http://SaturnianCosmology.Org/ mirrored file For complete access to all the files of this collection see http://SaturnianCosmology.org/search.php ========================================================== notes from first paper At the widest, the width of the magnetopause is of the order of 130,000 to 150,000 km while the tail may stretch away from the Earth far beyond 1,000,000 km. [80,000, 93,000, 600,000 mi] diameter of this auroral ring is about 5000 km. [3000 mi] the light-emitting filaments would appear as "dots" or "elongated dots" and filamentary strands. This geometry would predominate if the charged particle outflow from the sun were to increase an order of magnitude or more for an appreciable length of time. In addition, portions of the magnetosphere and its tail would also be visible For an intense aurora, the converging filaments are seen not only as dots, but also as dots connected to the visible converging filaments at higher altitude. The luminance of auroras ranges from 4.83 10 lm per sterradian per meter square to 4.83 10 lm per sterradian per meter squared. [oops, mistake in original] Above the lower atmosphere, at about 100 km, multiple layers of plasma form the ionosphere. The auroras occur in the lower portion of the ionosphere, primarily from about 90 to about 150 km, [60, 56, 93 mi] Sometimes the same rock facing has been overwritten two or three times the line-of-sight to the Earth's magnetic poles and highly conducting regions on the Earth's surface. [?] On large rock panels such as Fig. 13, overlaid petroglyphs are often heteromacs: figures with yet smaller figures attached, inside, or nearby. As the displayed figures in the sky evolved, perhaps over a decade, other overlays were added to represent the changes. Because of the time required to produce certain classes of morphologies of petroglyphs and also the precipitousness of location, we conclude that petroglyphs were produced during daylight conditions, perhaps twilight or dawn. The cathode is at the top [usually at the bottom?] In all cases, the top-most toroid, the terminus in an electrical discharge, is indeed at the top of the petroglyphs and shows the transition of the pincher type shape associated with the so-called scorpion petroglyphs into a folded petal as the top toroids fold up and close on themselves. Likewise, the slight upward bend of a flattened toroid at the middle of the column, its eventual curling at the end of the toroid, and the nearly-square vortex folding into knots has been accurately portrayed. The accuracy of these MHD instabilities suggests that an appreciable amount of time of a particular morphology was visible to the petroglyph carvers. Conical inflow of a current conducting plasma column. The flow is from top to bottom. [electrons up - away from south pole? -- no] Both the cup, a deformed plasma toroid, and the return current are open to a number of interpretations if related to petroglyphs. These show a marked dependency on the cultural background of the petroglyph artist. It can be interpreted as a duck, bird, triangle, or even a head topped by a folded back elephant's trunk. At times, if the return current was sufficiently bright, a snake head or lightning-bolt head could be interpreted. Fig. 40 is a very common plasma profile. Dependent upon the oblateness and the tilt of the structure, it can be interpreted to represent a duck, a boat, the body of an animal, or an elongated or billed bird (for example Fig. 39); or even a rabbit. two discharge strokes have trifurcated at the bottom conductor such as a plasma sheet to allow the current conduction path to continue. The topology closely resembles petroglyphs of animals: mountain sheep or dogs and foxes in the American Southwest, similar canine species in Australia, and oxen or oxen-like species in other parts of the world. Good examples can be found among the previous digital petroglyph images. The instability is that associated with an intense current-carrying column of plasma which undergoes both sausage and helix deformations. Such a current would be produced if the solar flux from the Sun were to increase one or two magnitudes or if another source of plasma were to enter the solar system. <---- [note well!] The uppermost or anode cups converge and fold to produce a bulb at the very top of the column surrounded by cups in various stages of folding. The anode end of the stack is the most interesting, producing various cup shapes and allowing lightning-like discharges to its terminus, although discharges are also observed from the cathode end and sometimes between the toroids or outwards from the toroids for appreciable distances. These are the signatures of high-voltage discharges as are trifurcated bolts found at the ends of any conductor Scaling to the plasma dimensions suggests that each of the patterns shown in Fig. 28 could have occurred repeatedly over months or a decade. The known plasma and shockwave instability types, when scaled from experimental to space plasma dimensions, suggests an intense auroral event lasting at least a few centuries. [!!] hand, the ancient concentrics and spirals, the remains of some having been cut and carved 8 cm deep in granite, suggests that intense auroral events were a common occurrence for at least a few centuries if not millennia. The patterns are representative of a long-term period of typically quiescent aurora. This analysis is on going but initial results suggest three epochs where in a flurry of activity petroglyphs were recorded worldwide. The number of millennia or centuries involved remains unknown. The discovery of buried horizontal petroglyphs in New Mexico and Australia, above which the carbon from campfires was found, suggests that the epochs occurred within a time period of 10 000 BC - 2000 BC. [not very helpful] (end)