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Galaxies & Stars

The usual definition of what a galaxy is: "An island universe", or
"A vast collection of stars" is not wrong, but it is misleading.
Because of the vast distances that separate stars even in the most
densely packed regions of most galaxies, a better definition is: "A
vast formation of plasma clouds that contain electrical currents
and occasional, widely distributed tiny lumped points of matter
called clusters, stars and planets."

The shape that characterizes most galaxies was first described by
Hannes Alfven in 1986.

The shape he proposed is shown here. The diagram is a cross section
of a three dimensional figure. The horizontal line at the center of
the diagram is actually a circular disk lying in the horizontal
plane. It is this disk, when viewed not from the edge as it is
here, but more face on, that is the familiar spiral shape picture
of a galaxy that we are used to seeing. The parallel vertical lines
coming out from the center of the galaxy (along its axis of
rotation) represent a strong electrical current in a plasma that
sometimes is visible as a "jet".

The two DLs in the sketch are double layers within the jet plasma.
Recall that DLs contain strong _E_-fields and are the source of
radio frequency emissions. The two amorphous shapes at the left of
the diagram show the resulting typical "double radio source" that
is observed in many galaxies. These are due to the DLs. In some
galaxies the jet plasma is in the dark current mode; in others it
is clearly visible.

This is Centaurus A. The jet is clearly visible in this image.
Halton Arp's contention that quasars are emitted from the centers
of Seyfert galaxies along their "secondary axes" (axes of rotation)
is consistent with these pictures. Recall that DLs are also the
locations of strong electromagnetic z-pinches which can compress
dispersed material into denser objects.

The general shape of a rotating disk carrying electrical currents
in the shape shown by Alfven defines what is called the "homopolar
motor - generator".

In many galaxies the jet structure cannot be seen in visible light.
So until the development of infared and x-ray orbiting satellite
telescopes, most of these features remained undiscovered. There are
now many images of galaxies that show the Alfven structure. The
image at the right was taken by the Subaru orbiting IR telescope of
galaxy M 82.

But Alfven also proposed that individual stars themselves had
similar morphologies. He proposed an almost identical diagram for
the operation of a typical star. Once again the plasmas involved
may or may not all be in one of the visible modes of operation. So
not all images of stars show this structure - but many do. Alfven's
"heliospheric circuit" is shown here.

This proposal remained in the realm of conjecture until the spring
of the year 2001 when long plasma "tubes" were discovered by the
spacecraft Ulysses emanating from the bottom pole of our Sun. These
tubes are long enough to extend out farther than the distance of
the planet Mars from the Sun. There are also many images available
now of "jetted stars". Of course, Alfven believed all stars were
"jetted" - but some less visibly than others. Here are a pair of
images of stars that show the plasma jets and characteristic disk
shape clearly.

Notice in the right hand image (Goddard Space Flight Center) that
the "planets" (Herbig-Haro objects) are formed in a colinear array
along the jet axis of the parent star. These clumpings are probably
formed by DLs at those locations. In the center image (above) the
tell-tale twisting shape of a large Birkeland current containing
DLs is clearly visible. Anthony Peratt points out that the number
of objects typically formed by the z-pinch effect is usually around
nine.

Whether we choose to call it the "homopolar motor - generator", the
"jetted disk", or the "Alfven circuit", this shape keeps being seen
with increasing frequency as more accurate and broader bandwidth
instuments are developed. (Notice, for example, the shape of the
"Crab pulsar" shown on the Main page of this site.) All the images
shown below are of stars.  All exhibit the homopolar disk shape.

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References

1. file://localhost/www/sat/files/planets.htm
2. file://localhost/www/sat/files/index.htm
3. http://www.stats4all.com/asp/login.asp?sSiteName=dascott2