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Neanderthals
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Jay Matternes' reconstructions of Neanderthals appeared in the Oct. 81
issue of "Science". Scientists had known for some time that the
standard reconstructions were based entirely on early, arthritic
skeletons, but nobody had really done a serious job of reconstructing
an image of these people from more recent evidence.

Neanderthals are supposed to have died out 50,000 years ago; another
one of these standard time frames based upon projecting present
conditions and processes into the distant past.

Somebody may have forgotten to tell the artists and sculptors of
Harappa and Mohenjo Daro (about 1500 BC) about this...

Sir Mortimer Wheeler "Civilizations of the Indus Valley and Beyond
notes that the physical type noted, which he calls a "priest/king
type" appears in statues along with other images more easily
recognizable as modern people, and assumes that the type shown is
non-representational art.

The September 95 issue of Discover magazine has a cover article titled
"Living with Neanderthals, how could we live side by side for 50,000
years and never have sex?"

What does this mean? It means that you have several areas, the Levant
for instance, in which you have fossil evidence of neanderthals and
modern men (us) living side-by-side for prolonged periods of time,
with no genetic crossover at all. The article notes that sex is
invariably a stronger human drive than racism, and that recorded
history notes no instance of two races coming into contact without
interbreeding.

There is no realistic way to believe that some government or religious
restriction prevented this for 50K years; the longest running
government in recorded history was probably the Byzantine, which only
lasted 1000 years and you don't easily picture prehistoric people
having institutions last longer than that.

The article notes a number of possible explainations, including the
possibility that neanderthal-modern halfbreeds may have been sterile,
like mules, which is probably your safest bet, and the one which
matches up most closely with what we know from animal breeding and
fruit-fly experiments etc.

The article mentions a "Levantine Paradox":

"The idea seems scarcely imaginable.  Continuity believers cannot
credit the idea that two human types existed in sexual isolation. 
Replacement advocates cannot conceive of such a long period of
coexistence without competition, if not outright confrontation..."

Apparently, humans are no exception to the rule of the fossil record
showing only stasis.

What all of this does to the theory of evolution is never mentioned,
but you do not need to be Albert Einstein to figure it out.

We are clearly not descended from Neanderthals via any gradualistic
process, and the reasons for rejecting Goldschmidt's hopeful monster
system are well known. Particularly amongst humans amongst whom single
births are the norm and even twins are rare, two neanderthal mothers
having cro-magnon children at the same time in the same locale via
chance mutation and doing anything with them other than killing them
is not believable, and that is what it would take for us to be related
to neanderthals.

Even punk-eek requires that all intermediate steps between dissimilar
kinds of animals be interbreedable however and, if we could not
interbreed even with neanderthals, the only fossil near relative ever
found, then how could we have ever interbred with any of the other
proto-human types which are much further removed from us than the
neanderthals? How could we possibly be related to any of them?

It seems fairly obvious that belief that humans are products of
evolution requires modern humans and neanderthals to be related, and
that the chain is now clearly broken. Any hypothetical common ancestor
of both us and neanderthals, aside from requiring an explaination for
having left no fossil trace, would be at least as far removed from us
as neanderthals and probably further, and would present the same
paradox.
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