mirrored file at http://SaturnianCosmology.Org/ For complete access to all the files of this collection see http://SaturnianCosmology.org/search.php ========================================================== Comprehensive List of Ancient Egyptian Kings edited by P. A. Piccione LATE PREDYNASTIC PERIOD Dynasty 0 (Terminal Nagada): 3250-3050 About 9-13 kings ruling from Hierakonpolis in Upper Egypt. The last four have identifiable (although not always legible) names: . . . . Horus "Scorpion" Horus Zekhen?/Ka? first king buried at Abydos Horus Ro Abydos tomb B 1+2 Horus Narmer "Catfish" _________________________________________________________________ ARCHAIC PERIOD (a.k.a. EARLY DYNASTIC) Dynasty I: 3050-2857 Horus Aha Meni 3050-3016 Horus Djer Iti 3016-2970 Horus Wadji Iterti? 2970-2963 Horus Dewen Khasti/Zemti? 2963-2949 Horus Andjib Merpibia? 2949-2897 Horus Semerkhet Iri-Nebti 2897-2889 Horus Qa'a Qa'a-Nebti 2889-2859 Horus Ba? (sequence uncertain) Horus Seneferka (sequence uncertain) 2859-2857 Horus [. . .] (sequence uncertain) Dynasty II: 2857-2705 Horus Hetepsekhemwy Hetep-Nebty 2857 - Horus Nebre - 2815 Horus Ninetjer Ninetjer-Nebty 2815 - 2778 Horus Weneg? Weneg-Nebty 2778 - 2772 Sened 2772 - Nubnefer - 2751 Seth Peribsen 2751 - 2743 Horus Sekhemib(-perenma'at) 2743 - 2732 Horus Khasekhem (= same person as the next king) Horus-Seth Khasekhemwy(-hetep- netjerwyimef) 2732 - 2705 _________________________________________________________________ OLD KINGDOM Dynasty III: 2705-2630 Horus Nekhtza (Za) Nebka I 2705-2687 Horus Netjerikhet (Djoser) 2687-2667 Horus Sekhemkhet (Djeser-Teti) 2667-2660 Horus Khaba 2660-2654 Horus Qahedjet Huni 2654-2630 Dynasty IV: 2630-2524 Snefru 2630-2606 (Khnum-)Khufwi (Khufu/"Cheops") 2606-2583 Radjedef (Djedefre) 2583-2575 Khafre ("Chephren") 2575-2550 Nebka II 2550-2548 Menkaure ("Mycerinus") 2548-2530 Shepseskaf 2530-2526 [Interregnum?] 2526-2524 Dynasty V: 2524 2400 Userkaf 2524-2517 Sahure 2517-2505 Neferirkare I Kakai 2505-2495 Shepseskare Izi? 2495-2488 Neferefre (Raneferef?) 2488-2477 Niuserre Ini 2477-2466 Menkauhor Ikauhor 2466-2458 Djedkare Izezi 2458-2430 Unis 2430-2400 Dynasty VI: 2400-2250? Teti 2400 - 2390 Pepi I 2390 - Userkare (userper?) - 2382 Pepi I (again!) 2382 - 2361 Mernere I Nemtyemzaf 2361 - 2355 Pepi II 2355 - 2261 Mernere II Nemtyemzaf 2261 - 2260 Queen Nitocris 2260 - 2250? Dynasty VII: 2250?-2230 A group of 10 kings are recorded in the Abydos kinglist but are omitted in the Turin Canon of Kings (a Netjerkare [Abydos] = Neitiqerti [Turin]). Contemporary sources record the prenomens: Neferkare II . . . . . Sekhemkare . . . . . Wadjkare (sequence of rule uncertain). Dynasty VIII: 2230-2213 Six kings, the last 4 of which are known from contemporary sources: . . . . Qakare Ibi 2222-2220 Neferkaure (= Imhotep?) 2220-2216 Neferkauhor Kapuibi (= Iti?) 2216-2214 Neferirkare II 2214-2213 The attribution of the nomens Imhotep and Iti (from graffiti in the Wadi Hammamat) is very uncertain. Neferkaure is generally identified with Horus Kha[bau?] and Neferirkare II with Horus Demedjibtawy of the Coptus Decrees, but this is uncertain. Horus Netjeribau definitely is Neferkauhor. _________________________________________________________________ FIRST INTERMEDIATE PERIOD Dynasty IX: 2213-ca. 2175 Four kings who ruled at Heracleopolis and were vaguely recognized throughout Egypt. Their sequence is not clear: Meryibre Akhtoy (= the first or second king?) 2213 - . . . . Neferkare V (= the third king) ca. 2185 - . . . . - 2175 Dynasty X: ca. 2175-ca. 2035 Fourteen Heracleopolitans who ruled the north and fought the Thebans of contemporary Dynasty XI until defeated by Nebhepetre Mentuhotep II between 2047 and 2022. Six kings are attested in contemporary sources: . . . . ca. 2175 Nebkaure Akhtoy (father of Merikare?) Merikare (contemporary with latter ca. 2075 part of reign of Wahankh Inyotef I) These others cannot be dated even approximately: Meri[. . .]re Akhtoy (different from "Merihathor" and founder of Dynasty X) Wahkare Akhtoy Khui (on a fragment from Dara) Iytjenu (part of a Dyn. X personal name from Saqqara) Dynasty XI: 2134-1991 In many traditional chronologies, Theban Dynasty XI is included in the Middle Kingdom, not the First Intermediate Period. However, in recent times this notion has been revised among certain Egyptologists. The dynasty existed about 143 years, of which 99 years were spent in a state of civil war with the kingdom divided and only 44 years with the kindom united in relative peace. Importantly, those final 44 years were a period of political consolidation and nation-building, which only came to fruition at the beginning of Dynasty XII. It is unjustifiable then to consider Dynasty XI as the start of the Middle Kingdom. Horus Tepi-'o Mentuhotep I 2134 - Horus Sehertawy Inyotef I - 2118 Horus Wahankh Inyotef II 2118 - 2069 Horus Nekhtnebtepnefer Inyotef III 2069 - 2061 Horus Sankhibtawy Horus Daikhasut }Mentuhotep II Horus Nebhedjet } Nebhepetre 2061 - 2010 Horus Sematawy Sankhkare Mentuhotep III 2010 - 1998 Qakare Inyotef IV (sequence uncertain) Iyibre-Khent (sequence uncertain) Nebtawyre Mentuhotep IV - 1991 _________________________________________________________________ MIDDLE KINGDOM Dynasty XII: 1991-1784 Amenemhat I 1991-1962 Senwosret I 1971-1928 Amenemhat II 1929-1895 Senwosret II 1897-1878 Senwosret III 1878-1842 Amenemhat III 1842-1794 Amenemhat IV 1797-1788 Queen Sebeknefru 1788-1784 Dynasty XIII: 1784-1668 At least 65 kings who ruled over all of Egypt for 116 years until about 1720 when they lost the Delta to invading Asiatics. The political capital was at Itjy-tawy, and the dynasty was recognized in the far south as late as ca. 1675. Only Neferhotep I, his son Sihathor and Neferhotep's brother, Sebekhotep IV, were related by blood. Some kings were of lower-class or even foreign origin. Only kings attested in contemporary records are listed here. Khutawyre Wegaf 1784 - 1782 Sekhemkare Amenemhat-sunebef 1782 - Sekhemre-khutawy (Pentjini?) - 1772 Sekhemkare Amenemhat V 1772 - 1770 Sehetepibre 1770 - 1769 Sankhibre Ameni-Inyotef Amenemhat VI 1769 - Hetepibre Qemau-si-Harnedj-heryotef [. . .] Ameni-Qemau [. . .] Khuyoqer Kha'ankhre Sebekhotep I - 1764 Awybre Hor I 1764 - Sedjefakare Kay Amenemhat VII Sekhemre-khutawy Sebekhotep II Userkare Nimaatre-khaenre Khendjer (Asiatic King "Pig") Smenekhkare Mermesha Nerkare [. . .] - 1754 Sekhemre-sewadjtawy Sebekhotep III 1754 - 1751 Khasekhemre Neferhotep I 1751 - 1740 Khakare? Sihathor 1740 Khaneferre Sebekhotep IV 1740 - 1730 Wahibre Ibya 1725 - 1714 Merneferre Iy ("Ay") 1714 - 1700 Merhetepre Sebekhotep VI 1700 - 1698 Mersekhemre Neferhotep II 1698 - Merkaure Sebekhotep VII 1693 - The following kings probably date to the last 25 years of Dynasty XIII. Their sequence is uncertain: Seneferibre Senwosret IV Merankhrek Mentuhotep V Djedankhre Mentuemsaf Djedhetepre Djedneferre (Dedumose?) Sewahenre Senebmiu Sekhemre-sankhtawy Neferhotep III Sekhemre-seusertawy Sebekhotep VIII Mershepesre Ini [. . .] Mentuwoser Menkhaure Sena'aib Sekhemre-neferkhau Wepwawetemsaf _________________________________________________________________ SECOND INTERMEDIATE PERIOD Dynasty XIV: 1720-1665 Perhaps as many as 76 kings who ruled in Xois in the Delta. Only one is attested in contemporary sources. He reigned less than one year and left his name on two monuments at Avaris in the Delta: Nehesi ca. 1720 The other kings names are recorded in subsequent Egyptian lists. Reliable dates cannot be established for them. Was Dynasty XIV a catch-all for a number of small Delta principalities? Khatire Sekhem[...]re Shemsi Nebfawre Kakemure Meni[...] Sehabre Neferibre Werqa Merdjefare Kha[...]re [...]kare Sewadjkare Aakare [...]kare Nebdjefare Semen[...]re [...]kare Hap[...] Webenre Djed[...]re [...]kare [...]nat [...]djefare Senefer[...]re [...]kare Bebenmi [...]webenre Menibre Seth Awibre Djed[...]re Sainu Heribre Inek[...] Hor Nebsenre Aa[...] Enibef Sekheperenre Ap[...] Kherhemwat Djedkherure Hibi Khuhemwat Sankhibre Aped Mare Sebekhotep IX Nefertemkare Hapi Dynasty XV: 1668-1560 The Hyksos--invaders of apparent North Syrian origin and arriving from Palestine--established their capital at Avaris and maintained direct rule over much of northern Egypt and loose suzerainty over Asiatic and Egyptian vassals (including the Thebans of most of Dynasty XVII) in the rest of the country. Earlier rulers identified in later lists and undatable scarabs include: Sekhaenre Shalik = Salitis Maibre Sheshy = Beon Meruserenre Yacobher = Apakhnas The following Hyksos rulers are attested on contemporary monuments: Seweserenre Khayan Iannas 1630-1610 Aaqenenre (early) } Apopi 1610-1569 Aauserre (later) Nebkhepeshre (same as previous king?) Aasehre? Khamudi 1569-1560 Dynasty XVI: 1665-1565 Hyksos vassals in Lower and Middle Egypt concurrent with Dynasties XV and XVII. All contemporary attestations are on scarabs; none can be dated precisely. Some bear Egyptian names; many have clearly Semitic names: Saket Aahetepre Seneferankhre Apopi Wadjed Yakboam Anathher Qar Yoam Semqen Niraka 'Am Useranath Nubuserre Yakbaal Nebmaatre Khauserre Nubankhre Dynasty XVII: 1668-1570 Current usage restricts this dynasty to the Theban contemporaries of the Hyksos (Manetho included other Hyksos vassals). They ruled as far as Abydos and had extended their domain to Cusae under Ta 'o II, then to the head of the Delta under Kamose. Almost all are attested in contemporary sources: Nubkheperre Inyotef V 1668 - 1663 Sekhemre-wahkhau Rahotep 1663 - 1660 Sekhemre-wadjkhau Sebekemsaf I 1660 - 1644 Sekhemre-sementawy Djehuti 1644 - 1643 Sankhenre Mentuhotep VI 1643 - 1642 Sewadjenre Nebiryerau I 1642 - 1623 Neferkare Nebiryerau II 1623 Seweserenre Senwosret V 1622 - 1610 Sekhemre-shedtawy Sebekemsaf II 1610 - 1601 Sekhemre-wepma'at Inyotef VI 1601 - 1596 Sekhemre-herherma'at Inyotef VII 1596 Senekhtenre Ta'o (Djehuti'o) I 1596 - 1591 Seqenenre Ta'o (Djehuti'o) II 1591 - 1576 Wadjkheperre Kamose 1576 - 1570 _________________________________________________________________ NEW KINGDOM Dynasty XVIII: 1570-1293 Ahmose I 1570-1546 Amenhotep I 1551-1524 Tuthmosis I 1524-1518 Tuthmosis II 1518-1504 Tuthmosis III 1504-1450 Queen Hatshepsut 1503/1498-1483 Amenhotep II 1453-1419 Tuthmosis IV 1419-1386 Amenhotep III 1386-1349 Amenhotep IV/Akhenaten 1350-1334 Smenkhkare 1336-1334 Tutankhaten/Tutankhamun 1334-1325 Ay 1325-1321 Horemheb 1321-1293 Dynasty XIX: 1293-1185 Ramesses I 1293-1291 Seti I 1291-1279 Ramesses II 1279-1212 Merneptah 1212-1202 Amenmesse 1202-1199 Seti II 1199-1193 Ramesses/Merneptah-Siptah 1193-1187 Queen Tawosret 1193-1185 [Interregnum?] Chancellor Bay 1185 Dynasty XX: 1185-1070 Setnakht 1185-1182 Ramesses III 1182-1151 Ramesses IV 1151-1145 Ramesses V (Amenherkhepeshef) 1145-1141 Ramesses VI (Amenherkhepeshef) 1141-1134 Ramesses VII (Setherkhepshef) 1134 1133 Ramesses VIII (Amenyotef) 1133-1126 Ramesses IX (Khaemwese) 1126-1108 Ramesses X (Amenherkhepeshef) 1108-1098 Ramesses XI (Khaemwese) 1098-1070 Era of "Repeating of Births" 1080-1070 _________________________________________________________________ THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD Dynasty XXI: 1070-946 (a) Kings in Tanis: Smendes (Nisubanebdjed) 1070-1044 Neferkare Amenemnisu 1044-1040 Psusennes I 1040-992 Amenemope 994-985 Aakheperre Osochor 985-979 Siamon 979-960 Psusennes II (see also below) 960-946 (b) Rulers in Thebes (HP = High Priest of Amun; K = King): Pinodjem I HP 1070-1055 K 1055-1032 Masahart HP 1055-1047 Djedkhonsefankh HP 1047-1046 Menkheperre HP 1046-993 Smendes I HP 993-991 Pinodjem II HP 991-970 Psusennes (later he is a king HP 970-946 in Tanis = Psusennes II) K 960-946 Dynasty XXII: 946-712 Libyan kings ruling in Tanis and Bubastis, recognized in all of Egypt until 828, when a rival Libyan dynasty arose in Thebes. In 814 another rival dynasty arose in Leontopolis in the Delta. Dynasty XXII was still recognized in Memphis and parts of the Delta until 735 and intermittently in Thebes until 787/783. Shoshenq I 946 - 916 Osorkon I 916 - 904 Shoshenq II 904 Takelot I 904 - 890 Osorkon II 890 - 860 Takelot II 860 - 835 Shoshenq III 835 - 783 Pami 783 - 773 Aakheperre Shoshenq V 773 - 735 Aakheperre Osorkon IV 735 - 712 High Priests of Amun at Thebes In a unique power-sharing arrangement between the royal government and the temple hierarchy, the High Priests of Amun were often appointed from among the royal princes of Dynasties XXI and XXII (until the Thebans established their own Dynasty XXIII in 828). The high priests were the virtual rulers of Thebes, usually autonomous of the royal government in the Delta. While many high priests took on the outward trappings of kingship, most apparently recognized the Egyptian king as a nominal overlord; (n.b., "s." = "son of"): Yuput (s. Shoshenq I) HP 946 - 910 Shoshenq (s. Osorkon I) HP 910 - 905 Ewelot (s. Osorkon I) HP 905 - 898 Smendes II (s. Osorkon I) HP 898 - 885 Harsiese I (s. HP Shoshenq) HP 885 - 875 K 875 - 870 [. . .di. . .] (s. HP/K Harsie) HP 875 - 870 Nimlot (s. Osorkon II) HP 870 - 862 Takelot (s. HP Nimlot) - HP 862 - 850 Osorkon (s. Takelot II) HP 850 - 835 Harsiese II (s. [. . .di. . .]?) HP 835 - 816 Osorkon (again; intermittently at Thebes; permanently at El Hiba) HP 816 - 797/87 Dynasty XXIII (Thebes): 828-765? In its earlier years, this dynasty held Thebes only intermittently and presumably had a safer headquarters to the south; after 787, Dynasty XXII is no longer attested at Thebes. See HP, below, for details. By the time of Osorkon III, this dynasty ruled as far north as Heracleopolis. Pedubast I 828-803 Userma'atre-Miamon Shoshenq IV 803-797 Osorkon III 797-767 Takelot III (formerly HP) 771-767 Amenrud 767-? The High Priests of Amun of this dynasty were: Harsiese II (again) HP 811-808 Takelot II (same as next priest?) HP 807-797 Takelot III (s. Osorkon III) (perhaps intermittently HP 797/787-774 until death of HP Osorkon) Dynasty XXIII (Leontopolis): 814-730? Yuput I 814-790? . . . . (several rulers?) 790?-735 Yuput II ca. 735 Dynasty XXIII (Hermopolis): 760-665? Thotemhat 760-735 Nimlot (more than one by this name?) 735-665 Pedenemty (attribution is uncertain) Dynasty XXIII (Heracleopolis): 740-665? Peftjau-auwybast 740-725 "Nakhke" (recorded in Akkadian texts only) ca. 670 Dynasty XXIII (Tanis): 710?-665? This is Manetho's Dynasty XXIII, which rules at Tanis between the end of Dynasty XXII and the rise of Dynasty XXVI under Psammetichus I. The following kings attested archaeologically at Tanis seem to belong to this group (sequence unknown): Sekhemkare [. . .] Shepseskare-Irnere Gemnefkhonsubak Neferkare-Pepi [. . .] Sehetepib(en)re Pedubast II ca. 665 Dynasty XXV (Kushite Era): 767-656 Nubian kings from Kush contemporary with (and more or less effective overlords of) the petty kings of Dynasties XXII-XXIV. Manetho includes only those who were recognized in Memphis; we add those who were recognized in Thebes. Kashta's rule in Nubia might have begun earlier, and that of Tanwetamani ended later than the dates indicated here. Kashta 767 - 753 Piye (formerly called "Piankhy") 753 - 713 Shabako 713 - 698? Shebitku 698? - 698 Taharqa 690 - 664 1st Assyrian invasion 671 Tanwetamani 664 - 656 2nd Assyrian invasion 663 Dynasty XXIV: ca. 760-685 A Libyan dynasty of "Great Chiefs of the West" (abbr. GCW), some of whom assumed the title of "King" (abbr. K); contemporary with Kushite Dynasty XXV. After considerable vicissitudes (including falling to the Kushites), members of this family finally managed (with Assyrian help) to displace the Nubians as rulers of Egypt and develop into Dynasty XXVI: Osorkon GCW ca. 760 - 740 Tefnakhte I GCW 740 - 718 Bocchoris K 718 - 712 Tefnakhte II GCW (later king--see below) 712 - 685 _________________________________________________________________ LATE PERIOD Dynasty XXVI (Saite Era): 685-525 Tefnakhte II 685 - 678 Nikauba? 678 - 672 Necho I killed by Tanwetamani 672 - 664 Psammetichus I 664 - 610 Assyrians abandon Egypt 653 Necho II 610 - 595 Psammetichus II 595 - 589 Wahibre ("Apries") 589 - 570 Ahmose II ("Amasis") 570 - 526 Psammetichus III 526 - 525 _________________________________________________________________ Dynasty XXVII (First Persian Domination): 525-332 Egypt was first invaded by the Persians in this period and became a satrapy of the great Persian Empire. Cambyses II 525-522 Darius I 522-486 Egyptian revolt: Seheribre Pedubast III 522-520 Xerxes I 486-465 Artaxerxes I 465-424 Darius II 424-405 Artaxerxes II 405-359 Certain Egyptian kings ruled sporadically in revolt during this period; dates uncertain: In Marea (West of Alexandria): Psammetichus IV Inaros (rebel aqainst Artaxerxes I) ca 465?-454 Thanyras (s. Inaros) after 448 Psammetichus V (perhaps from this region) ca. 445 Psammetichus VI ca. 400? In Sais: Amyrtaios I (joined Inaros) ca.465-448 Pausiris (s. Amyrtaios I) after 448 _________________________________________________________________ Dynasty XXVIII: 405-399 In this period the Persians were first expelled from Egypt . Amyrtaios II (s. Pausiris) 405-399 Dynasty XXIX: 399-380 Nepherites I 399-393 Psammuthis 393 Achoris 393-380 Nepherites II 380 Dynasty XXX: 380-343 Nectanebo I 381-362 Teos (s. Nectanebo I) 3-year coregency with father 365-361 Nectanebo II 361-343 _________________________________________________________________ Dynasty XXXI (Second Persian Domination): 343-332 Egypt was invaded again and reconquered by the Persians, although at times, they could not fully dominate the entire country. Artaxerxes III Ochus 343-338 Arses 338-336 Darius III Codomanus 336-332 An Egyptian king (of possibly Nubian origin) briefly controlled most of Egypt during the Persian Dynasty XXXI. He was the last native ruler of ancient Egypt: Khababash 338-333 _________________________________________________________________ GREEK AND ROMAN PERIOD Macedonian Dynasty: 332-304 Three kings consisting of Alexander the Great, his half-brother, and his son--they never resided in Egypt but governed from Babylon, the capital of Alexander's Macedonian Empire. Alexander was said to have been buried in Alexandria, Egypt. In this period, Egypt was directly administered by the satrap, Ptolemy Lagos, the friend of Alexander who later proclaimed himself king of Egypt. Alexander (III) the Great 332-323 Philip Arrhidaeus 323-316 Alexander IV 316-304 _________________________________________________________________ Ptolemaic Era: 304-30 Dynasty founded by Ptolemy Lagos with its capital at Alexandria. It consisted of 19 kings and queens-regnant, all of pure Macedonian origin; characterized by frequent intermarriage between the king and his sister, often with the queen or queen-mother as coregent ruling with the king. Overweaning ambition and greed in the royal family was the cause of frequent palace coups and assasinations, with kings and despots frequently losing and regaining the throne (all of which tends to confuse the chronology). Ptolemy I Soter I 304 - 284 Ptolemy II Philadelphus 285 - 246 Ptolemy III Euergetes I 246 - 221 Ptolemy IV Philopator 221 - 205 Ptolemy V Epiphanes 205 - 180 revolt in Upper Egypt: Harwennefer 205 - 199 Ankhwennefer 199 - 186 Ptolemy VI Philometor 180 - 164 Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II (jointly, then as userper) 170 - 163 Ptolemy VI Philometor (again!) 163 - 145 Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II1 (again!) 145 - 116 Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator (brief userper) 145 revolt in Thebes: Harsiese 131 Q. Cleopatra III & Ptolemy IX Soter II 116 - 107 Q. Cleopatra III & Ptolemy X Alexander I 107 - 88 Ptolemy IX Soter II 88 - 81 Ptolemy XI Alexander II & Q. Cleopatra Berenike 81 - 80 Ptolemy XI Alexander II 80 Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysus 80 - 58 Q. Berenike IV 58 - 55 Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysus (again!) 55 - 51 Ptolemy XIII & Q. Cleopatra VII 51 - 47 Julius Caesar arrives in Egypt 48 Q. Cleopatra VII 51 - 30 Ptolemy XIV & Q. Cleopatra VII 47 - 44 Ptolemy XV Caesarion & Cleopatra VII 44 - 30 _________________________________________________________________ Roman Era: 30 B.C. - A.D. 395 Egypt was a consular province of the Roman Empire administered in the name of the Roman emperor by a succession of imperial prefects. They were appointed by the emperor and reported directly to him by-passing the Roman Senate. In Egyptian art, religion and iconography, the Roman emperor assumed the traditional role of pharaoh. References 1. http://www.google.com/help/features.html#cached 2. http://www.cofc.edu/%7Epiccione/graphics/kinglist.html 3. http://www.cofc.edu/%7Epiccione/graphics/kinglist.html