mirrored file at http://SaturnianCosmology.Org/ For complete access to all the files of this collection see http://SaturnianCosmology.org/search.php ========================================================== The only place in the Universe where plasma is not found, that is a non-hydrodynamic treatment is valid for the matter present, is the crustal regions of planets: in the solar system, the inner planets (Alfvén, 1976). On Earth, these regions are characterized as the upper atmosphere and the crustal regions above the inner magma: In fact, the above statement is not quite true. The gases, solids, and liquids illustrated above can be brought back into a plasma state, from which they derived, by the application of intense energies, such as meteorite impacts, earthquakes, or nuclear explosions. For example liquid and ground shocking by either earthquakes or nuclear explosions leads to interesting plasma effects such as luminescence and weak electromagnetic radiation. Ionized gases, liquids, and solids are weak examples of plasmas. The former, ionized gases, have been extensively studied in the laboratory. However, while ionized gases belong to the plasma family, plasmas are not ionized gases. This fact leads to misconceptions in the nature of plasmas in space and the universe. To parapharse Timothy Eastman: Plasmas are for Everyone. Gases and plasmas are distinct states of matter. The fluids states of gas and liquid are treated with the Navier-Stokes equation whereas plasmas are treated with the Boltzmann and Maxwell equations. The term plasma is for everyone and not just for specialists.Plasma is defined as a partially or fully ionized medium which exhibits collective effects due to interactions with electric and magnetic fields.Often, the solar wind is described as a "vast stream of ions" (neglecting electrons and the fields), strongly implying (incorrectly) a Navier-Stokes fluid. Plasmas are not simply a type of gas. Let's be more accurate and recognize as well that plasmas are for everyone.