mirrored file at http://SaturnianCosmology.Org/ For complete access to all the files of this collection see http://SaturnianCosmology.org/search.php ========================================================== Phoenicia Coat of Arms A BEQUEST UNEARTHED, PHOENICIA [1]Encyc. Britannica Award [2]Link to related page on Britannica [3]Newsweek [4] Sunday Times [uly.gif]-Submit [5]Academic Reseources Channal Award [6]Academic Resources Channel Award _Looking for photographs of your friends and relatives?__ _[7]Patriarchs and Matriarchs Online is a collection of rare photographs of the author's ancestors and hometown people from 1800s and early 1900s. (unrelated to Phoenicia) Preface These Web pages are a compilation of studies about the origin, history, geography, religion, arts & crafts, trade, industry, climate, mythology, language, literature, music, politics, wars, archaeological evidence and contribution to Western and Middle Eastern culture of an ancient Canaanite people of the Middle East called the Phoenicians. To surf these pages please select your preference from the following three linkes or the subject of your choice from the floating index window where you will find links to a summary and major divisions of this Web Site: [8]Frames or [9]No-Frames or [10]Search Phoenicia (right) _Note:_ Phoenicians, Canaanites and Punic/Carthaginians are the same people. Canaanites of the Eastern Mediterranean were called Phoenicians by the Greeks and Canaanites of the Western Mediterranean were called Punic by the Romans. _(_) SEARCH Phoenicia __ _____________ Search _ __[11]Get a Search Engine For Your Web Site_ Some of the interesting materials which are and will be discussed on this quickly growing site are highlighted below. Also, links such as the ones immediately above are available from [12]two anchors below: Did you know (most recent last)? * Western/Latin and other alphabets come from the Phoenician _alphabet_? * Beritus or Berytus (modern Beirut, Lebanon) had a very important_ School of Law_ in the Roman Empire? * The _Bible_ is called thus because it refers to the Phoenician city of Byblos? * King _Solomon's great Temple _was built in the style of Tyre's Melqart Temple by Phoenician artisans using the Cedars of Lebanon? Young Phoenicians * The Egyptian Pharoahs employed _Phoenician cedar_ for their wood needs? * King Solomon, in his old age, became a worshipper of the Phoenician goddess _Ashtarte_? * _Melchizedek_, the King of Salem (King of Jerusalem) and Priest of the Most High God (El Elion), who offered bread and wine to Abraham, was Phoenician? * The _Pentateuch_ (Moses' first five books, if not more, of the the Old Testament Bible, the Torah) was/were written down (transliterated) in Phoenician script? * _Jesus Christ_ visited Phoenicia and among the first to believe in him was a Phoenician woman? * The _bishops_ of all Phoenician cities were consecrated as bishops by the Apostles or their immediate successors? * Tyre, Sidon and other Phoenician Christian cities and towns provided rest-stops and shelters for the _Apostles_ on their way to convert the world? * St. _Jerome_ referred to Tyre as the place where St. Paul once knelt; and called Zarephath, Elijah's town? * Phoenicians _circumnavigated_ Africa? * Phoenicians were the first to use the _Pole_ Star for navigation? * Phoenicians were able _traders_ throughout the Mediterranean? * Phoenicians _colonized_ the far corners of the Mediterranean from the Island of Cyprus in the East to Spain and Gibraltar including the outer Atlantic coast and North Africa in the West? * _Britain_ was the Phoenicians' secret treasure of tin where the name "Britain" may be coming from Barr (land) of Tannic (Tin)? Hence Britannia did not come from Prutani, the name applied to the Celts by the Romans, and some claim that the Celts were Phoenicians. * The Phoenicians reached North _America_ BC and Punic inscriptions in Massachusetts and Iowa confirm this fact? * In the Iliad and the Odyssey, _Homer_ mentions Phoenicia, Phoenicians and Phoenician cities. * The Phoenician possessed the science or art of _dentistry_ as evident by the fine braces on a lower jaw of a scull? * The Phoenician language is still spoken today in Malta (or _Maltese_ is a mixture of Phoenician/Punic and other Mediterranean languages) ? * To beef up their naval powers, conquerors employed the Phoenicians in building _warship-fleets_? * The Phoenicians raised _elephants_ on farms? * The_ first parliament _ever to convene in the Middle East met in the Phoenician confederate city of Tripoli? * Roman Emperor _Septimius Severus_ (193 - 211 AD) descended from early Phoenician settlers and spoke with a Phoenician accent? * _Pythagoras_ was initiated into the 'Ancient Mysteries' of the Phoenicians c. 548 B.C. and studied for about 3 years in the temples of Tyre, Sidon, and Byblos and that his parent were Phoenicians? * _Archimedes_ c.287 B.C.-212 B.C., Greek mathematician, physicist, and inventor, died during the Roman assault on Syracuse while designing a catapult and the Carthaginians fought on his side to defend the city. * _Thales of Miletu_s (who was half Phoenician), one of the first great scientists, is said to have forecast the solar eclipse of the year 585 BC. * _Zeno of Citium _was a glowing star in the pre-Socratic age but was ridiculed in Athens for his Phoenician appearance. * _Popes_ Anicetus (155 - 166 AD), John V (685-686 AD), Sergius I (687-701 AD) and Gregory III (741-752 AD) were Phoenicians? * _Aristotle_ held up the constitution of Carthage as a model. * _Hasdrubal-Clitomachus_ added to Arcesilas a critical interpretation of certitude which makes him a forerunner of modern thought. * St. _Augustine_ wrote "...there was a great deal of virtue and wisdom in the Punic books". * St. _Jerome_ believed Punic erotic poetry to be pernicious and described it as "lewd". * Many parts of the _Old Testament were plagiarized _from Phoenician literature, poetry, and religion, similar to plagiarizing of the Book of Job (for example ) from Babylonian tales? * Phoenician_ sacrifice of children_ to the gods was copied/practiced by many Semites such as Abraham's attempt to sacrifice his son? * The Phoenicians had a rough knowledge about _pi _(3.1416) at the time of Hiram and the building of Solomon's Temple? * _Mochus, a Sidonian_, wrote a work on the atomic theory. Click to let me know you're here What's New (most recent first)? * _Phoenicians in Australia _update with recent material. (Read about it under the "[13]Australia" link next page or from the floating window). * _Phoenician Money _including a number of coins. (Read about it under the "[14]Money" link next page or from the floating window). * _Genetic & Anthropologic study of the Lebanese, _including the famous_ Y-chromosome study. _(Read about it under the "[15]Genetics" link next page or from the floating window). En español -- in Spanish. * Sample the_ Aramaic language, _Good Friday Entombment Service of Jesus Christ as MP3 format. Listen to it under the "[16]Linguistics" link next page or from the floating window under Northwestern Semitic. * Phoenician _City of Yarmuta _discovered near Tyre (its name last appeared in Tell Amara letter in 1370 BC): (Read about it under the "[17]Letters" link next page or from the floating window). * _Letters to the Editor:_ Read what others are saying on the "[18]Letters" link next page or from the floating window. * _Europa_, the Phoenician Princess Zeus with Love (Read about it under the "[19]Europa" link next page or from the floating window). * _Cadmus_ the Phoenician: Taught the Greeks the Phoenician Alphabet and Founded Thebes (Read about it under the "[20]Cadmus" link next page or from the floating window). * Phoenician _Inscriptions_ Around the World (Read about it under the "[21]Inscriptions" link next page or from the floating window). * Phoenician _Industrial Art and Manufacturing_ (Read about it under the "[22]Industry" link next page or from the floating window). _[23][lbfnm.gif] The Lebanese British Friends of the National Museum_ _Important Notice: _ _Invitation to Writers_ _This Web site is open to contributors interested in publishing Phoenician studies (with due credit). __If you are interested in publishing here, please [24]e-mail me._ In this site, I provide support and encouragement to all those who study Phoenician/ Canaanite materials and those who are interested in protecting and guarding this heritage. _My Approach to This Subject_ While putting together the subject material of this Web site, I have tried to be open to all new and sometimes controversial materials. This is why some sections may contradict others. Also, I have tried to be non-dogmatic in my approach, except when faced with blatantly outrageous claims; and I was always (am always) willing and ready to shift paradigm. _For Stifling Phoenician History, I Accuse:_ _Eurocentrism, Judeocentrism and Fundamentalist Christianity_ It became evident to me during my research that various forces impacted almost all Phoenician/Canaanite subjects. In short, I found that historians and archaeologists were predominantly inclined to Eurocentrism or Judeocentrism. Specifically, Phoenician mathematicians, philosophers, astronomers or other thinkers were ignored and their work credited to the Greeks or the Jews. This happened while the Sidonian school specially affected astronomy and arithmetic, in which the Phoenicians made so much progress that the Greeks acknowledged themselves their debtors in those branches of knowledge. Nevertheless, credit to the Greeks in various fields of thought cannot be denied by anyone. Further, for example, the Jews received credit for the knowledge of _pi_ while the credit goes to Hiram the Phoenician Architect. On the other hand, _Mystic Jew_s maintained/maintain a belief that the Hebrew language of the Torah itself was dictated by God (as is the case with Islam and Arabic) and even the script of the Hebrew letters contained/contains hidden and prophetic meaning in the form of numerical values. This incantationary belief and approach to the Torah dismissed/dismisses scientific theory regarding the origin of Semitic languages, the Phoenician origin of the alphabet and blurred/blurs the history of the people who were the neighbors to the Jews. Eurocentrism may have its roots in the colonial past while Judeocentrism in Israeli accomplishments in the field of archaeology, in addition to Jewish mysticism, and the_ Fundamentalist Christians' _obsession with the literal truths of the Bible. Another problem which plagued Phoenician/Canaanite history is the confusion caused by some fundamentalist Christian's claim that the Phoenicians and the Jews were the same people. They further insisted and continue to insist that the Phoenicians had reached America as Jewish tribes or as one of the Lost Tribes of Israel. This is also expressed in the ridiculous claims of British Israelism groups. _The claim that the Jews were Phoenician Canaanites was/is an unfounded heresy. The Phoenicians and the Jews were NEVER the same people._ _Roman Bad Press and Bible Writers_ Also, anti-Phoenician sentiments were the result of bad press by Roman historians, particularly after the Punic wars, and Jewish zealotism and hate of Phoenician religion by Bible writers. This was particularly so because of the infestation of pagan worship in the religion of the Jews such as that caused by Queen Jezebel of Israel (a Phoenician Princess). _The Phoenician Complex in Some Arab Countries_ Many individuals of various religious backgrounds from Arab countries of the Eastern Mediterranean simply cannot tolerate the mention of the Phoenicians or their descendent in the modern world because they assume such a mention has political and religious overtones. However, Phoenician blood runs in veins of people of all religions in the area. Further, there is no reason for those who suffer from this _Phoenician Complex_ to deny their heritage yet still entertain pride in other cultures they may jointly belong to. At the same time, many people of the Western Mediterranean including European and _North African Arab countries proudly claim Phoenician as their heritage and ancestry._ _Afrocentrism_ Afrocentrism was/is not without blame in smothering Phoenician contribution to the ancient world. Many historians and archaeologists of that persuasion claimed that the Phoenicians themselves where sub-Saharan African based on unscientific Biblical myths. They, therefore, denied the Canaanites their proper place in history. _Semitic Phoenicians of the Eastern Mediterranean or the Western Mediterranean _(such as famous Hannibal or the Phoenicians of Carthage, Spain, Portugal, Sicily...etc.),_ the Punic, were NEVER black Africans._ _Please sign my Engravers' Rock (Guest book)_ [25]Sign [26]View _Letters to the Editor_ If you are interested in writing about Phoenician (or related to the Phoenicians) material, [27]please write to me. Letters are _selectively_ published as is. Click on the "[28]Letters" link to view letters already published. Note: to view photographs of the author, his hometown (_Souk El-Gharb/Bmakine_), and other photographs from Phoenicia Maritima (Lebanon), click on _Author_, next page. I.e, if you are not interested in Phoenician material simply follow this link to my [29]autobiographical yet fun page. _To surf major divisions of this Web site select:_ [30]Button _[31]Frames_ _--or--_ [32]Button _[33]No-Frames_ _You are visitor__ -__- --to ancient Phoenicia._ Click to select preferred language, if other than English: _[34]Spanish_ Temperature and time in Chapel Hill, NC, USA[35] Weather & Time Temperature and time in Phoenicia Maritima[36] [40100.gif] _© Copyright, 2001. All rights reserved by holders of original referenced materials and compiler. http://phoenicia.org _[37] Bmakine IRC Timer Salim Khalaf in Greek, Russian, Arabic, Phoenician, Hebrew, Latin and Heiroglyphics The material on this home page was researched, compiled, and designed by Salim George Khalaf, NC, USA _Note: Left is my name written in Egyptian Hieroglyphics, Greek, Cyrillic (Bulgarian & Russian), Arabic, Phoenician, Hebrew and Latin._ Comments are welcome at [38]slim at phoenicia.org Monday, 06-Aug-01 00:39:42 EDT [39]CLICK HERE TO VISIT THE HITBOX.COM References 1. http://www.britannica.com/ 2. http://www.britannica.com/bcom/internet_guide_display_page/1%2C5866%2C4494970%2C00.html 3. http://nw1.newsweek.com/nw-srv/inetguide/iguide_1639.html 4. http://www.sunday-times.co.uk/news/pages/sti/2000/04/09/stibooboo01008.html 5. http://www.realsci.com/infobox.cfm?Key=http://www.phoenicia.org 6. http://www.realsci.com/infobox.cfm?Key=http://www.phoenicia.org 7. http://phoenicia.org/gifs/patriarchs/index.htm 8. http://phoenicia.org/toc.html 9. http://phoenicia.org/noframe.html 10. file://localhost/www/sat/files/phoenicia.htm#search 11. http://intra.whatUseek.com/?synd=box&chan=1 12. file://localhost/www/sat/files/phoenicia.htm#anchor104800 13. http://phoenicia.org/australia.html#Phoeniceania 14. http://phoenicia.org/phoeniciamoney.html 15. http://phoenicia.org/anthropology.html 16. http://phoenicia.org/semlang.html 17. http://phoenicia.org/letters.html 18. http://phoenicia.org/letters.html 19. http://phoenicia.org/europa.html 20. http://phoenicia.org/cadmus.html 21. http://phoenicia.org/inscriptions.html 22. http://phoenicia.org/industry.html 23. http://www.lbfnm.org/pages/entry/entry.htm 24. mailto:slim at phoenicia.org 25. http://mars.guestworld.tripod.lycos.com/wgb/wgbsign.dbm?owner=shalim7 26. http://mars.guestworld.tripod.lycos.com/wgb/wgbview.dbm?owner=shalim7 27. mailto:slim at phoenicia.org 28. http://phoenicia.org/letters.html 29. http://phoenicia.org/mee.html 30. http://phoenicia.org/toc.html 31. http://phoenicia.org/toc.html 32. http://phoenicia.org/noframe.html 33. http://phoenicia.org/noframe.html 34. http://phoenicia.org/indexs.html 35. http://banners.wunderground.com/banner/gizmotimetemp/US/NC/Raleigh.gif 36. http://www.wunderground.com/global/stations/40100.html 37. http://phoenicia.org/irctime.html 38. mailto:slim at phoenicia.org 39. http://www.hitbox.com/