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Referring to the GRS instruments, the principle behind production of
neutrons from cosmic rays is illustrated here:

Chart explaining production of neutrons from extraterrestrial cosmic rays.

How are gamma rays and neutrons produced by cosmic rays? Incoming cosmic
rays--some of the highest-energy particles--collide with atoms in the
soil. When atoms are hit with such energy, neutrons are released, which
scatter and collide with other atoms. The atoms get " excited" in the
process, and emit gamma rays to release the extra energy so they can
return to their normal rest state. Some elements like potassium, uranium,
and thorium are naturally radioactive and give off gamma rays as they
decay, but all elements can be excited by collisions with cosmic rays to
produce gamma rays. The HEND and Neutron Spectrometers on GRS directly
detect scattered neutrons, and the Gamma Sensor detects the gamma rays.



image: files/mars/radiation.jpg