mirrored file at http://SaturnianCosmology.Org/ For complete access to all the files of this collection see http://SaturnianCosmology.org/search.php ========================================================== Summary of *Evidence* *Jaynes's* theory draws *evidence* from a broad range of disciplines. The following table organizes the primary areas of *evidence*, explains their relevance to the bicameral mind theory, provides alternate or traditional interpretations, and identifies sources for further reading. **Evidence** *Relevance to Bicameral Mind* *Alternate Interpretation(s)* *Selected References* ............................ *Anthropology* Major role of hallucinations in the daily lives of people in primitive societies. Hallucinations in primitive societies share similarities to those of bicameral societies. Levy-Bruhl, L. 1922, 1975. /Primitive Mentality/ Boston: Beacon Press. Levy-Bruhl, L. 1926, 1979. /How Natives Think/ New York: A. A. Knopf. Burial practices in ancient civilizations: corpses propped up; dead often buried with food, tools, and livestock. The living continued to hallucinate the voices of the dead and believed they were still participating in their lives. Ancient civilizations did not understand concept of death. Carr, M. 1985. "Personation of the dead in ancient China." /Computational Analyses of Asian and African Languages/, March, 24: 1-107. Dodds, E.R. 1983. /The Greeks and the Irrational./ University of Chicago Press. Von Hagen, V.W. 1962. /World of the Maya./ New American Library. Von Hagen, V.W. 1979. /Realm of the Incas./ New American Library. Watson, W. 1966. /Early Civilization in China./ Thames & Hudson. Wheeler, M. 1968. /The Indus Civilization./ Cambridge University Press. Woolley, L. 1982. /Ur of the Chaldees: A Revised and Updated Edition of Sir Leonard Woolley's Excavations at Ur./ Cornell University Press. Widespread use of oracles and divination. Oracles and divination used to discern the will of the gods after the majority of people no longer were able to hear their voices. Oracles were performances, akin to present day mediums, for political or monetary gain; trances were real, but caused by drugs or underground vapors. Dodds, E.R. 1983. /The Greeks and the Irrational./ University of Chicago Press. Guillaume, A. 1938. /Prophecy and Divination Among the Hebrews and Other Semites./ New York: Harper. *Archaeology* Proliferation of idols throughout ancient civilizations. Idols and figurines were believed to be actual gods and served to elicit hallucinations. Other scholars also believe ancient people thought the idols were animated by their gods during certain times of the day; protection from spirits. Flinders Petrie, W.M. 1974. /Prehistoric Egypt./ J. L. Malter. Mellaart, J. 1965. /Earliest Civilizations of the Near East./ Mcgraw-Hill. Saggs, H.W.F. 1991. /The Greatness That Was Babylon./ Palgrave Macmillan *Literature* Absence of consciousness-related language in the /Illiad/. Actions in the /Illiad/ commanded by the gods. Indicates lack of modern self-awareness in man during this time period. Decisions are made via hallucinated commands. Absence of consciousness-related language does not indicate absence of consciousness; the gods in the /Illiad/ are a literary device. Homer's Iliad Dodds, E.R. 1983. /The Greeks and the Irrational./ University of Chicago Press. Snell, B. 1982. /The Discovery of the Mind: In Greek Philosophy and Literature./ Dover Publications. Absence of consciousness-related language in the oldest books of The Old Testament such as Amos. Contrast with consciousness in later books such as Ecclesiastes. Indicates lack of modern self-awareness in man during this time period. Absence of consciousness-related language does not indicate absence of consciousness; literary style. /Bible/. See Amos and Ecclesiastes. *Linguistics* Evolution of the words /psyche/, /thumos/, /noos/ in ancient Greek. Thumos ('motion','agitation') comes to mean 'emotional soul.' Noos ('to see') comes to mean 'conscious mind.' Demonstrates lack of consciousness in the /Illiad./ Lack of words for consciousness does not imply lack of consciousness. Dodds, E.R. 1983. /The Greeks and the Irrational./ University of Chicago Press. Snell, B. 1982. /The Discovery of the Mind: In Greek Philosophy and Literature./ Dover Publications. Evolution of the word /shi/ in ancient China. From its original meaning of 'corpse,' /shi/ came to mean 'personator of a dead ancestor.' The ancient practice of personation of the dead provides *evidence* that the people of Shang and early Zhou China actually heard the voices of their ancestors. The Chinese practice of personating the dead is referred to as an unsolved puzzle. Carr, M. 1985. "Personation of the dead in ancient China." /Computational Analyses of Asian and African Languages/, March, 24: 1-107. Evolution of the word /xin/ ('heart, mind') in ancient China. Carr, M. 1983. "Sidelights on /Xin/ 'Heart, Mind' in the /Shijing/." /Proceedings of the 31st CISHAAN,/ Tokyo and Kyoto, 824-825. *Neurology* Research from split-brain patients shows hemispheres can function so as to seem like two independent persons. Bicameral man as well as modern schizophrenics perceive hallucinations as coming from outside themselves. N/A Gazzaniga, M. 1995. "Principles of human brain organization derived from split brain studies." /Neuron,/ 14, 217-228. Gazzaniga, M. 1995. "Consciousness and the cerebral hemispheres." In /The Cognitive Neurosciences/. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. pgs. 1391-1400. Research from split-brain patients and patients with brain damage shows the right hemisphere has language ability. *Jaynes* theorized that hallucinations in bicameral man originated in the right temporal lobe (area that corresponds to the language areas of the left hemisphere). N/A Gazzaniga, M. 1983. "Right hemisphere language following brain bisection: a 20-year perspective." /American Psychologist,/ May, 525-537. Joseph, R. 1996. /Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, and Clinical Neuroscience./ Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. LeDoux, J.E., Wilson, D.H., & Gazzaniga, M.S. 1977. "A divided mind: Observations on the conscious properties of the separated hemisphere." /Annals of Neurology,/ 2, 417-421. Searleman, A. 1977. "A review of right hemisphere linguistic capabilities." /Psychological Bulletin,/ 84, 503-528. Neuroimaging studies show right temporal lobe activity during auditory hallucinations. *Jaynes* theorized that hallucinations in bicameral man originated in the right temporal lobe (area that corresponds to the language areas of the left hemisphere). N/A Bentaleb, L.A., Beauregard, M., Liddle, P., Stip, E. 2002. "Cerebral activity associated with auditory verbal hallucinations: A functional magnetic resonance imaging case study." /Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience/, 27 (2), 110. Lennox B.R., Park S.B., Medley I., Morris P.G., Jones P.B. 2000. "The functional anatomy of auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia." /Psychiatry Research,/100(1):13-20. Lennox B.R., Bert S., Park G., Jones P.B., Morris P.G. 1999. "Spatial and temporal mapping of neural activity associated with auditory hallucinations." /Lancet,/ Vol. 353: 644 Shergill , S.S., Bullmore, E., Simmons, A., Murray, R., and McGuire, P. 2000. "Functional anatomy of auditory verbal imagery in schizophrenic patients with auditory hallucinations." /American Journal of Psychiatry/, 157:1691-1693. Shergill S.S., Brammer M.J., Fukuda R., Williams S.C., Murray R.M., McGuire P.K. 2003. Engagement of brain areas implicated in processing inner speech in people with auditory hallucinations." /British Journal of Psychiatry,/ June, 182:525-31. Shergill S.S., Brammer M.J., Amaro E., Williams S.C., Murray R.M., McGuire P.K. 2004. "Temporal course of auditory hallucinations." /British Journal of Psychiatry,/ 185: 516-7. Right temporal lobe epilepsy/excitation associated with increased religiosity/"God" experience. Bicameral man interpreted hallucinations as "voices of the gods." Right temporal lobe has connections to areas associated with meaning in the brain; inborn neural circuitry for relgious experience in the brain. Dewhurst, K. & Beard, A.W. 1970. "Sudden religious conversion in temporal lobe epilepsy." /British Journal of Psychiatry,/ 117, 497­507. Persinger, M. 1987. /Neuropsychological Bases of God Beliefs./ Praeger Publishers. pp. 9-22. Ramachandran, V.S. & Blakeslee, S. 1998. /Phantoms in the Brain: Probing teh Mysteries of the Human Mind./ New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc. Trimble, M.R. 1992. /The Temporal Lobes and the Limbic System/. England: Wrightson Biomedical. Studies have found associations between the right hemisphere and negative emotion. Hallucinations are often critical and condemnatory in nature. The right hemisphere tends to "look down on" the left hemisphere. N/A Carlson, N. R. 1998. /Physiology of Behavior./ Boston: Allyon and Bacon. Perecman, E. 1983. /Cognitive Processing in the Right Hemisphere (Perspectives in Neurolinguistics, Neuropsychology, and Psycholinguistics)./ Academic Press. Right hemisphere dominant for infusing /prosody/ into language. Prosody is the rhythmic and intonational aspect of language. Emotional aspects of language a right hemisphere function. *Jaynes* describes rhythmic nature of ancient hallucinations as well as in modern unmedicated schizophrenics. N/A Kretz, R.K. "The evolution of self-awareness: Advances in neurological understandings since *Julian **Jaynes*' 'bicameral mind'." /Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering./ Vol 60 (12-B), 2000, pp. 6413 Tucker, D.M. 1981. "Lateral brain function, emotion, and conceptualization." /Psychological Bulletin,/ 89(1), 19-46. *Psychiatry* Schizophrenia: Auditory hallucinations of a critical nature. Patients suffering from schizophrenia experience a partial relapse to the bicameral mind. Schizophrenia reflects chemical imbalances in the brain; no generally accepted theory on why schizophrenia occurs. Heinrichs, R.W. 2001. /In Search of Madness: Schizophrenia and Neuroscience./ Oxford University Press. A large percentage of patients with schizophrenia experience "command hallucinations." In the absence of consciousness, bicameral man hallucinated a commanding voice that instructed him in times of stress or decision-making. No mainstream theory for command hallucinations. Lee T.M., Chong S.A., Chan Y.H., Sathyadevan G. 2004. "Command hallucinations among Asian patients with schizophrenia." /Canadian Journal of Psychiatry/, 49 (12): 838-42. McNiel, D.E., Eisner, J.P., Binder, R.L. 2000. "The relationship between command hallucinations and violence." /Psychiatric Services/, October, 51:1288-1292. *Psychology* Auditory hallucinations more common in normal population than previously believed. Widespread occurrence of hallucinations provides further supporting *evidence* that, prior to the development of consciousness, hallucinations once were a normal part of mental functioning. Abnormal brain functioning (no widely accepted explanation for the occurrence of hallucinations). Brugger, P., Regard, M., Landis, T., Oelz, O. 1999. "Hallucinatory experiences in extreme-altitude climbers," /Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, & Behavioral Neurology,/ 12 (1), 67?71. Escher, S., Romme, M., Buiks, A., Delespaul, P., and Van Os, J. 2002. "Independent Course of Childhood Auditory Hallucinations: A Sequential 3-year Follow-up Study" /The British Journal of Psychiatry/, 181: s10-s18 Greyson, B. and Liester, M.B. 2004. "Auditory hallucinations following near-death experiences." /Journal of Humanistic Psychology,/ 44: 320-336 Grimby, A. 1998. "Hallucinations following the loss of a spouse: Common and normal events among the elderly. / Journal of Clinical Geropsychology,/ Vol. 4 (1): 65-74. McCreery, C. and Claridge, G. 1996. "A study of hallucinations in normal subjects." /Personality and Individual Differences,/ 21 (5): 739-747. Pearson, D., Burrow, A., FitzGerald, C., Green, K., Lee, G., Wise, N. 2001. "Auditory hallucinations in normal child populations." /Personality & Individual Differences,/ Special Issue, 31(3), 401?407. Vickers, B., Garralda, E. 2000. "Hallucinations in nonpsychotic children." /Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry,/ 39 (9), 1073. Hypnosis: Modificaiton of consciousness/behavioral control. Relative ease with which consciousness can be altered/turned off supports bicameral mind theory. Hypnosis doens't exist; hypnosis is not an altered mental state. Hilgard, E.R. 1977, 1986. /Divided Consciousness: Multiple Controls in Human Thought and Action./ John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Lynn, S.J., Kirsch, I., Rhue, J.W. 1996. /Casebook of Clinical Hypnosis./ Washington D.C.: American Psychological Association. Orne, M. 1959. "The Nature of Hypnosis: Artifact and Essence." /Journal ofAbnormal and Social Psychology,/ 58: 277-299. *Religion* Dissociation and hallucinations in religious figures. Hallucinations of a religious nature are a vestige of the bicameral mind. Actual contact with spirits/creator/divine entities. Gardner, J. 2003. /Faiths of the World./ Kessinger Publishing. Knoll, J. & Bachrach, B. 1982. "Medieval visions and contemporary hallucinations." /Psychological Medicine,/ 12(4), 709-722. Morain, W.D. 1998. /The Sword of Laban: Joseph Smith, Jr. and the Dissociated Mind./ American Psychiatric Association. Copyright 1998-2005 *Julian **Jaynes* Society Website Design: Montclair Consulting Group