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*Cro-Magnon & Neanderthal:*

*Upper Paleolithic Survivors in the Balkans*

The research gathered in this section will demonstrate that a superior
and gifted strain of Cro-Magnon Upper Paleolithic Europeans absorbed the
Neanderthal population of Krapina (near Zagreb) in the middle
Paleolithic then settled in Eastern Serbia and created the most advanced
culture of their time as the Mesolithic drew to a close in 8000 BP. The
layout of their settlements was based on mathematical formulas & even
invented mortar asphalt. They were literally 3000 years ahead of their
time in terms of social organization & cultural sophistication.

*The Cro-Magnon of Eastern Serbia*

Lepenski Vir, Vlasac & Padina are two of the most technologically
advanced Mesolithic sites in Europe, located near the Djerdap Gorge in
Eastern Serbia. They were discovered by Serbian Archaeologist and
ex-president of the Yugoslav Academy of Arts & Sciences Dragoslav
Srejovic in the 1960s. 

Djerdap is one of the most remarkable natural regions in Europe. This
gorge, not quite a hundred kilometres long, is a world of its own,
restricted but not monotonous, infinitely varied and dynamic. Within
short distances, both in a vertical and a horizontal direction, soil,
climate, fauna and flora quickly change; whereas the winds howl around
the cliff tops covered with sparse oak or pine, at the foot of the
cliffs, beside the water, grow holm-oak, finger-ferns, sycamores and
hackberries.

Eighty-four graves at Vlasac produced skeletal material from 117
individuals. Scattered finds of another 65 individuals came from all
over the occupied area (Nemeskeri, 1978, pp.97-98). The general
character of these remains, /representing a tall /(females 163.32, and
males 170.53 cm), /robust, Cro-Magnon-type population/, with a tendency
toward some gracilization as the, Mesolithic period drew to a close,
(Nemeskeri and Szathmary, 1978, pp.178, 179) is consonant with the
reports of the 37 individuals recovered from 30 graves at Padina
(Zivanovic, S., 1974, p.153), and the 85 skeletons from Lepenski Vir
(Nemeskeri, 1972, p.200). Gracilization, particularly of males, is a
general trend throughout Europe in the late Upper Paleolithic and
Mesolithic (Frayer, 1978).

Cro-Magnon was tall…well muscled and powerful, though not in the gross
manner of Neanderthal and without the curvature of the thigh and arm
bones. His skull profile closely resembles our own. The forehead is
high, face broad, as is the vault and the skull, the bone thin. He lacks
both heavy brow-ridge and rearward occipital bulge. The chin is
well-formed and jutting.

The earliest history of this area is only fragmentarily known. There are
few remains of the Early Paleolithic and only from the Middle Paleolithic
period onwards is it possible with any certainty to reconstruct the
culture movements in the Danube Basin. Moreover, the culture of the Middle
Paleolithic, characterized by cave dwellings, flint weapons of moderate
size and the complete absence of any creative artistic sense, does not
tally with any of the features of the Lepenski Vir culture.

This absence of any kind of sophisticated cultural achievement is
consistent with the Middle Paleolithic everywhere in Europe (Coon
/Origin of Races/).

The region of the middle and lower Danube Basin is not, however, a
closed geographical area. It is closely linked, by the many tributaries
of the Danube, with all the other areas of central and south-eastern
Europe, which means that Lepenski Vir could be an integral part of the
prehistory of all that extensive area. It is reasonable to assume,
therefore, that /the origins of the Lepenski Vir culture lie in the
areas which are directly or indirectly linked to the Danube/.

We have established that Cro-Magnon was in Serb lands 8000 years ago as
the Mesolithic drew to a close, and that this population came from the
North down the Danube into Eastern Serbia. Whether the Mesolithic
culture of the Lepenski Vir-Vlasac-Padina Complex is a continuation of
the Middle Paleolithic is not known and for the purposes of this work,
it is irrelevant.

An odd feature of the Vlasac skeletal population is the condition of the
clavicles. Clavicles are typically robust for both sexes. 'It is
peculiar that the robustness of the left side is more marked in both
males and females.' (Nemeskeri and Szathmary, 1978, 1972). What task
necessitates the heavier use of the left over the right arm for both
left and right-handed people? Probably the task or tasks involved were
the same for both sexes, and regularly and frequently performed ones.
Fishing, typically done by both sexes, and certainly a regular and
frequent activity at Vlasac, comes to mind, though there probably were
other 'options' to account for this condition.

The condition of the left clavicles indicates that the population was
left-handed.

An extremely interesting feature of the paintings mentioned previously
is that /the majority appear from internal evidence to have been
executed by left-handed artists/. This apparent fact has led some
authorities to propose that /left-handedness predominated among the
peoples of those times/. This may or may not be going too far, There
would seem at least to be grounds for believing it to have predominated
among cave artists (or priests, if such there were) and possibly among
the makers of tools, too.

The view of the present book, nonetheless, is that classic, (/pure/)
/Neanderthaloid/s were predominantly left-handed, while [/pure/]
/Cro-Magnon/ was predominantly right-handed.

This research will demonstrate that the origin of the world’s first
proto-Civilization of the Lepenski Vir-Vlasac-Padina complex emerged as
a result of the hybrid vigor of Cro-Magnon & Neanderthal inter-breeding.
But a first, a description of Cro-Magnon:

In *the Upper Paleolithic*, which began after the close of the fourth
and last Glaciation, about 25,000 years ago, men of very modern aspect,
known as Cro-Magnons, succeeded the Neanderthal race. The date of the
beginning of the */Upper Paleolithic/* is the first we can fix with
accuracy, and its correctness can be relied on within narrow limits.
*/The Cro-Magnon race first appears in the Aurignacian subdivision of
the Upper Paleolithic/*. Like the Neanderthals, they were
dolichocephalic, with a cranial capacity superior to the average in
existing European populations...

It is quite astonishing to find that the predominant race in Europe
25,000 years ago, or more, was /not only much taller, but had an
absolute cranial capacity in excess of the average of the present
population/. The low cranial average of existing populations in Europe
can be best explained by the presence of large numbers of individuals of
inferior mentality. These defectives have been carefully preserved by
modern charity, whereas in the savage state of society the backward
members are allowed to perish and the race is carried on by the vigorous
and not by the weaklings.

All historians are familiar with the phenomenon of a rise and decline in
civilization such as has occurred time and again in the history of the
world, but we have here in…the Cro-Magnon race the earliest example of
[…] a very superior race….

(…)The existence at these early dates of a very high cranial capacity
and its later decline shows that /there is no upward tendency inherent
in mankind/ of sufficient strength to overcome obstacles placed in its
way by stupid social customs.

While */the skull of the Cro-Magnon was long, the cheek bones were very
broad, and this combination of broad face with long skull constitutes a
peculiar disharmonic type which occurs to-day/* only among the very
highly specialized Esquimaux [Eskimo/Inuit] and one or two other
unimportant groups. Skulls of this particular type, however, are found
in small numbers among existing */populations in central France/*,
precisely in the district where the fossil remains of this race were
first discovered. These isolated Frenchmen probably represent the last
lingering remnant of this splendid race of hunting savages.

The “disappearance” of Neanderthal is more assimilation, as we shall see
later on.

*The Neanderthals of Krapina*

…the Krapina finds from Yugoslavia, formerly assigned to the Third
Interglacial, have been reassigned to the…Upper Wurm Glaciation. This
makes them part of the Upper Paleolithic cranial assemblage, which makes
excellent sense because in certain respects they resemble very closely
the modern population of their region…they are mostly brachycephalic.

In Europe the phenomenon of brachycephaly goes back at least 30 000
years, as shown by the Crania found in Krapina.

Because of the large brow ridges, the low vault, the small mastoids, and
a few other archaic features, one cannot say that the Krapina skulls are
fully modern. But they are fully Sapiens and resemble in an over-all
way, particularly in that they are broad-headed, some of the living
European peoples. These skulls are different from others we have
studied. Within the Caucasoid framework, the pre-Wurm population of
Europe showed as much regional variation in cranial vault and upper
facial features as the modern European population does.

He appears to be a human of wild appearance due to his low forehead and
the thick ridges over his eyes. His nose was blunt and broad and jaw
more or less like a snout, protruding forward. This wild appearance was
certainly enhanced by longish hair and a bearded countenance… The
principal task facing pre-historical man was the gathering of food,
which consisted mostly of the meat of forest animals, wild cattle, fish,
plant roots and fruit. The crude tools that man took with him to hunt
were…quite limited. He needed cunning and courage to grapple with the
wild inhabitants of the forests who surrounded him. This man was a
hunter and a traveler… These men ate their fellow tribesmen and they
cracked open the hollow bones and sucked out the marrow…with animal
bones, without the slightest sense of order, he tossed them around the cave.

*Hybridization of Cro-Magnon & Neanderthal*

Our attention centers on the fact that all major civilization advances
toward our present civilized state…are associated with mixed populations
and not in particular with Cro-Magnon in his purer form. This seems to
hold true whether we consider variously the emergence of Art and art
forms, the establishment of the first permanent towns, the practice of
farming and animal husbandry, the commencement of the Bronze Age, the
development of handwriting or the rise of latter-day religion.

The fossil record for Krapina is clear on the matter of hybridization of
that Neanderthal  population with other groups, whose tool kits (flint &
other implements) are derived from the same ones ancestral to
Cro-Magnon’s tool kit (Aurignacian). The Neanderthal tool kit is called
/Mousterian/.

The assembly of tools is Mousterian but Skerlj states that it included
both pre-Acheulian and pre-Aurignacian elements and Brodar believes that
the commonest implements are broad blades and that there are also some
microliths in the lot. Even if the flints came from more than one level,
/the fact that implements of so many types came from one cave/ in
Croatia occupied during the latter half of the Last Interglacial
i/ndicates a gathering of different peoples or cultural evolution or
both. We need more information/.

It’s interesting that Coon suggests that the Krapina Neanderthals may
have been penetrated by another group. Today, we have more information
to settle the question:

Lengyel (1978, p. 275) has analyzed the Vlasac bone for ABO blood
groups, and concluded that /males and females, on the basis of the ABO
system, appear to be from different populations/. The females at Vlasac
fit right in with the Lepenski Vir Mesolithic population, whereas the
percentages of AB for the males are quite distinct. Perhaps males with
blood type AB were buried outside the settlement.

Perhaps not. The well publicized recent discoveries in Portugal confirm
that hybridization between Neanderthal & Cro-Magnon did take place. This
takes us back to Gooch’s thesis that the spark of civilization lay in
this hybridization. Gooch observed that Upper Paleolithic cave art did
not occur until these two races met, with Neanderthals “disappearing”
through assimilation with Cro-Magnon..

Neanderthal, we believe had evolved some kind of /religious belief,
perhaps a form of natural magic/… No buildings, no Art, nothing of this
kind. The Cro-Magnon’s legacy of the first 15000 years of his occupation
of Europe – is even poorer. We suspect he was first class fighter, the
skeletal build alone argues this and in this connection we have noted a
few scraps of legend. He may have been barbarically cruel, his pleasures
& interests centering chiefly in the hunt, the combat and the kill.

It is indeed very tempting to argue that /it was the physical, genetic
crossing of these two varieties which enabled the enormous potential of
each to be realized/. Is it that man [in Western Europe] had to wait
longer for his booster injection of Neanderthal genes?

*Hybrid Vigor & the Birth of Proto-Civilization in Eastern Serbia: *

*The Lepenski Vir-Vlasac-Padina Complex*

* *The Cro-Magnon / Neanderthal hybrids of Eastern Serbia were even more
intelligent than their European contemporaries 8000 years ago. Other UP
survivors during the Mesolithic were still wandering from one place to
another living:

a) in caves (France, Spain, N.E Europe)

b) in huts built on piles of mud, rock & wood in the middle of small
lakes (C. Europe)

C) on huts build on the mounds of dirt & garbage left over from previous
temporary settlements (Scandinavia & Baltic) 

The Lepenski Vir created a proto-Civilization in every sense of the word.

It seems that nothing created in the Danube Basin before or at the time
of the flowering of the Lepenski Vir culture (Early and Middle Stone
Age) can explain /its exceptional nature/, nor are its highly expressive
activities endorsed by the events that directly followed it (the
beginnings of the oldest culture of the Late Stone Age,
Star?evo-Körös-Cris types).

…within the context of the earliest Neolithic cultures in the south of
the Balkan Peninsula, 'in Macedonia (Nea Nikomedeia), Thessaly (the
Pre-Ceramic Neolithic of Argos) or central Greece (Elateia). /Compared
with Lepenski Vir the Mesolithic forms of these areas seem amorphous and
extremely poor, and the earliest Neolithic forms unoriginal and
monotonous. This shows that the tenor of the Lepenski Vir culture
differed from that of contemporary or subsequent cultures; its roots go
farther back into the past and spread well beyond the boundaries of its
native district/.

In their construction wood and various types of stone in warm red,
yellow and gray tones (limestone and sandstone) were employed; these are
the colors of the bare cliffs in the immediate vicinity of Lepenski Vir.
Whether the houses are on level ground or on the steep slopes of the
shelf, one notices that /the same system of measuring the terrain,
establishing the foundations and building the superstructure has always
been used/.

All the houses of the Lepenski Vir /Ia/ phase are built of similar
materials and in the same manner. /They have an identical internal
construction and similar proportions/. They differ only in size.

/This appears to be the world's first use of lime mortar, in this case
as a floor covering, not as mortar between bricks or stones/.

The earliest other known use of lime mortar dates to about 4000 BC in
Ancient Egypt. Thus, the Lepenski Vir Ia culture's use (~5600 BC) of
lime mortar predates the Egyptian use by 1600 years.

The architecture of Lepinski Vir Ia (and later) is also repeated at Padina
B, Vlasac and at Stubica. This must have been under the guidance of a very
forceful and gifted leader (or leaders). Only such a leader could have
seen the potential of the sites which had limited space which needed to be
used in the most efficient way possible, and a way of adapting to them
which could have allowed the villagers to make the most of the sites and
the resources available.

That this method and tradition continued for so long and in more than
one place is a tribute to this organizational and building design
genius. It is also apparent that the people of the sites had the same or
similar religions and world views, and that there was communication
between the peoples of the sites. It would seem that Lepenski Vir Ia was
the first of the sites thus to be utilized in this way, but Padina and
Vlasac followed the tradition soon after. Not much is known about
Stubica, except that the architecture was similar.

A casual glance at the ground-plan of the houses is enough to convince
one that their shape has no model in nature. Indeed, it may be
concluded, by a careful comparison of all the foundations and
measurements, that /the builders of Lepenski Vir possessed a quite
definite mathematical knowledge which they employed skillfully in
measuring the terrain and fixing the proportions, shapes and dimensions
of the houses/.

Lepenski Vir /la/ covered an area of 1 500 square meters, and this had
to serve its hundred or so inhabitants. The living space available to
them had therefore to be so organized as to avoid a feeling of
restriction. They were thus compelled when building their settlement to
economize on space like misers, to profit by every detail and every free
corner; at the same time taking care that their freedom of movement was
not unduly restricted.

By skilful arrangement of the houses an open space was formed in the
center of the settlement and numerous means of communication were
created which showed how adaptable was the terrain, gave depth to the
whole area, and controlled the position and size of all the houses

The basic building plan for the architecture of the new settlement was
defined during the first building phase, Lepenski Vir Ia. Methods of
house building, the design and arrangement of the houses, as also the
main communication paths, were similar in all five levels. Not a single
change was made subsequently in the basic structure of the nucleus of
the settlement. /This was not a sign of creative stultification but the
acceptance of the values expressed at the time of the initial cultural
upsurge and subsequently confirmed by tradition/.

Srejovic puts the Lepenski Vir people in perspective:

The forms of /a highly developed culture/, a /permanent settlement/ with
an /architectural plan which presupposes complex socio-economic
relationships/, and examples of /monumental art/ certainly imbued with
/a profound religious sense/, have been found at Lepenski Vir, initially
a featureless area affording no sort of expectation of discoveries, nor
of any tradition of earlier settlement. On the other hand, /all the
essential forms of the Lepenski Vir culture differ completely from the
general cultural-historical pattern of the early prehistory of Europe/.

These gifted geniuses skipped a whole stage in the evolution of human
society by founding highly organized permanent settlements (Lepenski
Vir, Vlasac & Padina & Stubica)  without the prerequisite of agriculture
/requiring/ them to build permanent settlements out of which
civilization was eventually created. They even refused to participate in
the Vinca Culture, the earliest Neolithic culture north of Greece from
which Mediterranean farmers spread out to colonize all of Europe (Bibby
/Testimony of the Spade/ page: 275) or take up agriculture.

Physical Anthropology indicates that they did assimilate into Vinca’s
successor, the Starcevo culture:

Human skeletal material offers direct evidence relevant to the question
of population replacement or continuity from the Mesolithic to Neolithic
periods.

Only Lepenski Vir provided early Neolithic skeletal material which could
be compared with the abundant earlier data. Starcevo skeletons are
'moderately tall' and tend to be more gracile than skeletons from the
preceding period, although gracile and robust variants are described for
this period (Nemeskeri, 1972, p.201, p.202). //

It should be noted that the cultures of the Lepenski Vir Complex, Vinca
& Starcevo are within a few days’ walking distance of one another. The
refusal of the Lepenski Vir people to take up agriculture is noteworthy
because it takes into the next phase of this research where we find
their descendants, the Serbs of Old Montenegro, who besides other
similarities to the Lepenski Vir people, also traditionally disdain
agriculture & relegate it to women.

[remainder deleted]