mirrored file at http://SaturnianCosmology.Org/ For complete access to all the files of this collection see http://SaturnianCosmology.org/search.php ========================================================== __[1]JJS Home [2]The Origin of Consciousness Essays by Julian Jaynes [3]Related Articles & Essays [4]Related Books [5]Related Websites [6]Join the Society Articles & Essays by Julian Jaynes __ Essays not linked can be found at most larger university libraries, or in some cases ordered directly from the journal. Linked essays may be viewed using Adobe Acrobat Reader (free download). [7][getacro.gif] _________________________________________________________________ Articles related to consciousness and the bicameral mind theory: * _Verbal Hallucinations and Preconscious Mentality_ Jaynes, Julian in _Philosophy and Psychopathology_, pp. 157170 Manfred Spitzer and Brendan H. Maher, eds. New York: Springer Verlag, 1990 Verbal hallucinations were studied in a variety of groups. In a sample of hospitalized schizophrenics and a sample of homeless people on the streets on New York City, such voices were often multiple, critical in women, but more often commands in men, and commonly religious. In a carefully randomized sample of normal college students, a questionnaire study revealed that almost a third had "clearly heard a voice when no one had spoken to me." The voices were identified as parents, friends, dead relatives, or God. From a study of "imaginary playmates," it was concluded that verbal hallucinations were occurring here also. And a non-verbal group of congenital quadriplegics, who had never spoken but with whom communication would be established, heard voices they identified as God, such voices being usually helpful. Parallels were then drawn between modern verbal hallucinations and what is revealed in ancient texts. Ancient civilizations seem to have been governed by such hallucinations called gods, a mentality known as the bicameral mind. It was concluded that the reason verbal hallucinations are found so extensively, in every modern culture, in normal students, schizophrenics, children, and vividly reported in the texts of antiquity is that such hallucinations are an innate propensity, genetically evolved as the basis of an ancient preconscious mentality. * _Hearing Voices and the Bicameral Mind_ Jaynes, Julian [8]Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1986, September, Vol. 9 (3): 526-527 Discusses auditory verbal hallucinations (VHs) from the viewpoint of case examples, historical evidence, evidence in children, VHs in a nonverbal population, and the bicameral mind. It is suggested that R. E. Hoffman's discussion of VHs and schzophrenia neglects important considerations (i.e., the history, content, variety, and ubiquity of VHs). * _Verbal Hallucinations and Language Production Processes in Schizophrenia_ Hoffman, Ralph E.; Akins, Kathleen A.; Dennett, Daniel C.; Allen, Heidelinde; Alpert, Murray; Bentall, R. P.; Slade, P. D.; Brand, Myles; Deese, James; Faber, Raymond; Flor-Henry, Pierre; Gjerde, Per F.; Gordon, Robert M.; Harley, Trevor A.; Harrow, Martin; Marengo, Joanne T.; Ragin, Ann; Jaynes, Julian; Juninger, John; Lehnert, Wendy G.; Marks, David F.; Posey, Thomas B.; Reed, Graham F.; Rund, Bjon-Rishovd; Schwartz, Steven; Spanos, Nicholas P.; Zivin, Gail [9]Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1986, September, Vol. 9 (3): 503-517 * _[10]Consciousness and the Voices of the Mind _ Jaynes, Julian [11]Canadian Psychology, April 1986, Vol. 27 (2): 128-148 Canadian Psychological Association Symposium on Consciousness (1985, Halifax, Canada) The problem of consciousness and its corollary the mind body problem have been with us at least since Descartes. An approach to a solution to both may be begun by carefully analyzing consciousness into its component features and modes. It will then be seen that consciousness is based on language, in particular its ability to form metaphors and analogies. The result is that consciousness is not a biological genetic giver, but a linguistic skill learned in human history. Previous to that transitional period, human volition consisted of hearing voices called gods, a relationship I am calling the bicameral mind. * _[12]Open Discussion_ with Julian Jaynes [13]Canadian Psychology, April 1986, Vol. 27 (2): 128-148 Canadian Psychological Association Symposium on Consciousness (1985, Halifax, Canada) Transcribed from discussion that followed Jaynes' presentation of "Consciousness and the Voices of the Mind." * _[14]Consciousness and the Voices of the Mind: Response to the Discussants_ Jaynes, Julian [15]Canadian Psychology, 1986 April Vol 27 (2) Canadian Psychological Association Symposium on Consciousness (1985, Halifax, Canada) In response to criticisms by D. Dennett, J. Miller, and G. Ojemann concerning the present author's ideas on consciousness, the present author concedes that more analysis of the features, modes, and functions of consciousness needs to be done. Followed by a panel discussion and questions from the audience. * _How Old Is Consciousness?_ Jaynes, Julian In R. H. Coplan, Ed. _Exploring the Concept of Mind_, University of Iowa Press, 1986, 5172 * _Sensory Pain and Conscious Pain_ Jaynes, Julian [16]Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1985, Vol. 8: 61-63 * _Four Hypotheses On The Origin of Mind_ Jaynes, Julian _Proceedings of the 9th International Wittgenstein Symposium_, 1985, 135142 * _A Two-Tiered Theory of Emotions_ Jaynes, Julian [17]Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1982, Vol. 5: 434435 * _Representations As Metaphiers_ Jaynes, Julian [18]Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1982, Vol. 5: 379380 * _The Visions of William Blake_ Jaynes, Julian Art World, 1981, 6, Sept. 26Oct. 17, Vol. 6, No. 1, 16 * _Art and the Right Hemisphere_ Jaynes, Julian Art World, 1981, 5, Vol. 5, No. 10, 36 * _The Dragons of the Shang Dynasty_ Jaynes, Julian Art World, 1980, 4, No. 9, 5 * _Paleolithic Cave Paintings As Eidetic Images_ Jaynes, Julian [19]Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1979, Vol. 2: 605607 * _Unconditionally the Last Work On Tut and His Times_ Jaynes, Julian Art World, 1979, 3, No. 6, 6 * _The Meaning of King Tut: A Review of the Tutankhamun Exhibition from the Perspective of the Bicameral Theory_ Jaynes, Julian [20]Princeton Alumni Weekly, 1979, June 25, 1617 Reprinted in _University Magazine_, 1979, No. 80, 1213 * _In A Manner of Speaking: Commentary on Cognition and Consciousness in Non-Human Species_ Jaynes, Julian [21]Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1978, Vol. 1 * _The Evolution of Language in the Late Pleistocene_ Jaynes, Julian [22]Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1976, Vol. 280: 312325 In this paper I shall first addess the question of when language evolved, basing my answer on three assumptions. I shall then attempt the question of how language evolved, appealing to a principle of intensity differentiation of call endings and describing how this may have resulted in first modifiers, then commands, and then nouns and names. I shall then insist that this development is roughly correlated with the hastening sequence of archeological artifacts from the Acheulean to Neolithic times. Finally, since such a view demands an exceedingly swift evolution, I shall close with several possibilities of how this "leveraged" evolution, as I shall call it, could have occurred. * _The Origin of Consciousness_ Jaynes, Julian In D. Krech (Ed.), _The MacLeod Symposium_. Ithaca: Cornell Department of Psychology, 1973, 95103 Other articles by Julian Jaynes: * _Imprinting: The Interaction of Learned and Innate Behavior_ Jaynes, Julian Dissertation Abstracts International, 1978, January, Vol. 38 (7-B): 3458 * _In the Shadow of the Enlightenment: II. Reimarus and His Theory of Drives_ Jaynes, Julian Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 1974, April, Vol. 10 (2) Continues a discussion of Reimarus and The Enlightenment. Reimarus's Triebe der Tiere (Drives of Animals) (1760), an expansion of his Principal Truths (1754), classifies animal behavior into 3 types of essential drives. This thorough attack on empiricism is presented, critically discussed, and evaluated in terms of its place in intellectual history. * _In the Shadow of the Enlightenment: I. Reimarus Against the Epicureans_ Jaynes, Julian Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 1974, January, Vol. 10 (1) Reviews the work of Reimarus, an 18th-century German intellectual who was a forceful proponent of the religion of reason (Vernunftreligion). His treatises on logic focused upon the distinctions between the reasoning powers of man and the instincts of animals. He protested against the revitalized Epicurean doctrine that man originated by chance progression from more primitive animal forms. The Vornehmsten Wahrheiten, one of his important defenses of the traditional creation doctrine in terms of the "Principal Truths of Natural Religion," is discussed in detail. * _[23]The Study of the History of Psychology Jaynes, Julian Introduction to M. Henle, J. Jaynes, J. Sullivan (Eds.), Historical Conceptions of Psychology New York: Springer Publishing Company, Inc., 1973, ixxii _ * _The Problem of Animate Motion in the Seventeenth Century_ Jaynes, Julian In M. Henle, J. Jaynes, J. Sullivan (Eds.), _Historical Conceptions of Psychology_ New York: Springer Publishing Company, Inc., 1973, 166179 Motion is now so much the domain of physics that it is difficult for us to appreciate that this was not always so. Before the seventeenth century, motion was a far more awesome mystery. Shared by all objects, stars, ships, animals, and men and, since Copernicus, the very earth itself it seemed to hide the answer to everything. The Aristotelian writings had made motion or activity the distinctive property of living things, an idea that occurs naturally to children and primitive peoples of all centuries. Because they moved, the stars were thought by no less a scientist than Kepler to be animated. Motion perplexed Gilbert, who became convinced that magnets had souls because of their ability to move and be moved. And Campanella in his Neapolitan prison, when he understood what Copernicus was saying, that the earth really moved, exclaimed, "Mundum esse, totum sentiens!" In a world so sentient and alive, motion is everywhere. And one of the first major intellectual developments of the seventeenth century gathered itself to this theme. I shall try to show in this essay that when this idea of animate motion is clarified, one result is the sorting of the sciences by their subject matter as we know them today. * _The Historical Origins of "Ethology" and "Comparative Psychology"_ Jaynes, Julian Animal Behaviour, 1969, 17 (4): 601606 Both terms come out of the polarization in French biology created by the Cuvier-Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire debates. Cuvier's protege, Flourens, founded comparative psychology in 1864, and Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire's son founded ethology in 1859. Whereas comparative psychology as a term was eagerly taken up, there appearing 5 texts with it as the title in the late 1870's, ethology was less successful. Mill had previously defined ethology as character education, and Haeckel coined ecology to mean the same thing. Giard, however, championed ethology as did his student, Bohn, and then Wheeler at Harvard. In the 1930s, Pelseneer insisted ethology should be quantitative, comparative, and phylogenetic. After World War II, the term comes to cover the observations of Tinbergen, Lorenz, Baerends, and others. The current connotations of both terms are consistent with their origins in 19th century French biology. * _Generalization and Analogy in Comparative Psychology_ Jaynes, Julian Paper given at Eastern Psychological Association, April, 1969. Mimeographed. * _Edwin Garrigues Boring: 18861968_ Jaynes, Julian Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 1969, 5 (2): 99112 * _Effect of Duration of Reinstatement on Retention of A Visual Discrimination Learned in Infancy_ Campbell, Byron A.; Jaynes, Julian Developmental Psychology, 1969, 1 (2): 71-74 160 weaning rats were trained on a light-dark discrimination and then given 1 reinstatement per wk. for 10 wk. They were then tested for retention of the original discrimination. 5 different durations of reinstatement were used: 0, 7.5, 15, 30, and 60 min. The longer the weekly reinstatement, the better the retention of the discrimination when tested either by relearning or resistance to extinction. * _Reinstatement_ Campbell, B.A.; Jaynes, Julian In N. S. Endler, L. R. Boulter and H. R. Osser, _Contemporary Issues in Developmental Psychology_, New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1968, 244247 * _A New Role for the Historian of Psychology_ Jaynes, Julian Lecture at NSF Conference, July, 1968. Mimeographed. * _Retention of A Light-dark Discrimination in Rats of Different Ages_ Campbell, B. A.; Jaynes, J.; Misanin, J. R. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 1968, October, 66 (2): 467-72 (Split into _Journal of Comparative Psychology_ and _Behavioral Neuroscience_ in 1982) * _Washed Coins, Starved Pigs, Alleged Reinforcement_ Jaynes, Julian Contemporary Psychology, 1967, 12: 554556 * _Lord Brain's "Science and Man"_ Jaynes, Julian American Scientist, 1966, 94102 * _Reinstatement_ Campbell, B. A.; Jaynes, J. Psychological Review, 1966, September, 73 (5): 478-80 * _The Routes of Science_ Jaynes, Julian [24]American Scientist, 1966, March, 54 (1): 94-102 * _Species Differences in Activity During Hunger and Thirst_ Campbell, B.A.; Smith, N. F.; Misanin, J.R.; Jaynes, J. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 1966, February, 61 (1): 123-7 (Split into _Journal of Comparative Psychology_ and _Behavioral Neuroscience_ in 1982) * _Imprinting: The Interaction of Learned and Innate Behavior_ Jaynes, Julian Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 1956, 49: 201206 (Split into _Journal of Comparative Psychology_ and _Behavioral Neuroscience_ in 1982) * _Studies of Maternal Retrieving in Rats: III: Sensory Cues Involved in the Lactating Female's Response to Her Young_ Beach, F. A. and Jaynes, Julian Behavior, 1956, 10: 104125 * _Studies of Maternal Retrieving in Rats: II: Effects of Practice and Previous Parturitions_ Beach, F. A. and Jaynes, Julian American Naturalist, 1956, 90: 103109 * _Studies of Maternal Retrieving in Rats: I: Recognition of Young_ Beach, F. A. and Jaynes, Julian J. Mammology, 1956, 37: 177180 * _Effects of Early Experience Upon The Behavior of Animals_ Beach, F.A. and Jaynes, Julian Psychological Bulletin, 1954, 51: 239263 * _Learning A Second Response to a Cue as a Function of the Magnitude of the First_ Jaynes, Julian Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 1950, 43: 398408 (Split into _Journal of Comparative Psychology_ and _Behavioral Neuroscience_ in 1982) * _The Function of the Frontal Cortex_ Stanley, Walter, and Jaynes, Julian Psychological Review, 1949, 56: 18-32 The evidence on frontal cortex function is reviewed. [25][pagetop.jpg] References 1. http://julianjaynessociety.tripod.com/index.html 2. http://julianjaynessociety.tripod.com/bicameralmind.html 3. http://julianjaynessociety.tripod.com/essays2.html 4. http://julianjaynessociety.tripod.com/books.html 5. http://julianjaynessociety.tripod.com/links.html 6. http://julianjaynessociety.tripod.com/join.html 7. http://www.adobe.com/prodindex/acrobat/readstep.html 8. http://www.princeton.edu/~harnad/bbs.html 9. http://www.princeton.edu/~harnad/bbs.html 10. http://julianjaynessociety.tripod.com/mind.pdf 11. http://www.cpa.ca/Psynopsis/scholar.html 12. http://julianjaynessociety.tripod.com/discussion.pdf 13. http://www.cpa.ca/Psynopsis/scholar.html 14. http://julianjaynessociety.tripod.com/discussants.pdf 15. http://www.cpa.ca/Psynopsis/scholar.html 16. http://www.princeton.edu/~harnad/bbs.html 17. http://www.princeton.edu/~harnad/bbs.html 18. http://www.princeton.edu/~harnad/bbs.html 19. http://www.princeton.edu/~harnad/bbs.html 20. http://www.princeton.edu/~paw/index.html 21. http://www.princeton.edu/~harnad/bbs.html 22. http://www.nyas.org/annals.htm 23. http://julianjaynessociety.tripod.com/history.pdf 24. http://www.sigmaxi.org/amsci/amsci.html 25. file://localhost/www/sat/files/essays.htm#top