back and forth across the equator, reaching
approximately 23ºs (23.3 -.4ºs) north and south each year.

When the Ptolemaic system prevailed, we knew exactly where we were in
space, but we had to have some way to divide up the year as the seasons
passed. Looking at groups of stars, we can imagine them to take the
shapes of things, and it wasn't too long before the scientists of the
time did their job of dividing the sky into segments, calling the star
groupings constellations. They then picked twelve of those
constellations to define monthly periods. As the sun traveled around the
Earth, these constellations provided a backdrop to the sun's rising, and
thus time was marked off as the sun rose in a particular constellation,
the twelve constellations named Houses and making up the Zodiac.

For instance, for the month after the Vernal Equinox, the sun would rise
in Aries, then as the days passed, a month later it would rise in
Taurus, then Gemini and so forth until it had completed its cycle back
to Aries. When two objects orbit each other, each, from the surface of
the other, is orbiting in the same direction and that is why the
Ptolemaic system had the Earth orbiting the sun in the correct
direction, even though it held the sun was orbiting the Earth.

The first representation we have of the Zodiac is at the Temple of
Hathor at Dendera in Egypt. The constellations that were chosen for the
Zodiac were located 8ºs from the equator of the Celestial Sphere, the
Earth's orbit around the sun, and thus not those that lay outside of the
course of the sun's rise and fall so that they were within 23ºs north or
south of the equator of the Earth. While the seasons cause the sun to
move north and south across the equator, the yearly movement of the sun
that are the Precession of the Equinoxes causes it to travel west to
east along the Earth's orbit. One crossed back and forth across the
equator, the other tracked the equator within 23ºs north or south of the
equator. This is extremely important in today's misconception of
precession where Astronomers compute precession's past and future
according to the north-south-north wobble theory while having to
directly measure the actual movement a star's precession produces
because there is no east-west movement of the equinoxes along the
Earth's orbit. In books explaining precession, however, the east-west
movement is emphasized, even though it cannot result from the Vernal
Equinox moving along the Earth's orbit.

At the time of Hipparchus, Capricornus, the sea goat was the first sign
before the Winter Solstice followed by Acquarius, the Water Carrier and
Pisces, the Fish. The arrival of Aries told that the Vernal Equinox was
coming followed by Taurus the Bull and Gemini the twins. Cancer the Crab
warned of the warm northern summer ahead followed by Leo the Lion and
Virgo the Virgin. Libra the Scales told of the coming of the Autumnal
Equinox followed by Scorpius, the Scorpion and Sagittarius the Archer,
bringing up Capricornus to start the cycle once again.

However, because the Vernal Equinox does actually drift, although not
along the circular orbit of the Earth as Hipparchus thought, it has,
since its discovery over 2,000 years ago, passed through Pisces and is
entering Acquarius. Astronomers not only imply this is from Newtonian's
north-south-north motion, if it exists, they actively seek to claim that
it does, even though, as we shall see, it can't.

And, as it can't be the result of the Precession of the Vernal Equinox,
which is fixed in the Earth's orbit, one would think Astronomers would
take some time out from peering into black holes and wonder what the
heck is causing the Vernal Equinox to move.

However, it is not a subject you will readily find intelligent
discussions of in an astronomy book.

Modern day definitions put thirteen constellations through which the sun
passes and parts of eleven more through which it passes partially. But
the point is, the second Ptolemaic cycle had the sun passing around
generally the middle of the Earth rising in twelve constellations which
allowed the scientists to divide the year up quite properly by 30ºs, or
12 months, and the sun actually appeared to move around the Earth and
arise in these different constellations.

While the daily course of the sun cycle was east to west, the yearly
course of the sun through the constellations of the Zodiac was from west
to east. Again, we can see this by holding up our right thumb. If the
knuckles closest to our wrist is winter, then the next set of knuckles
represent the Vernal Equinox, the next set, the summer Solstice and the
finger tips the Autumnal Equinox. The sun moves from winter to spring
(the Vernal Equinox) and on to summer, so it is clear that this second
cycle is a directional reverse of the first cycle.

Now even though the sun is not orbiting the Earth, the sun still rises
in each equinox in an orderly fashion as the year progresses. If we use
our right thumb pointing up, the fingers show the direction that the
Earth is moving. When the sun was orbiting the Earth, it was thought to
pass through each of the Zodiac constellations as it traveled around the
Earth. When we know it is the Earth that is traveling around the sun,
the sun being in the center does not affect it arising in a different
constellation each month because it is the Earth's motion around the sun
that causes the sun to pass from house to house of the Zodiac. As noted
above, when two objects orbit one another, the direction of motion of
one from the other is the same.

The constellations still surround the Earth in its orbit, it's just the
orbiting of the Earth that causes the sun to rise in successive houses
of the Zodiac, not the movement of the sun. So, we do watch the
leisurely movement of the sun as it travels from constellation to
constellation, Zodiac house to Zodiac house. With the fingers pointing
in the direction of the Earth's movement, putting the sun in the middle
of the fingers just illustrates that that movement would provide the
same display, a different constellation for the sun to rise in each
month as the Earth moves around the sun.

So, as far as the sun moving through the houses of the Zodiac is
concerned, it is the same as the Earth rotating with respect to the sun.
Because we see the same thing, we really can't tell whether it's being
caused by the Earth's movement or the sun's cycle.

Hipparchus, aware of the sun's two cycles, its daily cycle east-west
around the Earth, and its yearly cycle west to east through the houses
of the Zodiac, wondered if there was another cycle that the sun passed
through in its course around the Earth. Cycles can only be determined if
starting points can be fixed in directionless space, so the place to
start looking for cycles is where a starting point can be fixed. When
the sun passed through the Vernal Equinox, when the sun crossed the
equator heading north in the spring, that was definitely a fixed point.
It occurred yearly at the same time, and thus if the sun had a third
cycle, it would be associated with this fixed point. See Figure 5. In
reality, the tilt of the Earth determines the Vernal Equinox, and it
cannot be changed in its orbit because it is the position of the orbit
that tilts the North Pole and causes the equinox. Hipparchus didn't care
about tilt because he was unaware of it (although many in their
ignorance claim otherwise - what does the center of the universe tilt
with respect to?). The Earth was stationary. It didn't matter where the
Earth was in its orbit as the sun passed over the equator, it only
mattered that this happened once a year and was thus a fixed point he
could use to look for a cycle.

To underline an important point, the equinox occurs on the ecliptic, the
portions north and south of the equator that contained the full Zodiac
constellations which are located along the Earth's orbit. To fix in mind
this important point, Figure 6 is a little test.

Is Line "A" in Figure 6a the ecliptic the general direction which
precession moves or is the Line "A" in Figure 6 B the ecliptic?

The ecliptic parallels the equator, so Line "A" in Figure 6A is the
ecliptic. In Figure 6B, line "A" shows the path of the sun as the Earth
orbits the sun. It travels north-south-north back and forth across the
equator.

This is important because an explanation for precession that produces
the north-south-north motion in Figure 6B cannot be the explanation for
the precession that Hipparchus measured, which is east to west along the
orbit of the Earth, which is 23ºs north and south of the elliptic,
depending on the location of the Earth in it's orbit, Line "A" in Figure 6A

One would think this is fairly clear, but actual precession in Figure A
today is uniformly explained by the motion that results in Figure B.

The Vernal Equinox, like the Autumnal Equinox, and the Winter and Summer
Solstices, are a product of the Earth's tilt as it moves around the sun.
However, by believing that the sun went around the Earth, Hipparchus
thought it was the rising and falling of the sun with respect to the
equator that produced the Vernal Equinox and therefore the Vernal
Equinox was not fixed on the Earth's orbit.

Like the Earth's spin causing the sun to appear to orbit the Earth, the
visual result is the same. The sun only passes directly over the equator
going north once a year and that is the Vernal Equinox. Without knowing
that the Earth tilts, there is no way to place that point in
directionless space, but there was no reason for Hipparchus to believe
that it did not occur at the same place each year.

Thus, Hipparchus felt confident that he could use sunrise on the day the
sun crossed the equator at the Vernal Equinox going north as a cyclical
starting point to determine if the sun orbiting the Earth had still
another cycle. Sunrise is what fixes precession. If you sight a star
that appears at sunrise on the Vernal Equinox, then that sighting has
been tied to the once-a-year event. It should be a regular occurrence,
just like the Vernal Equinox is a regular occurrence.

And that is exactly what Hipparchus did. He sighted a star at sunrise on
the Vernal Equinox, and then waited until the next year's Vernal Equinox
to measure the same event. Expecting to see the star at sunrise on the
Vernal Equinox, he was surprised to find the star appearing late. He was
looking for the first visible appearance of the star on the eastern
horizon before sunrise, and when it didn't appear, he knew something was
up. The brief appearance of the star was late, and if the star was late,
then, because the stars were fixed in the heavens, the Vernal Equinox
was early, it preceded the sighting of the star, preceding becoming
precession.

If the story of connecting sunrise with noon is a little too far
fetched, it does illustrate why the phenomena is called the Precession
of the Equinoxes. For the star to appear late, the fixed point, the sun
passing over the equator had to appear earlier, and thus the time of the
equinox had preceded the equinox the year before. And just so we don't
get lost in professional details, another story has it that Hipparchus,
in possession of the position of the stars of the Zodiac for a period of
over a hundred years, was able to show that the sun was rising in the
Houses with an eastward shift of approximately 1º along the Earth's
orbit each 72 years before he made his measurements.

Thus, if we hold our right thumb up, and pretend that our second set of
knuckles is the Vernal Equinox, that Vernal Equinox had shifted one
percent toward the knuckles closest to the wrist.

It doesn't matter, however, how the precession, the movement of the
Vernal Equinox from east to west was discovered, the fact is, it existed
and was measurable. Now here is the tricky part. Because for Hipparchus
the sun was circling the Earth, and moving from west to east through the
houses of the Zodiac on a yearly basis, he concluded that the sun must
be slowly shifting from east to west for the equinox to move east,
allowing the Houses to produce a westward movement. See Figure 7.

THE 26,000 YEAR CYCLE

Rounding off is good scientific practice, so we all think of the daily,
yearly and 26,000 year cycles of the sun, with the 26,000 cycle broken
down into about 2,200 years per Zodiac house. After all, no one knows
when the sun starts rising in each House mainly because it has never
been recorded to happen, the Houses are constellations, which are
subjective, and, when we are talking about such a long time, longer than
our known ancestors and probably decedents, does it really matter?

What really mattered was that once Hipparchus got his new cycle, he
could compute it, and that's what science is all about, computing. If we
didn't know that the sun went around the Earth, we would not know that
the 72 years that produced a 1º movement of the sun through the houses
of the Zodiac could be converted mathematically into a cycle. With 360ºs
in the Earth's orbit, all Hipparchus had to do was multiply 1º of each
of those 360ºs by the 72 years the 1º represented to produce the full
cycle. For each 1% is 72 years and 360 times 72 gets us our approximate
26,000 year precessional cycle.

Now I will repeat a very important statement: Without a belief that the
sun made a

360º orbit around the Earth, the actual computation of precession could
not be converted to a 26,000 year cycle, a 26,000 minute cycle or a
26,000 anything cycle. If the sun does not go around the Earth, there is
no way to compute a precessional cycle. With no way to fix ourselves in
space, no way to fix the changing position to a year, we have no idea
what this change means, and we can not convert the change into a cycle
of years.

To believe in a 26,000 year precessional cycle, you have to believe that
the sun orbits the Earth!

So, with no sun traveling around the Earth, we can forget a 26,00 year
precessional cycle. This doesn't mean that people that believed the sun
went around the Earth could not have arranged their affairs according to
a precessional cycle of 26,000 years. It just means the cycle didn't
exist. See Figure 8.

If we pick a star from the star studded galaxy and line it up with the
Vernal Equinox, and we know that it is the Earth's orbit as it reaches a
particular position in relation to its orbiting the sun at the center of
the solar system that produces the Vernal Equinox, we know for the star
to show up late, one of a number of things must have happened. We know
that the star moved backwards with relation to the lineup, or the Vernal
Equinox moved forward, or we know that there was a combination of both
occurring.

If the Vernal Equinox moved forward, and it is fixed on the Earth's
orbit, the only way that it could move forward is if the Earth's orbit
moved forward.

Because the Earth's orbit is determined by the sun, if the Earth's orbit
moved forward, the only way it could move forward is if the sun moved
forward.

The thick line shows the direction of the sun's movement. Of course, to
modern science, this is impossible because the galaxy turns in the
opposite direction. See Sidebar Newton's Color Error Adopted Mindlessly
by Hubble <sidebar1.html>

Because the Earth's tilt always lines up with the sun's movement, if the
sun moved forward, then the point on the Earth's orbit where the Vernal
Equinox occurred would also move forward.

Of course, the sighted star could be causing the change by moving
backwards, and both the star and the sun might well be passing in the
night or the sun might even be moving faster than the sighted star.

Not to dwell too long on the movement of the sun, the first volume of
The Copernican Series, At the Gates of the Citadel: The Subjugation of
Modern Science, contains a cover graphic showing how to compute the
speed and direction of the sun, two items I am sure everyone would agree
the ignorance of which would be basic to the quality of the knowledge of
the science dealing with the solar system and all it contains, and
specifically precession. Unfortunately, Astronomers, fixated on the big
bang, compute the speed and direction of the sun from the fantasy of an
historical explosion rather than from the facts at hand.

When Hipparchus discovered precession, he believed the Earth was
stationary. Other than the absurd notion that the sun is moving at a big
bang half million miles an hour, we today believe that the sun is
stationary, with the elements of the solar system, putting it together
in the heliocentric frame. But see Figure 9 and the Sidebar on The Speed
and Direction of the Sun <sidebar2.html> to obtain a better
understanding of the solar system's movement.

If, however, the sun were moving at about 300 miles per hour, computable
because it takes longer for the Earth to move from the Summer Solstice
to the Winter Solstice than it does to move from the Winter Solstice to
the Summer Solstice, then the Earth would pass in front of the sun in
the direction the sun is moving closer than it would when it was
furthest from the direction of the sun's movement, which is the way the
solar system operates.

For those of you who were brainwashed into thinking the sun's
gravitational field causes the Earth's speed to increase in winter and
decrease in summer, the Earth at no time falls toward, or even close to
the direction of the sun. The Earth and the planets do not speed up and
slow down, contrary to mindless science. When this idiocy was devised by
Tycho Brahe, who believed the Earth was stationary, he was trying to
explain the fact that the moon appeared to speed up in the summer and
slow down in the winter, an observation he found applicable to the
planets. This conclusion, that massive objects like the moon and planets
can speed up and slow down on a yearly basis, was then adopted by his
note taker Kepler and applied to the universe. (Kepler was also Brahe's
poisoner. Read the Gildar's detailed account in Heavenly Intrigue how
Brahe's body was exhumed and his mustache hair disclosed the first
introduction of Mercury which sent Brahe to his deathbed, but when he
lingered longer than a week, the second application of Mercury, both of
which the Gildars demonstrate could only have been potioned and provided
by Kepler.) If Brahe had understood that the Earth was moving, he would
have realized that the change in time could just as well have been
caused by a difference in distance traveled rather than a change in speed.

Anyone that believes objects the size of moons and planets speed up and
slow down needs a little help, although it's certainly a reason for The
Amazing Randy to pay himself his million dollar offer, the paranormal
procedure being the speeding up and slowing down of the moon and the
planets, the scientific proof being Brahe's conclusion that the Earth is
stationary. Only idiots would say the moon is accelerating because it is
falling to the Earth or the Earth is accelerating because it is falling
toward to sun. The eccentricity of the Earth's orbit is just over .025%
which means the Earth isn't falling toward anything. I point this out
because the stupidity is like precession, empirical science comes to
conclusions that are then facts and finally irrefutable laws. For the
other set of mindless nitwits that don't want to be included in the
category of acceleration idiots, the story is that the moon and the
Earth and the rest of the planets are all traveling in straight lines
except for the attraction of gravity, which is causing their
straight-line motion to curve into the orbits we measure.

Perhaps the most notorious example of basing conclusions on mistakes,
throwing the mistakes out of the discussion and accepting the
conclusions, is Newton's computation of the proportionality of gravity,
our universal mass gravity, where he assumed that the matter that made
up the Earth and the moon, and indeed, everything, was uniformly made up
of identical uniform particles. Newtons's entire mathematical proof that
gravity is proportional to matter depended on this assumption because
the only way he could put gravity into his equations was by computing it
on the basis of the volume of the Earth and the moon, and when it was
found to be wrong, after all, how could he have known centuries ago
about the periodic table, the universal idiocy of empirical science
accepted the proportionality of gravity and ignored that its only
demonstration is based on a vagrant thought that could be disproven
simply by picking up an apple and a rock and biting into the rock.
(Newton's entire mathematical structure was actually stolen from Brahe's
orbital velocity measurements which showed a different constant that
applied to orbits around each planet and the sun. Newton then named the
constant gravity produced by matter's volume, applied it to the Earth
and the moon by volume and it came out close enough for mindless science
to embrace as a universal law.)

This idiotic feature that defines science, accepting baseless
conclusions as real even though the evidence upon which the conclusions
are based is false, applied to Hipparchus and his discovered precession.
What Hipparchus really discovered was another idiot measurement,
something that could be computed. If he did not make the assumption that
the sun was merely reversing the 360º course of its yearly orbit, he
would have had nothing to announce, no 26,000 year cycle, and thus he
would not be doing his job as a scientist (and we would remember his
name only in the context of his discredited epicycles unless Ptolemy's
statement could deflect the error to Apollonius of Perga and then he
wouldn't be remembered at all!).

Once he announced the 26,000 year cycle, and that cycle became
irrefutable law, it had to remain in place when Copernicus figured out
that there was no cycle, that the sun wasn't going around the Earth but
rather that the Earth was the object going around the sun.

Copernicus spent his entire life working on the belief that the planets
went around the sun, but he kept the knowledge close to his inner group
of friends. The major argument he was up against was Hipparchus'
epicycles, so when it came to saving the Precession of the Equinoxes, we
can forgive Copernicus a little sloppy thinking. He knew precession
existed, and he knew that he therefore had to account for it with the
Earth going around the sun rather than the sun going around the Earth,
but it wasn't his main focus of argument.

He could clearly see how the equinox could precess with the sun going
around the Earth, but accounting for it with the Earth going around the
sun was pretty hard unless you weren't focusing on the fact that with
the sun in the center of the solar system, it was the position of the
Earth's tilt that determined the position of the equinox and thus the
equinox could not move around the Earth's orbit. Copernicus was so
focused on eliminating the epicycles and thus putting the sun at the
center of the solar system that he lost sight of the fact that the
equinox cannot move along the Earth's orbit and came to the conclusion,
on a more off-hand basis than anything else, that the Precession of the
Equinoxes was caused by the Earth falling a little short in its orbit
each year.

Because this mistake was pretty apparent, and because Copernicus was
dead before his theory was promulgated, his fear of physical persecution
persuading him to deliver it on his deathbed, precession took a back
seat to the vicious and endless arguments over the sun-centered system
during the next century until Galileo picked up the torch of Copernicus
and cut through the ignorance of science prevailing at the time, an
ignorance that was probably less than today's ignorance because it was
based on religion, whereas today's science is the religion.

Galileo succeeded in this, in vindicating Copernicus, when he
fortunately and irrefutably demonstrated the Jupiter centered system as
a miniature picture of the solar system though his novel telescope.

When Newton came along with his explanation about how the planets
orbited the sun, and more specifically, how the moon orbited the Earth,
the fact that the tilt of the Earth in its orbit was what produced the
slow westward drift of precession had been discarded as if it had never
been proposed. But, like Copernicus, Newton had to account for
precession some way. To Newton, the sun was just as fixed in the sky as
the Earth had been to the Ptolemaic fanatics and the Earth's orbit at
which the sun crossed the equator heading north in spring was as fixed
as the sun. Precession therefore must be caused by some effect of the
Earth that occurred at the same position in the Earth's orbit every year
simply because precession was fixed by the sun and the tilt of the Earth
at that position.

Newton, after, I'm sure, much thought, decided that the only way the
equinox could precess was if it didn't precess, if it merely looked like
it precessed as a result of some motion of the Earth, just like the sun
looked liked it was going around the Earth when in fact it was the Earth
that was going around the sun. Being an alchemist, a person adept at
turning lead into gold, rather than an astrologer, a person who could
follow the yearly path of the sun as it passed through the
constellations of the Zodiac that belted the Earth's orbit, Newton
decided that the Earth's tilt wobbled, and that it was this wobble that
produced the appearance of the Precession of the Equinox. See Figure 10.

Presuming an open science, what is the first thing precession by wobble
suggests?

If Hipparchus believed that instead of being stationary at the center of
the universe, the Earth went around the sun, and that precession was
caused by the Earth's wobble at the Vernal Equinox, then he would note
that the star was late because we were in the part of the wobble that
made the star appear to be late and that we might as well have been in a
part of the wobble that made the star appear early. He was able to
compute a 26,000 year cycle only because he believed that the sun was
going full circle around the Earth. If you walk around a circular track
watching a tower off to the north, which would be the analogy to
sighting the star from a rotating planet at one position in its orbit,
then when you are walking east, the tower looks like it is moving west,
and when you are walking south the tower appears stationary. When you
are walking west, the tower appears to move east and when you are
walking north, the tower once again appears motionless.

There is no 360º circle when you are the 360º circle. There is only a
360º circle when what you are looking at is traveling in a 360º circle
around you!

For instance, if you were in the middle of the track, and the tower were
moving around you, then you could time its movement using the 360º
circle, but not when you don't have a 360º circle, which you don't if
you are fixed in one place.

Thus, Hipparchus could not have come up with his 26,000 year cycle if he
believed the Earth traveled around the sun, and Newton couldn't have
either. If the background stars moved at 1% of the Earth's orbit in 72
years, Hipparchus could say, well, we can make up a cycle, but if he
believed the Earth was orbiting the sun and the Vernal Equinox was
therefore stationary, he would just be fantasizing. Newton just said,
and, as we will see in a moment, he was attempting to preserve the
26,000 cycle, "We have 1º in 72 years, here's your 360º circle, here's
your explanation for the Precession of the Equinoxes." and no one raised
an objection (and believe me, if you valued your life, specifically,
your limbs, intestines and neck, substitute reputation and income today,
you didn't and don't object to Newton's pronouncements).

What Newton failed to see was that, with the Earth sitting at the Vernal
Equinox at the same place every year, the Vernal Equinox was not moving
through the constellations of the Zodiac. The stars had shifted, because
something was moving with respect to the stars, but it wasn't the
equinox moving along the orbit of the Earth because the equinox was
right where it was on that orbit every year, year in and year out. If
you believed the Earth circled the sun, rising in the house of Aries and
if you believed that the equinoxes were fixed, how could the sun rise in
Libra on the opposite side of the solar system as a result of the
Precession of the Equinoxes if the equinoxes could not move along the
Earth's orbit?

In short, we may be entering the age of Aquarius, but not because of the
Precession of the Equinoxes. The sun will actually rise in Aquarius but
when it does so, it will be for a different reason than the Precession
of the Equinoxes because the equinoxes are not precessing in a circle
around the sun, they are sitting right where the tilt of the Earth has
always dictated that they sit in its orbit, in the same place year after
year with respect to the sun.

And the Zodiac constellations, which cover the 360º area around the
Earth's orbit, certainly are not moving in a circle around the Earth.

As noted, the 1º change in 72 years is a result of the sun moving,
carrying the Vernal Equinox fixed on the Earth's orbit along with it,
the star is moving back away from the direction of the sun's motion, a
combination of both are occurring or the sun is simply moving faster
than the sighted star. In all probability, the star is simply going
slower than the sun. But, because none of these solutions produce a
mathematical cycle, the description of what is actually happening is not
science when science is defined empirically by mathematical results.

Wobble, however, does produce a movement of the sun rising in the
constellations. The question is, what motion does wobble produce?

We know that the seasons are produced by the tilt of the Earth which, as
it circles the sun, causes the sun to hit it 23ºs above and below the
equator. In other words, the tilt causes the sun to appear to move north
to south and back to north again.

What is wobble?

Wobble is a tilt of the tilt!

As a result, wobble, if it exists, after all, it is simply a figment of
Newton's imagination made up to explain precession and bolster his
insupportable gravity theory, also makes the sun appear as if it is
moving north to south and back to north again.

But measurable precession is an equatorial phenomena, with the sun, over
the course of the year passing through the constellations that are
within the 23º boundaries north and south of the equator. They are a
result of the Earth's orbit around the sun, not the north-south-north
motion of the sun across the equator.

In short, Newton's precession goes in a direction 90ºs different than
measurable precession.

But the real absurdity is that a stationary location on the Earth's
orbit could allow a viewer on the Earth to watch the sun rise in a
different constellation 30ºs away from the same location on the Earth's
orbit. Let's modify Figure 4, into Figure 11.

According to Newton, we somehow will be able to see the sun rise in all
twelve houses of the Zodiac as a result of precession even though the
Earth at the Vernal Equinox is stationary at the point precession was
discovered, at the end of the age of Aries. Again according to Newton,
in about 11,000 years, we'll see the sun rise in Libra, even though
Libra will not even be visible.

Popular books on astronomy shrug this off, and books that are actually
on astronomy say, well, precession produces a north-south-north motion
of the sun over the equator so that, for instance, in 13,000 years,
Virgo will be our north star, and, oh yes, one other effect of
precession is that it causes the Vernal Equinox to move through
constellations that make up the so-called houses of the Zodiac

There are many that believe, in the face of this stupidity, that the sun
is part of a multiple star system, and is being circled by one of the
stars, specifically Sirius.

There is substantial evidence that the ancients had astronomical
information about Sirius that we have only obtained recently with our
sophisticated equipment but that was possessed thousands of years ago,
giving rise to the idea that Sirius was once much closer than it
currently is. See http://www.siriusresearchgroup.com/ for loads of
information about this point of view as well as precession and its
ramifications. However, jumping to the conclusion that all galaxies were
formed in a gigantic explosion of some sort would give rise to the
conclusion that galaxies do not evolve, that the stars that make them up
do not start off at one distance from one other or speed up and slow down.

I set out the mechanics of galactic formation and dissipation in Atoms,
Stars and Minds and the forces that cause individual stars to fall in
rotation around the center of a galaxy do not permit the mixing that
Sirius orbiting the sun would require to produce precession. Besides,
Sirius is ahead of our direction of travel and can't be used to compute
precession during the Vernal Equinox.

However, Sirius could well have been much closer to our sun at one time
than it is now. If stars closer to the center of the galaxy are moving
at a slower rate than those in the outer arms, then that means stars
speed up as the galaxy matures, and Sirius at some time in the past
could well have been more of a companion star to the sun than it is now,
revealing it's secrets to the ancients.

And, of course, only the most blind of empirical scientists (meaning
those that wish to preserve their income) fail to recognize that a
worldwide civilization preceded ours and that civilization would be
perfectly capable of collecting any astronomical information we can, and
probably more.

Instead of mindlessly explaining precession in a manner that does not
physically describe how it causes the stars to shift along the Earth's
orbit, we forget that measuring precession in a number of stars can tell
us both about the galaxy we occupy and about ourselves.

Interest in the equinoxes quickened with the publication of Hamlet's
Mill in 1977, a search for an awareness of a common past by Giogio de
Santilllana and Hertha von Dechend. However, the precession described is
the precession of Hipparchus with the Earth in the center of the solar
system. David Childress' unceasing efforts to open up to the general
public what appears to be a common past drew in researchers like Robert
Bauval and Graham Hancock to look to precession as a way of dating the
past. Using the notion that there actually is a 26,000 cycle, they use
Newton's wobble, for which there is no way to compute a 26,000 cycle,
and for which there is no change in the sun in relation to the
constellations of the Zodiac, to attempt to backdate events.

In fact, videos produced to illustrate theories that epochs can be
backdated by precession show the stars moving north-south-north while
the announcer claims that the ages are moving through the houses of the
Zodiac, which is east-west along the Earth's orbit, much like the
astronomy books do, confusing two directions with one impossibility, a
stationary Vernal Equinox that produces orbital precession.

These researchers, however, are adding valuable information to the
general body of knowledge and while I haven't done definitive research
on the subject, different civilizations seem to report different epochs,
with precession assigned up to 35,000 years and even in some societies
so much higher that opponents insist the myths mean months or days
rather than years.

However, this would well be the case in an evolving galaxy where the
speed of the stars increase with maturity, shortening the epochs based
on the movement of the star's past fixed points in the solar system,
some of which we can't yet be aware of because we are stuck here on the
face of the Earth by ignorant, outdated theories that were turned into
laws by men who knew nothing.

Unfortunately, even if the entire history of the world was based on
Hipparchus' precession, there is no way to use a nonexistent 26,000
cycle and a stationary set of equinoxes to backdate actual events unless
you start with the assumption that the Earth is in the center of the
solar system and work from there. The software these researchers use
does not do that, and, in fact, produces precession that moves in a
north-south-north fashion, confusing the situation by using two
definitions for precession. We get general statements similar to, due to
the wobble of the Earth around its axis, the Earth gradually changes its
relationships to the signs of the Zodiac, which is only possible if the
sun moved around the Earth.

Astronomers, not wanting to disturb Newton's failure to describe actual
precession, can easily define the year as the time from the Vernal
Equinox to the Vernal Equinox, the tropical year, eliminating the
computation of precession altogether as far as its movement along the
Earth's orbit is concerned and leaving Newton's north-south- north
explanation, and his adoption of the 26,000 year cycle applicable as if
the sun orbits the Earth, because, let's face it, who's going to be
around to disprove it and who's going to even attempt to disagree with
empirical science's Holy Trinity, Newton, Newton and Newton.

With radio telescopes and visual sightings of stars at angles to
precession all giving off different figures, it's time we recognized
that precession is the result of the sun's motion, and that the figures
we can derive from our measurements can tell us a lot about the galaxy
we occupy.

We will have to abandon dating by precession, but alternative scientific
researchers have the facts now to start building chronologies of the
actual history of our past, and we have a hundred different ways to
start fixing those chronologies into a coherent picture.

When we misconstrue facts, mix up reality, theorize on the nonexistent,
established science can just sit there with its stupidities, because all
it has to do is point out alternate science's stupidities to tarnish us
in our entirety.

Let me put it bluntly. Astronomers use Newton's explanation for
precession, wobble, to explain the Precession of the Equinoxes, when all
it would explain, if it is true, is that Virgo will be the north star
some day, and not necessarily in 13,000 years because wobble does not
provide a basis for the computation of a precessional cycle.

But, precession exists. The point of the Vernal Equinox is in Pisces,
while several thousand years ago it was in Aries. Because of precession,
star locations have to be assigned a coded year system such as year
1950, or year 2,000 or year 1995.2 for periods within the year so that
Astronomers will know which star charts are applicable.

The Vernal Equinox is moving and it is moving constantly, just not along
the orbit of the Earth.

Our Astronomers, too interested in the internal structure of black holes
or the make up of dark matter to concern themselves with why the Vernal
Equinox, which is fixed in the Earth's orbit and is not explained by
Newton's wobble so far as it's movement along that orbit is concerned,
merrily ignore that the only explanation for the actual continuous
movement of the background stars is that the sun is moving, and the
equinoxes are moving with the orbits of the planets the sun is dragging
along with it.

One reason Astronomers prefer to deal with things that cannot be
demonstrated may be that it is a lot easier and certainly a lot safer to
define fantasy than it is explain reality.

Another is, of course, if the sun is moving, dragging the planets along
behind it, Astronomers would have to explain why those planets adhere to
the sun.

In short, they would have to admit that Kepler and Newton were both
wrong and start over, coming up with an actual explanation for gravity.

They would, heaven forbid, have to physically describe gravity rather
than assign it as a property of matter like yellow is the property of
gold and they would have to take the planets' motion out of the
historic, and unprovable swirling mass of gas and physically explain the
actual current forces that are causing them to orbit the sun and rotate
on their axes.

That's why precession is so important, and its contradictions so ignored.

What Astronomers do when their backs are to the wall is make up absurd,
unverifiable explanations, like five year olds caught with their hands
in the cookie jar. One is, because the Vernal Equinox is an intersection
of the equator of the Celestial Sphere and the ecliptic, the actual
equator, the Earth is stationary on the ecliptic but revolves around the
Celestial Equator, which is a complex way of saying it moves along the
Earth's orbit, which it doesn't. The one that takes the cake is that the
perturbations from Jupiter and Saturn make the perihelion (basically,
the Winter Solstice) orbit the sun. The definition of perturbation
implies randomness, so this is a real whopper, but then empirical
science revels in the Big Lie.

Science is the measuring of nature. The sun can be measured to move to
cause the effect off precession. Alternative scientists should not fall
into the trap of affirming empirical science by building on its fantasies.

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