http://SaturnianCosmology.Org/ mirrored file For complete access to all the files of this collection see http://SaturnianCosmology.org/search.php ========================================================== *THE OCTAGON EARTHWORKS OF NEWARK OHIO, THE STONEHENGE OF NORTH AMERICA.* *Figure 1: The huge Octagon & Circle structure of Newark Ohio, occupying an area of approx. 3000 X 2000 feet of terrain. It was but one of a cluster of interrelating earth-mound structures scattered over an area of about 4 square miles.* As early European settlers of North America ventured westward into Ohio, they encountered particularly large, ancient earthworks structures on the landscape, especially in Licking County. Evidence across the New England States and extending down the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers to Florida, suggested the former existence of an extensive, "high civilisation" that had once occupied vast tracts of North America. These people became known, in popular literature, as the Mound Builders. By the early 1800's there was much speculation concerning the former high civilisation, resulting in destructive excavations into the remnant mounds by, primarily, treasure seeking "money diggers". This unfortunate activity resulted in the loss of many valuable artefacts, which today would aid us in identifying the ethnic and cultural pedigree of the Mound Builders. Although thousands of skeletons and amazing artefacts are documented, as having been located in the American mounds (tumuli), their significance has been consistently downplayed or ignored in scientific circles. All pervading, "Isolationist" concepts dominate the policy of the Smithsonian Institute, and the Museum has a bad track record of losing problem artefacts...documented as having been received by them. The Smithsonian appears to be particularly adept at making the overly large stature, "mound skeletons" ...some skulls sporting double rows of teeth...disappear without trace. *For excellent references pertaining to "mound skeletons", some recorded as having "double rows of teeth", see*: *http://greatserpentmound.org/articles/giants.html* Pre- American revolution, and latter American documents, provide a large body of information regarding North American "finds" and observations, spanning two or three centuries, by respectable organisations and individuals of note (including George Washington). One such organisation was /The American Antiquarian Society/, who published /Archaeologia Americana/, containing /Transactions and Collections of the American Antiquarian Society, Worchester, New York/* *(circa 1820). There was tremendous public interest in the archaic, /*'military works,...walls and ditches...forts, cemeteries, temples, altars, camps, towns, villages, race grounds and other places of amusement, habitations of chieftains, videttes*/ (vedettes...elevated positions for sentinels), /*watchtowers and monuments*/* *(stonework)*,.../wells with stones at their mouths...stone tumuli/ *(high cairn altars?),* /tumulus /(earth burial) /mounds...pottersware... mirrors...metals/ (varied).../swords...excavations'/ *(some massive). The following extracts are taken from a very popular "bestseller" book called, /"View of the Hebrews"/, first published in Poultney, Rutland County, Vermont in 1823, with an enlarged edition reissued in 1825: /*'They have left us perfect specimens of circles, squares, octagons and parallel lines'. 'We now see that they possessed the art of working metals'. 'Near Newark, in Licking County, Ohio...There is a fort including forty acres whose walls are ten feet high. It has eight gateways, each of the width of about fifteen feet' */(the author goes on to mention a chain of large, nearby forts and strategically located, walled, defensive watchtowers). He also mentions /*'two parallel walls', linking 'places of fortifications at some distance'.*/ The author, in speaking further of these linking, double walls, says that, /*'They have been traced a mile or two and are clearly visible'.*/ He goes on to speculate that this set could extend over a distance of /*'thirty miles'.*/ Excavations into 2 tumuli mounds, near this complex, produced, /*'Rock crystals, some of them very beautiful, and hornstone, suitable for arrow and spear heads, and a little lead, sulphur and iron were all that I could ascertain'.* / /*"Old fragments of potters ware have been picked up'.* *The author mentioned that these were, 'ornamented with lines on the outside, curious and ingenious; and had glazing on the inside'. 'Pieces of copper have at various times been found amongst these ancient works'*/*.* In speaking of the lack of fully intact iron artefacts, the author states, /'*Tools of iron not being found in these works is no sign that the authors did not possess them. For had they been there they would, no doubt, long since have been dissolved by rust. Some remains of iron articles are found...' */ In writing about fort and mound structures found at Scioto, Circleville, Ohio, the author states, /*'The square and circle of these forts are said to be most exact; and are thought to indicate much mathematical skill; as not the least error can be detected in their device'.*/* The author goes on to speak of a mound structure in the centre of the /'round fort',/ and says, /'This mound has been removed and its contents explored. Some things found in it shall be noted. Two human skeletons. A great quantity of heads, either for arrows or spears. They were so large as to induce a belief that they must be for the latter. The handle of a small sword or large knife, made of an elk's horn was here found, and it is now in a museum at Philadelphia. A silver ferrule encompassed the end containing the blade; which silver ferrule, though black, was not much injured by rolling ages. The blade was gone by rust. But in the hole of the handle was left the oxide, or rust, of the iron, of similar shape and size of the shank formerly inserted'. Some bricks, well fired were here found. And a large mirror of the length of three feet, half a foot in breadth, and one inch and a half thick, formed of isinglass, and on it a plate of iron "which (says the writer who was a witness) had become an oxide;" or plate of rust. "The mirror (he adds) answered the purpose for which it was intended very well"...'./* Commenting on other mound excavations, the author writes the following extracts, /*'Under its base in the centre lay a skeleton...On the breast lay a piece of copper; also a curious stone of five inches in length, two of breadth, with two perforations through it, containing a string of sinews of some animal. On this string were many beads of ivory, or bone. The whole appeared to have been designed to wear upon the neck as a kind of breastplate'.*/ * /'Here a great wall encloses a hundred and ten acres; the wall twelve feet in height, with a ditch about twenty feet wide. It has an adjacent enclosure of sixteen acres, the walls like the other. In a "sacred enclosure" are six mounds. The immense labours of this place, and cemeteries filled with human bones, denote that a great people, and of some degree of civilization in ancient days dwelt here'./* * /'A stone mound was discovered in the vicinity of Licking river, near Newark, Ohio; and several others in different places. These contained human bones and such articles as the following; "urns, ornaments of copper, heads of spears &c. of the same metal, as well as metals of copper."...'/* /*' A minister of Virginia, writing to the Antiquarian Society, relative to ancient Indian monuments at Grave Creek, near the mouth of the Monongahela, says; "In one of the tumuli which was opened about twenty years since, sixty copper beads were found. Of these I procured ten.- They were made of coarse wire - hammered out - cut at unequal lengths. They were soldered together in an awkward manner - They were encrusted with verdigrise; but the inside was pure copper. This fact shows that these ancient American inhabitants were not wholly unacquainted with the use of metals"... Along the Ohio, some of it (their pottery) is equal to anything of the kind now manufactured" - " It is well glazed or polished; and the vessel well shaped." Many ornaments of silver and copper were found. Many wells were dug through the hardest rocks...A crucible was found in a tumulus near Chilicothe, which is now in the hands of S. Williams, Esq. of that place. It will bear an equal degree of heat with those now used in the glass manufactories; and appears made of the same materials...A stone pipe is noted as found six feet in alluvial earth; the brim of which is curiously wrought in high relief, and on the front side a handsome female face...In removing a large mound in Marietta bones of a person were found. "lying immediately over, or on the forehead of the body, were found three large circular bosses, or ornaments, for a sword belt or a buckler; they are composed of copper, overlaid with a thick plate of silver. The fronts of them are slightly convex, with a depression, like a cup, in the centre, and measure two inches and a quarter across the face of each. On the back side, opposite the depressed portion, is a copper rivet or nail, around which are two separate plates, by which they were fastened to the leather. Two small pieces of leather were found lying between the plates of one of the bosses". "Near the side of the body was found a plate of silver, which appeared to have been the upper part of a sword scabbard; it is six inches in length and two inches in breadth, and weighs one ounce. It has no ornaments or figures, but has three longitudinal ridges, which probably correspond to the edges or ridges of the sword; it seems to have been fastened to the scabbard by three or four rivets, the holes of which yet remain in the silver...'Two or three broken pieces of copper tube, were also found, filled with iron rust. These pieces, from their appearance, composed the lower end of the scabbard, near the point of the sword. No sign of the sword itself was discovered, except the appearance of rust above mentioned...'*/ /*'Near the feet was found a piece of copper weighing three ounces. From its shape it appears to have been used as a plumb, or for an ornament, as near one of the ends is a circular crease, or groove for tying a thread; it is round, two inches and a half in length, one inch in diameter at the centre, and half an inch at each end...'*/ * /'These ancient works continue all the way down the Ohio river to the Mississippi, where they increased and were far more magnificent' /*(see /View of the Hebrews/ pgs. 190 -198). The 1823 book, /"View of the Hebrews"/, by a Methodist minister named Ethan Smith, was a compilation of testimonials and observations going back to the time of the Pilgrims, relative to evidence of an extinct, high civilisation in North America. It caused such a sensation that a second, enlarged edition (1825) was essential to stay abreast of demand. The book also lent impetus to the "money digging" and "Spanish treasure hunting" frenzy that swept the New England States or frontier territories during the 1820's. The Mormon Church founder, Joseph Smith (no relation to Ethan Smith), whose 1830's congregation lived for a time in Lake County, Northern Ohio, earlier used /"View of the Hebrews"/ as the conceptual basis of his developing religion and as his main source of reference when writing his religious allegory, /"The Book of Mormon"/...first published in 1830. Thus, an American religion was born from the very popular "mound origin" speculations of the early 1800's. *Figure 2: An old map of the Newark earthworks, drawn by D Wyrick in the year 1860. Although the map is considered to be inaccurate for establishing precise distances between structures, it does show the extent of ancient mound building endeavour within a 4 square mile area of Newark, Ohio. An embankment roadway, beginning at this complex, is thought to have once run continuously for 63-miles to "High Bank", where there was a sister site to the Newark Octagon. Sadly, many structures drawn on the Wyrick map have been destroyed by city development since the 19th century.* *WHO BUILT THE OCTAGON OF NEWARK OHIO AND FOR WHAT PURPOSE WAS IT BUILT?* If we are to await the anthropological and DNA fingerprinting evidence, related to mound builder's skeletons, then perhaps results will be available in a few decades when and if the political climate, affecting valid archaeological incentives, makes a dramatic detour in favour of uninhibited scientific investigation. Political correctness and the need to accommodate present racial sensitivity issues or requirements, disallows establishment archaeologists from undertaking realistic, unencumbered investigations, within the confines of the United States. The prevailing misconception is that the Octagon earthworks were built by the Hopewell Indians, somewhere between 200 BC or the centuries that followed thereafter. The Cherokee nation also lays claim to a longstanding cultural association with the earthworks. Although no-one, least of all this author, wishes to deny the Hopewell or Cherokee people a part of their true legacy or diminish in importance their traditional links to the earthworks structures, we must still assess the Octagon's most remote origins realistically. What can be gleaned from much of the anthropological evidence, from described and drawn skeletal remains located within the early mounds, would suggest the presence of European peoples. This is further supported by much of the artefact evidence, which caused Cyrus Thomas of the Smithsonian Instituted to write, *'Much more evidence of like tenor night be presented here, as, for example, the numerous instances where articles of European manufacture have been found in mounds where their presence could not be attributed to intrusive burials?'*/(The Problem Of The Ohio Mounds, by Cyrus Thomas, pg. 24, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1880). /Thomas also states that the tradition of mound building persisted amongst many North American Indian tribes into the 19th century. Recent DNA analysis supports the theory of a very early European presence in North America. *'Some scientists think that the earliest/ /*(North American)*/ /colonizers could have started out somewhere in Europe, not in Asia as previously thought. That idea is rooted in a rare genetic link called haplogroup X - DNA passed down through women that dates back more than 30,000 years.* *Recent genetic samples from remains in Illinois show that the rare European DNA was around centuries before European exploration. Today, haplogroup X is found in about 20,000 American Indians' */(Associated Press 2000)./ Indian legends, as recorded in the earliest North American books, show that the earthworks of Ohio were already in place when the Indians first settled in the region...and had been built by "white Indians". *'The Indians are in agreement in saying that their fathers came from the west; they found the works of the Ohio just as they are to be seen today. But the date of this migration of the Indians from the west to the east varies according to the nations...Another tradition claims that the works of the Ohio were raised by the white Indians. These white Indians, according to the red Indians, were to have come from the east; and when they left the lake without shores (the sea), they came dressed like the palefaces of today'* /(From Rene Chateaubriand, "Voyage to America")./* * The overly large skeletons of the earliest mound builders, many historically recorded as achieving 8 foot of stature, sometimes also described as having "double rows of teeth" and extra digits per hand, would allude to the Nephinim people of the Near East. These people survived up until the time of King David of Israel, although there were few of them left by that late epoch. They interbred with other regional groups of the Near East and a strain or lineage of these people was repatriated to Israel in 536 BC, after release from Babylonian captivity. The mathematical evidence suggests that the Octagon and other regional, geometric earthworks were built during the worldwide mound building/ coded structure epoch of about 5,000-years ago. Let's weigh the evidence in the balance and address the following issues: *1.* The measurement standard used in the construction of the Octagon earthworks is the so-called, British Standard of measurement, which isn't British at all, but has a pedigree back to Egypt and the pyramids of the Giza Plateau. *2.* The entire structure is a mnemonic device for the preservation and recall of the "codes of civilisation", which are based upon solar, lunar or stellar cycles and their calculable durations. It was also very functional on a "day to day" basis as a static computer for determining how the Earth was situated in relation to the greater cosmos. *3.* The codes and specific lengths referred to are fully traceable back to Great Britain, then onward to the Near East. They also occur at many other locations around the globe, showing that the Octagon's architects were fully conversant with internationally dispersed and utilised astronomical methodologies. * ACCURACY OF RESEARCH MATERIALS.* It has been of considerable concern to researchers, resident in the United States, that any investigations related to the Octagon be founded on the most precise measurements available. To this end, all drawings appearing in this article are AutoCAD reproductions of the 1959 survey of the Octagon Earthworks, carried out by Abrams Aerial Survey Corporation. The official materials used were donated by Patricia Mason of the, "Friends of the Mounds" organisation, Newark Ohio. This researcher has been given the following assurance, by the Newark City Engineer, Mr. Brian Morehead, concerning the integrity of the City Engineer's map plans: *'Regarding the 1959 aerial photos and topographic maps that came from our office, I feel very confident in their accuracy. As with any of these type of maps, they are most accurate in the center portion of each panel, maybe in the center two-thirds of the map. There is the chance of a little distortion around the edges, due to the camera lenses, I believe. But in my experience in matching these maps up together, we've have had very good results. Keep in mind that these maps were done by a very reputable contractor (Abrams, who I believe is still in business) hired by the City for this particular purpose, back in 1959. The City has used these topo maps countless times as the basis for sewer, waterline, and roadway plans, and as far as I know, we have had no problem with the accuracy'.* As a second check of overall accuracy, the mounds appearing on the 1959 City Engineer's map have been overlaid by a survey completed by James A. Marshall of Roselle, Illinois. Mr. Marshall, a professional surveyor, is recognized, in many quarters, as a leading authority on North American Mounds. In the last 40-years he has surveyed in excess of 225 mound structures throughout the United States. His personal dossier of information, relating to these rapidly disappearing, neglected archaeological sites, is of tremendous value to the worldwide research community. Here is the result of combining the James A. Marshall survey with that of Abrams Aerial Survey Corporation. *Figure 3: A reconstruction of the 1959 Engineer's Map of the huge Octagon complex, with all contour lines overdrawn in AutoCAD for 3D imagery. The red lines and dots represent the coordinate shape of the earthworks, as taken from James A. Marshall's plan. The two surveys compliment each other, as to the shape or general layout of the structures, sufficiently to proceed with analysis. Because of the massive size of the Octagon earthworks structure the multiple lines shown here seem to meld into each other, but closer in the lines separate to produce greater clarity.* *Figure 4: A closer view, showing the separate contour lines making up individual structural components of the complex. In this sample, the Octagon is set to its correct North-South alignment. The red line running through the embankment is indicative of James A. Marshall's survey.* High resolution topographical photos of the Newark, Ohio Octagon can be viewed at: *http://terraserver.homeadvisor.msn.com/image.asp?S=11&T=1&X=941&Y=11086&Z=17* Besides the foregoing resources, researchers can also access the following items for study of the Newark mound structures: * *The surveys of Middleton published by Cyrus Thomas in his 1894 Report on the Mound Explorations of the Bureau of Ethnology.* * *A map by James & Charles Salisbury (circa 1862).** * * *A map by Squire & Davis (1848).* *BUILDING THE OCTAGON ACCORDING TO EGYPTIAN PYRAMID CODES*. By about 4000 BC the country of Egypt was becoming increasingly arid and the prospects for successful cultivation of the land looked grimmer with the passage of each year. The encroaching desert forced the inhabitants of Egypt to seek out more verdant territories, leading to a mass exodus of Egypt's population into the virgin territories of Europe and toward other continents around the globe. Remnants of the ancient "waymark trails" out of the Near East, composed of cairn markers, dolmens, stone circles & standing stones were still very much in evidence at the beginning of the 20th century. These trails extended all the way along the Mediterranean coast of North Africa to the Pillars of Hercules (Gibraltar region), up the coastline of Spain, Portugal and France to Scandinavia & into the British Isles. Another set of "waymark trails", from the Near East, extended toward China and Korea. To each new territory the migrants went, they carried their Egyptian measurement standard and the specific astronomical/ navigational numbers used, over aeons of time, for maintenance of functioning society. Structures were built in the new territories and the ancient, "codes of civilisation" were encrypted into them for eternal mnemonic recall. Through war and all other disruptive disasters that beset humankind, these structures would survive as sentinels to the sacred codes. By such means, enlightened survivors, returning to ruined homelands after calamitous events, would find the codes awaiting them within the old, purpose built, repository structures. Extracting the special knowledge and recalculating the Earth's position relative to the bodies of the cosmos, would lead to re-establishing successful, working civilisation. So let's now reconstruct the Newark Octagon complex, according to the codes of Egypt. For this we will use the Egyptian measurement standard, which was carried to and survived more completely intact in Great Britain than in most other worldwide locations. Vestiges of the system continue to be used up until the present day, especially in the United States, which is the last bastion or stronghold for its preservation. Elsewhere, including Great Britain, it has come under assault by the advocates of metrification and its use is banned under penalty of law amongst E.U. countries. Those who assail this most ancient of measurement systems are oblivious to and ignorant of its noble pedigree, which spanned the ages and was at the foundation of "civilisation" for many nations. It is the same standard that built the pyramids of Egypt and the true, ancient, universal codes, reposing in sites like the Octagon, can be revealed by no other system of measurement. [remainder deleted]