http://SaturnianCosmology.Org/ mirrored file For complete access to all the files of this collection see http://SaturnianCosmology.org/search.php ========================================================== Julian Jaynes Society Reflections on the Dawn of Consciousness Articles by Julian Jaynes Articles not linked can be found at most larger university libraries, or in some cases ordered directly from the journal. Selected articles are also available in the Member's Area. Linked articles may be viewed using Adobe Acrobat Reader (free download). ______________________________________________________________ Articles related to consciousness and the bicameral mind theory: Verbal Hallucinations and Preconscious Mentality Jaynes, Julian in Philosophy and Psychopathology, pp. 157-170 Manfred Spitzer and Brendan H. Maher, eds., New York: Springer Verlag, 1990 Reprinted in Reflections on the Dawn of Consciousness Verbal hallucinations were studied in a variety of groups. In a sample of hospitalized schizophrenics and a sample of homeless people on the streets on New York City, such voices were often multiple, critical in women, but more often commands in men, and commonly religious. In a carefully randomized sample of normal college students, a questionnaire study revealed that almost a third had "clearly heard a voice when no one had spoken to me." The voices were identified as parents, friends, dead relatives, or God. From a study of "imaginary playmates," it was concluded that verbal hallucinations were occurring here also. And a non-verbal group of congenital quadriplegics, who had never spoken but with whom communication would be established, heard voices they identified as God, such voices being usually helpful. Parallels were then drawn between modern verbal hallucinations and what is revealed in ancient texts. Ancient civilizations seem to have been governed by such hallucinations called gods, a mentality known as the bicameral mind. It was concluded that the reason verbal hallucinations are found so extensively, in every modern culture, in normal students, schizophrenics, children, and vividly reported in the texts of antiquity is that such hallucinations are an innate propensity, genetically evolved as the basis of an ancient preconscious mentality. Hearing Voices and the Bicameral Mind Jaynes, Julian Behavioral and Brain Sciences, September 1986, Vol. 9 (3): 526-527 Discusses auditory verbal hallucinations (VHs) from the viewpoint of case examples, historical evidence, evidence in children, VHs in a nonverbal population, and the bicameral mind. It is suggested that R. E. Hoffman's discussion of VHs and schzophrenia neglects important considerations (i.e., the history, content, variety, and ubiquity of VHs). Verbal Hallucinations and Language Production Processes in Schizophrenia Hoffman, Ralph E.; Akins, Kathleen A.; Dennett, Daniel C.; Allen, Heidelinde; Alpert, Murray; Bentall, R. P.; Slade, P. D.; Brand, Myles; Deese, James; Faber, Raymond; Flor-Henry, Pierre; Gjerde, Per F.; Gordon, Robert M.; Harley, Trevor A.; Harrow, Martin; Marengo, Joanne T.; Ragin, Ann; Jaynes, Julian; Juninger, John; Lehnert, Wendy G.; Marks, David F.; Posey, Thomas B.; Reed, Graham F.; Rund, Bjon-Rishovd; Schwartz, Steven; Spanos, Nicholas P.; Zivin, Gail Behavioral and Brain Sciences, September 1986, Vol. 9 (3): 503-517 Consciousness and the Voices of the Mind Consciousness and the Voices of the Mind Jaynes, Julian Canadian Psychology, April 1986, Vol. 27 (2): 128-148 Canadian Psychological Association Symposium on Consciousness (1985, Halifax, Canada) The problem of consciousness and its corollary the mind body problem have been with us at least since Descartes. An approach to a solution to both may be begun by carefully analyzing consciousness into its component features and modes. It will then be seen that consciousness is based on language, in particular its ability to form metaphors and analogies. The result is that consciousness is not a biological genetic giver, but a linguistic skill learned in human history. Previous to that transitional period, human volition consisted of hearing voices called gods, a relationship I am calling the bicameral mind. Consciousness and the Voices of the Mind: Open Discussion Jaynes, Julian Canadian Psychology, April 1986, Vol. 27 (2): 128-148 Canadian Psychological Association Symposium on Consciousness (1985, Halifax, Canada) Transcribed from discussion that followed Jaynes' presentation of "Consciousness and the Voices of the Mind." Consciousness and the Voices of the Mind: Response to the Discussants Jaynes, Julian Canadian Psychology, April 1986, Vol. 27 (2) Canadian Psychological Association Symposium on Consciousness (1985, Halifax, Canada) In response to criticisms by D. Dennett, J. Miller, and G. Ojemann concerning the present author's ideas on consciousness, the present author concedes that more analysis of the features, modes, and functions of consciousness needs to be done. Followed by a panel discussion and questions from the audience. How Old Is Consciousness? Jaynes, Julian In R. H. Coplan, Ed. Exploring the Concept of Mind, University of Iowa Press, 1986, 51-72 Sensory Pain and Conscious Pain Jaynes, Julian Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1985, Vol. 8: 61-63 Four Hypotheses On The Origin of Mind Jaynes, Julian Proceedings of the 9th International Wittgenstein Symposium, 1985, 135-142 A Two-Tiered Theory of Emotions Jaynes, Julian Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1982, Vol. 5: 434-435 Representations As Metaphiers Jaynes, Julian Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1982, Vol. 5: 379-380 The Visions of William Blake Jaynes, Julian Art/World, Sept. 26 - Oct. 17, 1981, Vol. 6, No. 1, 1-6 Art and the Right Hemisphere Jaynes, Julian Art/World, 1981, Vol. 5, No. 10, 3-6 The Dragons of the Shang Dynasty Jaynes, Julian Art/World, 1980, Vol. 4, No. 9, 5 Paleolithic Cave Paintings As Eidetic Images Jaynes, Julian Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1979, Vol. 2: 605-607 Unconditionally the Last Work On Tut and His Times Jaynes, Julian Art/World, 1979, Vol. 3, No. 6, 6 The Meaning of King Tut: A Review of the Tutankhamun Exhibition from the Perspective of the Bicameral Theory Jaynes, Julian Princeton Alumni Weekly, 1979, June 25, 16-17 Reprinted in University Magazine, 1979, No. 80, 12-13 In A Manner of Speaking: Commentary on Cognition and Consciousness in Non-Human Species Jaynes, Julian Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1978, Vol. 1 The Evolution of Language in the Late Pleistocene Jaynes, Julian Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1976, Vol. 280: 312-325 In this paper I shall first addess the question of when language evolved, basing my answer on three assumptions. I shall then attempt the question of how language evolved, appealing to a principle of intensity differentiation of call endings and describing how this may have resulted in first modifiers, then commands, and then nouns and names. I shall then insist that this development is roughly correlated with the hastening sequence of archeological artifacts from the Acheulean to Neolithic times. Finally, since such a view demands an exceedingly swift evolution, I shall close with several possibilities of how this "leveraged" evolution, as I shall call it, could have occurred. The Origin of Consciousness Jaynes, Julian In D. Krech (Ed.), The MacLeod Symposium. Ithaca: Cornell Department of Psychology, 1973, 95-103 Other articles by Julian Jaynes: Imprinting: The Interaction of Learned and Innate Behavior Jaynes, Julian Dissertation Abstracts International, 1978, January, Vol. 38 (7-B): 3458 In the Shadow of the Enlightenment: II. Reimarus and His Theory of Drives Jaynes, J. and Woodward, W. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 1974, April, Vol. 10 (2) Continues a discussion of Reimarus and The Enlightenment. Reimarus's Triebe der Tiere (Drives of Animals) (1760), an expansion of his Principal Truths (1754), classifies animal behavior into 3 types of essential drives. This thorough attack on empiricism is presented, critically discussed, and evaluated in terms of its place in intellectual history. In the Shadow of the Enlightenment: I. Reimarus Against the Epicureans Jaynes, J. and Woodward, W. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 1974, January, Vol. 10 (1) Reviews the work of Reimarus, an 18th-century German intellectual who was a forceful proponent of the religion of reason (Vernunftreligion). His treatises on logic focused upon the distinctions between the reasoning powers of man and the instincts of animals. He protested against the revitalized Epicurean doctrine that man originated by chance progression from more primitive animal forms. The Vornehmsten Wahrheiten, one of his important defenses of the traditional creation doctrine in terms of the "Principal Truths of Natural Religion," is discussed in detail. The Study of the History of Psychology The Study of the History of Psychology Jaynes, Julian Introduction to M. Henle, J. Jaynes, J. Sullivan (Eds.), Historical Conceptions of Psychology New York: Springer Publishing Company, Inc., 1973, ix-xii The Problem of Animate Motion in the Seventeenth Century Jaynes, J. In M. Henle, J. Jaynes, J. Sullivan (Eds.), Historical Conceptions of Psychology New York: Springer Publishing Company, Inc., 1973, 166-179 Motion is now so much the domain of physics that it is difficult for us to appreciate that this was not always so. Before the seventeenth century, motion was a far more awesome mystery. Shared by all objects, stars, ships, animals, and men - and, since Copernicus, the very earth itself - it seemed to hide the answer to everything. The Aristotelian writings had made motion or activity the distinctive property of living things, an idea that occurs naturally to children and primitive peoples of all centuries. Because they moved, the stars were thought by no less a scientist than Kepler to be animated. Motion perplexed Gilbert, who became convinced that magnets had souls because of their ability to move and be moved. And Campanella in his Neapolitan prison, when he understood what Copernicus was saying, that the earth really moved, exclaimed, "Mundum esse, totum sentiens!" In a world so sentient and alive, motion is everywhere. And one of the first major intellectual developments of the seventeenth century gathered itself to this theme. I shall try to show in this essay that when this idea of animate motion is clarified, one result is the sorting of the sciences by their subject matter as we know them today. The Historical Origins of "Ethology" and "Comparative Psychology" Jaynes, Julian Animal Behaviour, 1969, 17 (4): 601-606 Both terms come out of the polarization in French biology created by the Cuvier-Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire debates. Cuvier's protege, Flourens, founded comparative psychology in 1864, and Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire's son founded ethology in 1859. Whereas comparative psychology as a term was eagerly taken up, there appearing 5 texts with it as the title in the late 1870's, ethology was less successful. Mill had previously defined ethology as character education, and Haeckel coined ecology to mean the same thing. Giard, however, championed ethology as did his student, Bohn, and then Wheeler at Harvard. In the 1930s, Pelseneer insisted ethology should be quantitative, comparative, and phylogenetic. After World War II, the term comes to cover the observations of Tinbergen, Lorenz, Baerends, and others. The current connotations of both terms are consistent with their origins in 19th century French biology. Generalization and Analogy in Comparative Psychology Jaynes, Julian Paper given at Eastern Psychological Association, April, 1969. Mimeographed. Edwin Garrigues Boring: 1886-1968 Jaynes, Julian Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 1969, 5 (2): 99-112 Effect of Duration of Reinstatement on Retention of A Visual Discrimination Learned in Infancy Campbell, B.A.; Jaynes, J. Developmental Psychology, 1969, 1 (2): 71-74 160 weaning rats were trained on a light-dark discrimination and then given 1 reinstatement per wk. for 10 wk. They were then tested for retention of the original discrimination. 5 different durations of reinstatement were used: 0, 7.5, 15, 30, and 60 min. The longer the weekly reinstatement, the better the retention of the discrimination when tested either by relearning or resistance to extinction. Reinstatement Campbell, B.A.; Jaynes, J. In N. S. Endler, L. R. Boulter and H. R. Osser, Contemporary Issues in Developmental Psychology, New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1968, 244-247 A New Role for the Historian of Psychology Jaynes, J. Lecture at NSF Conference, July, 1968. Mimeographed. Retention of A Light-dark Discrimination in Rats of Different Ages Campbell, B.A.; Jaynes, J.; Misanin, J.R. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 1968, October, 66 (2): 467-72 (Split into Journal of Comparative Psychology and Behavioral Neuroscience in 1982) Washed Coins, Starved Pigs, Alleged Reinforcement Jaynes, Julian Contemporary Psychology, 1967, 12: 554-556 Lord Brain's "Science and Man" Jaynes, Julian American Scientist, 1966, 94-102 Reinstatement Campbell, B.A.; Jaynes, J. Psychological Review, 1966, September, 73 (5): 478-80 The Routes of Science Jaynes, Julian American Scientist, 1966, March, 54 (1): 94-102 Species Differences in Activity During Hunger and Thirst Campbell, B.A.; Smith, N. F.; Misanin, J.R.; Jaynes, J. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 1966, February, 61 (1): 123-7 (Split into Journal of Comparative Psychology and Behavioral Neuroscience in 1982) Imprinting: The Interaction of Learned and Innate Behavior Jaynes, Julian Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 1956, 49: 201-206 (Split into Journal of Comparative Psychology and Behavioral Neuroscience in 1982) Studies of Maternal Retrieving in Rats: III: Sensory Cues Involved in the Lactating Female's Response to Her Young Beach, F. A. and Jaynes, J. Behavior, 1956, 10: 104-125 Studies of Maternal Retrieving in Rats: II: Effects of Practice and Previous Parturitions Beach, F. A. and Jaynes, J. American Naturalist, 1956, 90: 103-109 Studies of Maternal Retrieving in Rats: I: Recognition of Young Beach, F. A. and Jaynes, J. J. Mammology, 1956, 37: 177-180 Effects of Early Experience Upon The Behavior of Animals Beach, F.A. and Jaynes, J. Psychological Bulletin, 1954, 51: 239-263 Learning A Second Response to a Cue as a Function of the Magnitude of the First Jaynes, J. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 1950, 43: 398-408 (Split into Journal of Comparative Psychology and Behavioral Neuroscience in 1982) The Function of the Frontal Cortex Stanley, W. and Jaynes, J. Psychological Review, 1949, 56: 18-32 The evidence on frontal cortex function is reviewed. Subscribe to our E-mail List | Site Map Copyright 1998-2009 Julian Jaynes Society