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[10]Planet Jupiter 

_Jupiter_

_Then felt I like some watcher of the skies when a new planet swims
into his ken. - John Keats_

Table of Contents
Jupiter Introduction[11]Jupiter Statistics
[12]Animations of Jupiter
[13]Views of Jupiter
[14]Rings of Jupiter
[15]Jupiter's Moon Summary

Satellites of Jupiter
[16]Adrastea, [17]Amalthea, [18]Ananke, [19]Callisto, [20]Carme,
[21]Elara, [22]Europa, [23]Ganymede, [24]Himalia, [25]Io, [26]Leda,
[27]Lysithea, [28]Metis, [29]Pasiphae, [30]Sinope, [31]Thebe,

Jupiter Science
[32]Jupiter Exploration Chronology[33]Jupiter Science
Summary[34]Galileo to Jupiter[35]Galilean Satellite
Discovery[36]Jupiter Image/Animation Gallery[37]Planetary
Icosahedrons[38]Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 Background[39]Comet
Shoemaker-Levy 9 Impact
Galileo Press Releases
[40]New Insites into Callisto and Europa - 23 May 1997[41]Ice
Volcanoes Reshape Europa's Chaotic Surface - January 17, 1997[42]New
Discoveries From Galileo - December 12, 1996[43]Jupiter's Europa
Harbors Possible "Warm Ice" or Liquid Water[44]New Galileo Images Of
Europa[45]Galileo Probe Suggests Planetary Science Reappraisal
Other Resources
[46]Jupiter's Ring System[47]Galileo Mission to Jupiter[48]Comet
Shoemaker-Levy 9 Impact
[49]The NASA Atlas of the Solar System,
by Ronald Greeley, Geological Survey,
$108.50 Hardcover - 1996
[50]The Great Comet Crash,
by John R. Spencer,
$25.95 Hardcover - 1995
[51]Impact Jupiter,
by David Levy,
$18.17 Hardcover - 1995
[52]Destination: Jupiter,
by Seymour Jupiter Simon,
$11.20 Hardcover - 1998
[53]Jupiter: The Giant Planet,
by Reta Beebe,
$29.95 Hardcover - 1997

[54][LINK] 

Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and is the largest one in the
solar system. If Jupiter were hollow, more than one thousand Earths
could fit inside. It also contains more matter than all of the other
planets combined. It has a mass of 1.9 x 1027 kg and is 142,800
kilometers (88,736 miles) across the equator. Jupiter possesses 28
know satellites, four of which - Callisto, Europa, Ganymede and Io -
were observed by [55]Galileo as long ago as 1610. Another 12
satellites have been recently discovered and given provisional
designators until they are officially confirmed and named. There is a
ring system, but it is very faint and is totally invisible from the
Earth. (The rings were discovered in 1979 by Voyager 1.) The
atmosphere is very deep, perhaps comprising the whole planet, and is
somewhat like the Sun. It is composed mainly of hydrogen and helium,
with small amounts of methane, ammonia, water vapor and other
compounds. At great depths within Jupiter, the pressure is so great
that the hydrogen atoms are broken up and the electrons are freed so
that the resulting atoms consist of bare protons. This produces a
state in which the hydrogen becomes metallic.

Colorful latitudinal bands, atmospheric clouds and storms illustrate
Jupiter's dynamic weather systems. The cloud patterns change within
hours or days. The [56]Great Red Spot is a complex storm moving in a
counter-clockwise direction. At the outer edge, material appears to
rotate in four to six days; near the center, motions are small and
nearly random in direction. An array of other smaller storms and
eddies can be found through out the banded clouds.

[57]Auroral emissions, similar to Earth's [58]northern lights, were
observed in the polar regions of Jupiter. The auroral emissions appear
to be related to material from [59]Io that spirals along magnetic
field lines to fall into Jupiter's atmosphere. Cloud-top lightning
bolts, similar to superbolts in Earth's high atmosphere, were also
observed.

Jupiter's Ring

Unlike Saturn's intricate and complex ring patterns, Jupiter has a
simple ring system that is composed of an inner halo, a main ring and
a Gossamer ring. To the Voyager spacecraft, the Gossamer ring appeared
to be a single ring, but Galileo imagery provided the unexpected
discovery that Gossamer is really two rings. One ring is embedded
within the other. The rings are very tenuous and are composed of dust
particles kicked up as interplanetary meteoroids smash into Jupiter's
four small inner moons [60]Metis, [61]Adrastea, [62]Thebe, and
[63]Amalthea. Many of the particles are microscopic in size.

The innermost halo ring is toroidal in shape and extends radially from
about 92,000 kilometers (57,000 miles) to about 122,500 kilometers
(76,000 miles) from Jupiter's center. It is formed as fine particles
of dust from the main ring's inner boundary 'bloom' outward as they
fall toward the planet. The main and brightest ring extends from the
halo boundary out to about 128,940 kilometers (80,000 miles) or just
inside the orbit of Adrastea. Close to the orbit of Metis, the main
ring's brightness decreases.

The two faint Gossamer rings are fairly uniform in nature. The
innermost Amalthea Gossamer ring extends from the orbit of Adrastea
out to the orbit of Amalthea at 181,000 kilometers (112,000 miles)
from Jupiter's center. The fainter Thebe Gossamer ring extends from
Amalthea's orbit out to about Thebe's orbit at 221,000 kilometers
(136,000 miles).

Jupiter's rings and moons exist within an intense radiation belt of
electrons and ions trapped in the planet's magnetic field. These
particles and fields comprise the jovian [64]magnetosphere or magnetic
environment, which extends 3 to 7 million kilometers (1.9 to 4.3
million miles) toward the Sun, and stretches in a windsock shape at
least as far as Saturn's orbit - a distance of 750 million kilometers
(466 million miles).

Jupiter Statistics
Mass (kg) 1.900e+27
Mass (Earth = 1) 3.1794e+02
Equatorial radius (km) 71,492
Equatorial radius (Earth = 1) 1.1209e+01
Mean density (gm/cm^3) 1.33
Mean distance from the Sun (km) 778,330,000
Mean distance from the Sun (Earth = 1) 5.2028
Rotational period (days) 0.41354
Orbital period (days) 4332.71
Mean orbital velocity (km/sec) 13.07
Orbital eccentricity 0.0483
Tilt of axis (degrees) 3.13
Orbital inclination (degrees) 1.308
Equatorial surface gravity (m/sec^2) 22.88
Equatorial escape velocity (km/sec) 59.56
Visual geometric albedo 0.52
Magnitude (Vo) -2.70
Mean cloud temperature -121°C
Atmospheric pressure (bars) 0.7
Atmospheric composition
Hydrogen
Helium
90%
10%

Animations of Jupiter

* [65]Rotating Jupiter Movie.
* [66]Io Fly Around.
* [67]Rotating Jupiter and its Atmosphere.
* [68]Jupiter's Atmosphere.
* [69]Jupiter's Redspot.
* [70]Magnetic Field of Jupiter.

Views of Jupiter

[71]Jupiter [72]Jupiter
This image was taken by NASA's Hubble Space Telescope on February 13,
1995. The image provides a detailed look at a unique cluster of three
white oval-shaped storms that lie southwest (below and to the left) of
Jupiter's Great Red Spot. The appearance of the clouds, in this image,
is considerably different from their appearance only seven months
earlier. These features are moving closer together as the Great Red
Spot is carried westward by the prevailing winds while the white ovals
are swept eastward.

The outer two of the white storms formed in the late 1930s. In the
centers of these cloud systems the air is rising, carrying fresh
ammonia gas upward. New, white ice crystals form when the upwelling
gas freezes as it reaches the chilly cloud top level where
temperatures are -130°C (-200°F). The intervening white storm center,
the ropy structure to the left of the ovals, and the small brown spot
have formed in low pressure cells. The white clouds sit above
locations where gas is descending to lower, warmer regions.
[73]The Interior of Jupiter [74]The Interior of Jupiter
This picture illustrates the internal structure of Jupiter. The outer
layer is primarily composed of molecular hydrogen. At greater depths
the hydrogen starts resembling a liquid. At 10,000 kilometers below
Jupiter's cloud top liquid hydrogen reaches a pressure of 1,000,000
bar with a temperature of 6,000° K. At this state hydrogen changes
into a phase of liquid metallic hydrogen. In this state, the hydrogen
atoms break down yeilding ionized protons and electrons similar to the
Sun's interior. Below this is a layer dominated by ice where "ice"
denotes a soupy liquid mixture of water, methane, and ammonia under
high temperatures and pressures. Finally at the center is a rocky or
rocky-ice core of up to 10 Earth masses. _(Copyright Calvin J.
Hamilton)_
[75]Crescent Image of Jupiter [76]Thin Crescent Image of Jupiter
This thin crescent picture of Jupiter was created from a photomosaic
of images Galileo took on its C9 orbit. It is made from Near Infrared
and Violet images, with an artificial green image produced from the
other two. _(Courtesy of Ted Stryk)_
[77]Telescope Image of Jupiter [78]Nordic Optical Telescope
This image of Jupiter was taken with the 2.6 meter [79]Nordic Optical
Telescope, located at La Palma, Canary Islands. It is a good example
of the best imagery that can be obtained from earth based telescopes.
(c) Nordic Optical Telescope Scientific Association (NOTSA).
[80]Jupiter, Io, & Europa [81]Jupiter with Satellites Io and Europa
[82]Voyager 1 took this photo of Jupiter and two of its satellites
([83]Io, left, and [84]Europa, right) on Feb. 13, 1979. In this view,
Io is about 350,000 kilometers (220,000 miles) above Jupiter's Great
Red Spot, while Europa is about 600,000 kilometers (373,000 miles)
above Jupiter's clouds. Jupiter is about 20 million kilometers (12.4
million miles) from the spacecraft at the time of this photo. There is
evidence of circular motion in Jupiter's atmosphere. While the
dominant large scale motions are west-to-east, small scale movement
includes eddy like circulation within and between the bands.
_(Courtesy NASA/JPL)_
[85]Jupiter Aurora [86]Satellite Footprints Seen in Jupiter Aurora
In this Hubble Space Telescope picture, a curtain of glowing gas is
wrapped around Jupiter's north pole like a lasso. This curtain of
light, called an aurora, is produced when high-energy electrons race
along the planet's magnetic field and into the upper atmosphere where
they excite atmospheric gases, causing them to glow. The aurora
resembles the same phenomenon that crowns Earth's polar regions. But
this Hubble image, taken in ultraviolet light, also shows the glowing
"footprints" of three of Jupiter's largest moons: Io, Ganymede, and
Europa.

_Courtesy of NASA/ESA, John Clarke (University of Michigan)_
[87]Jupiter's Magnetosphere [88]Jupiter's Magnetosphere
This image taken by the ion and neutral mass spectrometer instrument
on NASA's Cassini spacecraft makes the huge magnetosphere surrounding
Jupiter visible in a way no instrument on any previous spacecraft has
been able to do. The magnetosphere is a bubble of charged particles
trapped within the magnetic environment of the planet. A magnetic
field is sketched over the image to place the energetic neutral atom
emissions in perspective. This sketch extends in the horizontal plane
to a width 30 times the radius of Jupiter. Also shown for scale and
location are the disk of Jupiter (black circle) and the approximate
position (yellow circles) of the doughnut-shaped torus created from
material spewed out by volcanoes on [89]Io.

Some of the fast-moving ions within the magnetosphere pick up
electrons to become neutral atoms, and once they become neutral, they
can escape Jupiter's magnetic field, flying out from the magnetosphere
at speeds of thousands of kilometers, or miles, per second.
[90]Jupiter's Aurora [91]Jupiter's Auroras
These HST images, reveal changes in Jupiter's auroral emissions and
how small auroral spots just outside the emission rings are linked to
the planet's volcanic moon, [92]Io. The top panel pinpoints the
effects of emissions from Io. The image on the left, shows how Io and
Jupiter are linked by an invisible electrical current of charged
particles called a _flux tube._ The particles, ejected from Io by
volcanic eruptions, flow along Jupiter's magnetic field lines, which
thread through Io, to the planet's north and south magnetic poles.

The top-right image shows Jupiter's auroral emissions at the north and
south poles. Just outside these emissions are the auroral spots called
"footprints." The spots are created when the particles in Io's "flux
tube" reach Jupiter's upper atmosphere and interact with hydrogen gas,
making it fluoresce.

The two ultraviolet images at the bottom of the picture show how the
auroral emissions change in brightness and structure as Jupiter
rotates. These false-color images also reveal how the magnetic field
is offset from Jupiter's spin axis by 10 to 15 degrees. In the right
image, the north auroral emission is rising over the left limb; the
south auroral oval is beginning to set. The image on the left,
obtained on a different date, shows a full view of the north aurora,
with a strong emission inside the main auroral oval.

_Credits: John T. Clarke and Gilda E. Ballester (University of
Michigan), John Trauger and Robin Evans (Jet Propulsion Laboratory),
and NASA._
[93]The Great Red Spot [94]The Great Red Spot
This dramatic view of Jupiter's Great Red Spot and its surroundings
was obtained by Voyager 1 on Feb. 25, 1979, when the spacecraft was
9.2 million kilometers (5.7 million miles) from Jupiter. Cloud details
as small as 160 kilometers (100 miles) across can be seen here. The
colorful, wavy cloud pattern to the left of the Red Spot is a region
of extraordinarily complex and variable wave motion. _(Courtesy NASA)_
[95]The Great Red Spot [96]False Color of Jupiter's Great Red Spot
This image is a false color representation of Jupiter's Great Red Spot
taken with Galileo's imaging system through three different
near-infrared filters. This is a mosaic of eighteen images (6 in each
filter) that were taken over a period of 6 minutes on June 26, 1996.
The Great Red Spot appears pink and the surrounding region blue
because of the particular color coding used in this representation.
The red channel is the reflectance of Jupiter at a wavelength where
methane strongly absorbs (889nm). Because of this absorption, only
high clouds can reflect sunlight in this wavelength. The green channel
is the reflectance in a wavelength where methane absorbs, but less
strongly (727nm). Lower clouds can reflect sunlight in this
wavelength. Finally, the blue channel is the reflectance in a
wavelength where there are essentially no absorbers in the Jovian
atmosphere (756nm) and one sees light reflected from the deepest
clouds. Thus, the color of a cloud in this image indicates its height,
with red or white being highest and blue or black being lowest. This
image shows the Great Red Spot to be relatively high, as are some
smaller clouds to the northeast and northwest that are surprisingly
like towering thunderstorms found on earth. The deepest clouds are in
the collar surrounding the Great Red Spot, and also just to the
northwest of the high (bright) cloud in the northwest corner of the
image. Preliminary modelling shows these cloud heights to range about
50km in altitude. _(Courtesy NASA/JPL)_
[97]Ring of Jupiter [98]Ring of Jupiter
The ring of Jupiter was discovered by Voyager 1 in March of 1979. This
image was taken by Voyager 2 and has been pseudo colored. The Jovian
ring is about 6,500 kilometers (4,000 miles) wide and probably less
than 10 kilometers (6.2 miles) thick. _(Copyright Calvin J. Hamilton)_
[99]The Jovian System [100]The Jovian System
The best of the Jupiter system is pictured in this collage of images
acquired by the Voyager and Galileo spacecraft. Jupiter is the largest
planet in our solar system. The four largest moons of Jupiter are
known as the Galilean moons and are named [101]Callisto,
[102]Ganymede, [103]Europa, and [104]Io. Inside the orbits of the
Galilean moons are [105]Thebe, [106]Amalthea, [107]Adrastea, and
[108]Metis. At the lower right is shown the Valhalla region of
Callisto. Ganymede is toward the bottom middle. Europa is a little
above and to the right of Ganymede. Io is the top, left-most moon.
Between Io and Jupiter are four little moons. The top-most little moon
is Amalthea. Below and to the right of Amalthea are Metis and
Adrastea. To the left of Adrastea is Thebe. _(Copyright Calvin J.
Hamilton)_
[109]Moons of Jupiter [110]Moons of Jupiter
This image shows to scale Jupiter's moons [111]Amalthea, [112]Io,
[113]Europa, [114]Ganymede, and [115]Callisto. _(Copyright Calvin J.
Hamilton)_

Rings of Jupiter

Name Distance* Width Thickness Mass Albedo
Halo 92,000 km 30,500 km 20,000 km ? 0.05
Main 122,500 km 6,440 km < 30 km 1 x 10^13 kg 0.05
Inner Gossamer 128,940 km 52,060 km ? ? 0.05
Outer Gossamer 181,000 km 40,000 km ? ? 0.05

*The distance is measured from the planet center to the start of the
ring.

Jupiter's Moon Summary

Nearly four centuries ago Galileo Galilei turned his homemade
telescope towards the heavens and discovered three points of light,
which at first he thought to be stars, hugging the planet Jupiter.
These stars were arranged in a straight line with Jupiter. Sparking
his interest, Galileo observed the stars and found that they moved the
wrong way. Four days later another star appeared. After observing the
stars over the next few weeks, Galileo concluded that they were not
stars but planetary bodies in orbit around Jupiter. These four stars
have come to be know as the [116]Galilean satellites.

Over the course of the following centuries another 12 moons were
discovered bringing the total to 16. Another 12 satellites have been
recently discovered and given provisional designators until they are
officially confirmed and named. Finally in 1979, the strangeness of
these frozen new worlds was brought to light by the Voyager
spacecrafts as they swept past the Jovian system. Again in 1996, the
exploration of these worlds took a large step forward as the Galileo
spacecraft began its long term mission of observing Jupiter and its
moons.

Twelve of Jupiter's moons are relatively small and seem to have been
more likely captured than to have been formed in orbit around Jupiter.
The four large Galilean moons, [117]Io, [118]Europa, [119]Ganymede and
[120]Callisto, are believed to have [121]accreted as part of the
process by which Jupiter itself formed. The following table summarizes
the radius, mass, distance from the planet center, discoverer and the
date of discovery of each of the moons of Jupiter:

Moon # Radius
(km) Mass
(kg) Distance
(km) Discoverer Date
[122]Metis XVI 20 9.56e+16 127,969 S. Synnott 1979
[123]Adrastea XV 12.5x10x7.5 1.91e+16 128,971 Jewitt-Danielson 1979
[124]Amalthea V 135x84x75 7.17e+18 181,300 [125]E. Barnard 1892
[126]Thebe XIV 55x45 7.77e+17 221,895 S. Synnott 1979
[127]Io I 1,815 8.94e+22 421,600 [128]Marius-[129]Galileo 1610
[130]Europa II 1,569 4.80e+22 670,900 Marius-Galileo 1610
[131]Ganymede III 2,631 1.48e+23 1,070,000 Marius-Galileo 1610
[132]Callisto IV 2,400 1.08e+23 1,883,000 Marius-Galileo 1610
S/1975 J1
S/2000 J1   4 ? 7,435,000 Sheppard et al 2000
[133]Leda XIII 8 5.68e+15 11,094,000 [134]C. Kowal 1974
[135]Himalia VI 93 9.56e+18 11,480,000 [136]C. Perrine 1904
[137]Lysithea X 18 7.77e+16 11,720,000 [138]S. Nicholson 1938
[139]Elara VII 38 7.77e+17 11,737,000 C. Perrine 1905
S/2000 J11   2 ? 12,654,000 Sheppard et al 2000
S/2000 J10   1.9 ? 20,375,000 Sheppard et al 2000
S/2000 J3   2.6 ? 20.733,000 Sheppard et al 2000
S/2000 J5   2.2 ? 21,019,000 Sheppard et al 2000
S/2000 J7   3.4 ? 21,162,000 Sheppard et al 2000
[140]Ananke XII 15 3.82e+16 21,200,000 S. Nicholson 1951
S/2000 J9   2.5 ? 21,734,000 Sheppard et al 2000
S/2000 J4   1.6 ? 21,948,000 Sheppard et al 2000
[141]Carme XI 20 9.56e+16 22,600,000 S. Nicholson 1938
S/2000 J6   1.9 ? 22,806,000 Sheppard et al 2000
[142]Pasiphae VIII 25 1.91e+17 23,500,000 P. Melotte 1908
S/2000 J8   2.7 ? 23,521,000 Sheppard et al 2000
[143]Sinope IX 18 7.77e+16 23,700,000 S. Nicholson 1914
S/2000 J2   2.6 ? 24,164,000 Sheppard et al 2000
S/1999 J1
1999 UX18   2.4 ? 24,296,,000 Spacewatch 1999

[144]HOME [145]Return to Mars [146]Voyage to Saturn

_Copyright © 1997-2002 by [147]Calvin J. Hamilton. All rights
reserved._ [148]Privacy Statement.

[149][LINK] 

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96. http://www.solarviews.com/cap/jup/galjup2.htm
97. http://www.solarviews.com/cap/jup/jupring.htm
98. http://www.solarviews.com/cap/jup/jupring.htm
99. http://www.solarviews.com/cap/jup/jupsystm.htm
100. http://www.solarviews.com/cap/jup/jupsystm.htm
101. http://www.solarviews.com/eng/callisto.htm
102. http://www.solarviews.com/eng/ganymede.htm
103. http://www.solarviews.com/eng/europa.htm
104. http://www.solarviews.com/eng/io.htm
105. http://www.solarviews.com/eng/thebe.htm
106. http://www.solarviews.com/eng/amalthea.htm
107. http://www.solarviews.com/eng/adrastea.htm
108. http://www.solarviews.com/eng/metis.htm
109. http://www.solarviews.com/cap/jup/jupmoon.htm
110. http://www.solarviews.com/cap/jup/jupmoon.htm
111. http://www.solarviews.com/eng/amalthea.htm
112. http://www.solarviews.com/eng/io.htm
113. http://www.solarviews.com/eng/europa.htm
114. http://www.solarviews.com/eng/ganymede.htm
115. http://www.solarviews.com/eng/callisto.htm
116. http://www.solarviews.com/eng/galdisc.htm
117. http://www.solarviews.com/eng/io.htm
118. http://www.solarviews.com/eng/europa.htm
119. http://www.solarviews.com/eng/ganymede.htm
120. http://www.solarviews.com/eng/callisto.htm
121. http://www.solarviews.com/eng/terms.htm#accretion
122. http://www.solarviews.com/eng/metis.htm
123. http://www.solarviews.com/eng/adrastea.htm
124. http://www.solarviews.com/eng/amalthea.htm
125. http://www.solarviews.com/eng/people.htm#barnard
126. http://www.solarviews.com/eng/thebe.htm
127. http://www.solarviews.com/eng/io.htm
128. http://www.solarviews.com/eng/people.htm#marius
129. http://www.solarviews.com/eng/people.htm#galileo
130. http://www.solarviews.com/eng/europa.htm
131. http://www.solarviews.com/eng/ganymede.htm
132. http://www.solarviews.com/eng/callisto.htm
133. http://www.solarviews.com/eng/leda.htm
134. http://www.solarviews.com/eng/people.htm#kowal
135. http://www.solarviews.com/eng/himalia.htm
136. http://www.solarviews.com/eng/people.htm#perrine
137. http://www.solarviews.com/eng/lysithea.htm
138. http://www.solarviews.com/eng/people.htm#nicholson
139. http://www.solarviews.com/eng/elara.htm
140. http://www.solarviews.com/eng/ananke.htm
141. http://www.solarviews.com/eng/carme.htm
142. http://www.solarviews.com/eng/pasiphae.htm
143. http://www.solarviews.com/eng/sinope.htm
144. http://www.solarviews.com/eng/homepage.htm
145. http://www.solarviews.com/eng/mars.htm
146. http://www.solarviews.com/eng/saturn.htm
147. http://www.solarviews.com/eng/author.htm
148. http://www.solarviews.com/eng/privacy.htm
149. http://ad.doubleclick.net/jump/sonar.planetscapes/ros;sz=468x60;num=1234567