_________________________________________________________________ INDEX _________________________________________________________________ [LINK] Preface v Acknowledgments xii Illustrations xvii Introduction 1 I. The Chronicler's Tale 12 II. The Figure in Finland 26 III. The Iranian Parallel 36 IV. History, Myth and Reality 43 Intermezzo: A Guide for the Perplexed 56 V. The Unfolding in India 76 VI. Amlodhi's Quern 86 VII. The Many-Colored Cover 96 VIII. Shamans and Smiths 113 IX. Amlodhi the Titan and His Spinning Top 137 X. The Twilight of the Gods 149 XI. Samson Under Many Skies 165 XII. Socrates' Last Tale 179 XIII. Of Time and the Rivers 192 XIV. The Whirlpool 204 XV. The Waters from the Deep 213 XVI. The Stone and the Tree 225 XVII. The Frame of the Cosmos 230 XVIII. The Galaxy 242 XIX. The Fall of Phaethon 250 XX. The Depths of the Sea 263 XXI. The Great Pan Is Dead 275 XXII. The Adventure and the Quest 288 XXIII. Gilgamesh and Prometheus 317 Epilogue: The Lost Treasure 326 Conclusion 344 Appendices 351 Bibliography 453 Index 485 _________________________________________________________________ Abaton, the, 303 Abu Ma'shar, 228 Accius, 23 Achelous, 189 Acheron, 184, 185, 195, 198 Acherusian lake, 184 Achilles, 272, 273,422; shield of, 385 Adad, 297 Adam, 224, 309; and Eve, 149 Adam of Bremen, 206 Adams, John Couch, 8 Adonis, 249, 284, 285 Aegir, 208, 209, 294 Aelianus, 42 I Aeneas, 192 Aeneas Sylvius, Pope, 338, 339 Aeneid, 196 Aeschylus, 118, 179, 312 Aesir, the, 154-155, 160, 161, 163 Afrasiyab, Shah of Turan, 37-39, 40, 84, 201, 265, 340 Africa: Indians of, 246; study of, 353 Agamemnon, 273 Agaria, 219 Agastya, 263, 264, 395 Agni, 157, 159, 322, 382, 395,428-429 Agrippa d'Aubigne, quoted, 317 Aigokeros (Capricornus), 63 Akkadian (language), 449 Albania, 79n Al-Biruni, 8, 30n, 83, 215n, 221 Albright, W. F., 124-125, 211, 295, 401, 419, 449 Alcmaeon, 202 Alcor, 264, 385 Aldebaran, 398, 437 Alexander, king of Macedon, 201, 202, 256,422; and the Gordian knot, 237-238; "Romaunt of," 313; linked to Gilgamesh, 313-315, 336, 419 Al-Farghani, 137 Alfoldi, Andreas, 371 Alice in Wonderland, 5m Al-jadi (Polaris), 138 Al-Kazvini, 138 Allen, Richard H., 255 Aloe, Lake, 216-217 Alphonsus of Castile, Tables of, 271 Amaltheia, 259,426 Amaterasu, 169, 292,425 Ambales, dream of, 37; "Saga," 19, 23 Ambrosia, 259, 426 America: Snaebjorn and the discovery of, 94; myths of, 311; and Columbus, 338 Amlaghe, 20 Amlaidhe, 20 Amleth, 12-18; meaning of, 20; parallel with Kai Khusrau, 37, 39; division of story of, 82-83 Amlethus, son of Orvandil, 155, 354, 367, 430; destruction of hall by, 174; and Samson, 176; riddle of, 271 Amlodhi, 2, 19, 20, 35; mill of, 87 Amritamanthana, 383 Anahita, goddess, 40, 262 Ananke, 190 Anat, 291, 367 Anaximander, v, 82, 18m, 188, 330, 376 Anchises, 193 Anderson, R. B., 366 Andreas, 313 Angels, 396 Angkor, 7, 162 Animal stories and myth, 52. See also Bull; Cats; Fox star; Turtle; Wolves An-Nadim, 282 Antares, 243, 437, 450 Anthropology, social, 71 Antiochus, 210, 239 Anu, 125, 291, 297, 303,431,451; Way of, 434, 437 Anunnaki, the, 297, 303 Aphrodite, 177 Apis, 285 Apocalypse, 44n Apocalypses, 335 Apollinaire, quoted, 242 I Apollo, 428, 447 Apollodorus, 117-118, 408 Apollon, 369 Apollonios Rhodios, 251, 254 Apsu, 153, 270, 301, 320, 3_4, 420, 435 Aqht, 291 Aquarius, 244, 256-257 Aquinas, Thomas, 75 Ara, 424 Arabs, 271, 315 Arallu, 450 Ararat, Mount, 32 3 Aratus, 245, 254, 257, 385 Arawaks, the, 166, 246 Arcadia, 278 Archaic world, dates of, 340-342 Archimedes, 72, 188, 342 Arcturus, 437 Ares, 176, 428. See also Mars Argo, 257, 258, 265, 281, 291. 302; turtle as prow of, 369; wood of, 447 Argonauts, 172, 254, 263, P18 Arhippa Perttunen, 111 Aries, 434; Kai Khusrau, on, 44; Age of, 60, 318, 341; and Heimdal, 159 Aristarchus, 342 Aristophanes, 3 I I Aristotle, vi, 144, 177, 32. 286, 340, 342; on astronomy, 4; on circularity, 48; and mathematics, 7; on esoteric doctrine, 118; on gods as first substances, 150; on the Milky Way, 252; quoted, 326 Arjuna, 79, 291, 310 Ark, the, 323; appearance of, 219; Utnapishtim's, 22 I, 297; as cubic, 222-223, 435; as a ship, 367 Armenia, 284 Arriaga, 226 Arrianus, 237 Arthur, King, 34, 46, 335, 347, 360, 418; myth of, 51; and Excalibur, 235 Arundati, 385 Aruns Velthymnus, 116 Aryans, 360 Asa, 234 Asgard, 156, 161 Assur-nasir-apli, Annals of, 220 Assyria, 133, 266-267, 288 Astrology, 50, 228; of Greeks, 64; problem of, 74-75; as early lingua franca, 345 Astronomy: as source of myth, 3-5, 324; modern indifference to, 60; presupposed by astrology, 345. See also planets and constellations by name Asura, the, 81, 82, 152, 153, 263, 372 Atharva Veda, 140, 158,227,233,321 Athena, 264 Athenaeus, 118, 367 Atlas, 251 Atrahasis, 298 Atreus, House of, 174 Attila, and the Nibelungen story, 335 Attis, 285 Atum, 151 Auden, W. H., quoted, 213 Auriga, 255, 256, 258, 259, 261, 264,426; chariot of, 266, 399 Aurva, 392-393 Avalokiteshvara, 130 Avesta, 3_40' 146; Kavi Usan in, 37; on Sirius, 215, 216 Axis, world, 232-234; Heimdal as, 158-159; accompanying frame of, 235 Aztecs, 8, 290, 321 Baal, 128 Babel, Tower of, 249 Babylon, 6, 7, 195, 219, 266, 297, 307, 324,432; gods of, 124,244; Saturn in, 136; astronomy of, 142. 261, 314; Creation Epic of, 153, 166, 294; and epic of Gilgamesh, 288; Tower of, 303 Bach, J. S., 346 Balarama, 79, 310 Balder, 155, 160, 161, 285 Balmer, 61 Barabudur, temple of, 240 Barb, Alfons A., 148 Barbarossa, Kaiser, 46 Barthes, Roland, 343 Bastian, Adolf, 164n Baumann, Hermann_ 311 Be'ersheba, 448 Bel, tomb of, 303 Bella Coola Indians, 253 Bellerophon, 37 Berard, 209 Bergelmer, 92-93, 141, 363, 366 Berger, E. H., 190 Bergson, Henri, 340 Berossos, 162, 418-419 Bertholet, Alfred, 396 Betelgeuse, 361 Bethlehem, star of, 244 Bhagavata Purana, 138 Bible, the, 4, I 15 Bieka Galles (Mars), 130 Big Dipper, 236, 266, 301, 407, 415, 451; as thigh of bull, 415, 416 Blacksmiths. See Smiths Bloomfield, Maurice, 374 Boanerges, Sons of Thunder, 225, 226 Boghazkoi, 450 Bohl, F. M. Th. de Liagre, 290, 410, 433, 435 Boissacq, 430 Boll, Franz, x, 4, 44n, 206, 415, 423-424 Bon-po, 123 Book of the Dead, 73, 120, 1J2, 151 Book of Iceland Settlements, 94 Borneo, 166, 213 Borobudur, temple at, 124 Bouvard, 327 Bow and arrow, in constellations, 216, 321 Bradfield, 209 Brahma, 393 Brandaen, 271 Breasted, J. H., 119 British Columbia, 3 18 Brjam, 19, 35, 85 Bromwich, Rachel, 30n Browne, Sir Thomas, 60 Brugsch, K. H., 414 Brunelstraat (Milky Way), 248 Brunetto, 197 Bruno, Giordano, 48, 342 Brutus. See Lucius Junius Brutus Bulfinch, Thomas, 132 Bull: sacrifice of, 125, 404-405; thigh of, as Big Dipper, 415-416 Bundahishn, 247 Bunyan, Paul, 31 Burgess, E., 398, 401 Burns, Robert, 91 Burrows, Eric, 413 Cadmus, 428 Cain, 390 Calypso, 209 Cambodia, 166 Cambyses, 84 Cancer, 314, 403, 434; Gate of, 242 Can Grande della Scala, 279 Canopus, 73, 211, 257, 258, 264, 265. 268, 271, 318; as static, 269; as pilot star to Ship of the Dead, 281; and the horse's head, 395; wife of, 416-417; Eridu as, 420; Nibiru as, 431 Capaneus, 197 Capella the Goat, 259 Capricorn, 242 Casanova, P., 416 Cassirer, Ernst, 326-328 Castor, 210, 32 1 Catasterisms, of Eratosthenes, 256, 257, 265 Catlo'ltq, 214-215, 318-319, 321 Cats, 279 Cedrenus, 390 Celtic myth, related to Kalevala, 26 Censorinus, 162 Centaur, 424 Cezanne, Paul, 343 Chairemon, 427 Chaldea, 282 Chanina, Rabbi, 396 Chariot, of Phaethon, 266 Charles Martel, 75 Charles' Wain, 238, 266 Charpentier, Jarl, 360-361 Charybdis, 204, 209 Cheremissians, 26 . Cherokee, 243, 249, 406, 407, 425; Story of whirlpool, 207; story of corn mill, 389 Chess, 161-162 Childe, Gordon, 388 Chimalpahin, 120 China, 216, 299; Saturn in, 136, 147, 261; Samson in, 166; common myths from, 311 Chiriguano, the, 247 Christ, 1I4, 197, 121, 223, 2_f, 330, 341, 355, 423 Christensen, Arthur, 370 Christianity: negation of Timaean scheme, 309; and the archaic world, 341 Chronos, 134, 189-190; and Kronos, 135n, 373-376 Chronos Aion, 189 Chwolson, D., 4, 282, 283 Cicero, 23, 138, 277. 376 Cimmerians, the, 335 Cipactli, 248 Circe, 198, 291 Circularity. and myth, 484 Cleasby, Richard, 156n1 Clemens Alexandrinus, 51n Cleomedes, 137, 159 Clytemnestra, 175 Cocytus. river, 184, 196, 19_ Coffin Texts, 120, 132 Coleridge, S. T., quoted, 22F Colossus of Crete, 197, 201 Columbus, Christopher, 337, 338; sources of, 338-339 Comparetti, D., 98, 116, 117 Conjunctions, Trigon of, 248. 399 Constellations: and quadrangular earth, 62; names of, 120; relation of signs to, 144-145. See also constellations by name Copernicus, 60, 310, 342 Cornford, F. M., 230-231, 21.3-274, 307-308, 422-423, 424. 426 Corona, 355 Cosmography, and geography, 63 Cosmology, 46-47, 48; myth and, 50, 52-53, 56, IF; rules of, expressed in language of myth, 58 Cosmos, 188; frame of, 23, 36 Creation: described by Timaeus, 306; stories of, 382-383 Crete, 178, 194 Creuzer, Friedrich, 285, 2861 Crocodile. 248 Cross, wood of the, 227,447 Cube: as Saturn's figure, 212-223; ark as, 435 Cuchulainn, 31 Culture, vs. society, 71 Cumont, Franz, 284, 326 Cuna Indians, 213, 247, 447 Curse of the Miller Woman, the, I 17 Curtius, 423 Curwen, E. Cecil, 387-388 Dadhyafik, 393 da Gama, Vasco, 337 DaM.k, 370 d'Ailly, Pierre, 338 d'Alembert, Jean, x Danes, thunderstones of, 226 Daniel, 418-419; vision of, 195 Dante, 46, 279, 296, 337; as bridge between two epochs, 75; sources used by, 118; location of Purgatory by, 193; journey of Virgil and, 194-198; quoted, 204, 250; whirlpool de scribed by, 204 Dapinu, 402-403 Dardanos, 385 Darius Codomanus (Dara), 84 Darmesteter, James, 76 Darwin, Age of, 68 Dates: related to Great Conjunctions, 268; of archaic world, 340-343. See also Time David, King, 214, 249. 264, 421; and the Abyss, 220 Day, Florence, 411 Decamps, 388 Deimel, Anton, 409 Delphi, 447 Demeter, 170, 259, 280, 424, 425 Demiurge, the, 51, 306-307, 341 Democritus, 340 Democritus of Abdera, ix Dendera: inscriptions of, 73; Zodiac of, 32 1,405,415,424 Denmark, 86 Descartes, Rene, 65, 343 Destruction, motif of, 176 Deucalion, 57, 63; Flood of, 279 Deus Faber, 128, 129, 372, 373,445 Deva, the, 372 de Vries, J., 362-363, 377 Dharma, 79, 309 Dhruva, Prince, 138, 141 Dhul-Karnein, 336 Diakonoff, I. M., 410 Dice, casts of, 161 Dieterich, Albrecht, 196 Dieterlen, Germaine, 53, 353 Dio Cassius, 23 Dionysius of Halicarnassus, 222 Dionysos,32, 81, 287 Dioscuri, the, 226 Dittrich, Ernst, 66 Divine Comedy, sources of, 118 Dodecahedron, the world as, 187-188 Dog names, 279 Dogon, the, 53-55, 60, 353 Dorotheos of Sidon, 252 Dowson, John, 392 Draco, 282 Druidism, 8 Drums, mythical: as device of shaman, 124-128; Chinese, 125-126; of the Mande, 126 Dryden, John, quoted, 349 Dumichen, J., 73 Dumont, P. E., 114-125 Dumuzi, 284 Dupuis, Charles, viii, x, 346, 403; quoted, 230 Dyak, 239 Ea, 267, 270, 281, 324, 419, 431; Way of, 434 Earendel, 355-357 Earth: defined in language of myth, 58, 62; and equinoxes, 58-59; and the zodiacal band, 61; and motion of sky, 66; composition of mythical, 235; Ersetu as, 451 Ebeling, Erich, 266, 420 Eben Shetiyyah, 220,263-264,421,423, 435 Ecliptic, pole of, 143; and whirlpool, 240 Ecuador, 166 Edda, 141, 223, 294, 354,425; vision of world-age in, 154-156; list of heiti in, 378 Eden: serpent of, 222; Tree of Life in, 223 Edzard, D.O., 267, 409 Egypt, 247, 262, 383, 389, 405-406; language of, 73; story of Setna, 113-114; names of constellations in, 120, 216; Saturn in, 129, 136; and Ptah, 222; and the legend of Phaethon, 253; ambiguity of, as term, 282; Pan in, 287; interpretation of mnj.t in, 414-417; Sagittarius in, 424 Einstein, Albert, vi, 65, 342 Eisenmenger, J. A., 390 Eisler, Robert, 189, 230, 264, 374, 418 el-Buqat, 282, 284 Eleazar b. Pedath, Rabbi, 396 Electra, 385 Eleusis, 259,424,425 Elton, Oliver, 12 Emerson, R. W., quoted, 76 Enakim, 115 Enki/Ea, 124, 135, 146, 153, 223, 265, 281; Enmesharra as, 267; and Gilgamesh, 288; and Utnapishtim, 297-298; son-in-law of, 301 Enkidu, 289, 292, 402, 405, 442, 447 Enlil, 289, 290, 297, 298, 324,431; Way of, 434 Enmesharra, 266-267 Enoch, 77-78, 360; Book of, 152 Enuma elish, 153, 430, 434, 436, 448 Epimenides, 121 Epinomis, quoted, 43 Epiphanius, 416 Epitherses, 275 Epopeus, 422 Equinoctial colure, 212 Equinoxes, 62; out of position, 153-154 Equinoxes, Precession of, 58-59, 325; named by Hipparchus, 66; significance of, 61-68; described, 142-144; and Copernican system, 145; related to Trigon of Great Conjunctions, 268; relation of Sirius to, 286 Er the Armenian, 230-231 Era, 323, 324, 325, 413, 417 Era-Epos, 323, 436, 448, 451 Eratosthenes, 256, 257, 265, 424 Erichthonios (Auriga), 264, 266 Eridanus, 193, 196, 210, 23?, 251, 166; as the river Po, 154, 156; dual nature of, 155; confusion of with Eridu, 157-258; as whirlpool, 15$ Eridu (Hvergelmer) , 11 t, 21()-OO1I1, 163, 165, 318, 448, 449; etyamology of, 257; stylus of, 301; me from, 301, 304; source of fire, 31'; creation story, 420 Erman_Grapow, 73, 414 Ersetu, 449, 451 Esagil, 43S Esau, 396, 405 Esthonia, 26, 118, 397; story of Kalevipoeg, 30n; mythical tree in, 447 Etana, 114 Etemenanki, 303 Etruscans, the, II6 Eudoxos, 72, 3 I 1 Euhemeros, 50 Euripides, 254 Euripus, 206-207, 238; axis of Roman circus as, 239 Evil, origin of, 149 Evolution, drawbacks of belief in, 68-71 Ezra, 419 Fable, vs. myth, 47 Fanggen, 277 Faridun, 370 Faroer dialect, 91 Fas al-rahha, 137 Fenek, 249 Fengo, 12-18, 367 Feng Shen Yen 1, 7 Fenja, 88, 158, 380, 388 Ferryman, 430-437. See also Nibiru Festus, 422 Feuchtwang, D., 421 Finland, 26, 113, 223, 312; story of Kullervo in, 27-35; and Kaleva, 115, 155; and the maelstrom, 205, 238; and the wood of the Cross, 227; mythical trees in, 446-447 Finnish Folklore Fellows, 117 Fiote, 246, 253 Firdausi, 36, 39, 43, 46, 83, 68, 283, 372; on the mythical period, 84; knowledge of astrology, 117; story of Kavag by, 370-371 Fire: astronomical, 140, 159, 321; rules relating to discovery of, 317 Fire sticks, 321; part of skambha, 311; fetching of, 322 Fitzgerald, Edward, 45 Flaubert, Gustave, 327 Floods: mythical, 57, 323; and sinking of constellations, 63; causes of, 219; arks and, 119; and Utnapishtim, 297 Forbes, R. J, 388 Forgetfulness, chair of, 408 Fornander, A., 201 Fox star, 385 Frazer, Sir James George, 69, 91, 111, 166, 281, 320, 326; Jewish legend quoted by, 386 Frederick II, Emperor, 197 Freud, S., 450 Freyr, 87, 93, 153, 285; death of, 157, 160, 364 Frobenius, vii, 390 Frodhi, 87, 285, 364, 380; mill of, 88-89, 146 Gadd, C. J., 439, 441 Galaxy, 279; and the ecleptic, 241; myth of Phaethon, 250-252. See also Milky Way Galileo, 10, 48, 61, 143, 310, 342 Games, board, 161 Gandhi, Mohandes, 329 Ganesha, rat of, 365 Ganga, 259, 262 Ganges, river, 256, 250-260 Garsiwas, 38 Gates of Night and Day, 200 Gautama, Prince, 292 Geb, 406 Geldner, K., 428-429 Gemini, 242, 244, 321, 420 Genesis, Book of, 152 Genzmer, Felix, 365 Geoffrey of Viterbo, 418 Geography, as cosmography, 63 Georgics, 193, 258 Gering, Hugo, 366, 378, 386 Gertrude, nun, 294 Gervase of Tilbury, 423 Gesta Danorum, 12 Gibbon, Edward, 251 Gibil, 322, 429 Gideon, 168, 174 Gilgamesh, 42n, 130, 200, 202, 208, 209, 238, 257, 339, 411; epic of, 288-295, 300-301, 419, 436; Alexander as replica of, 313-315, 336, 419; and fire, 316; name of, 323; astronomical implications of, 323, 404; excursus on, 430-45 I; ferryman in epic of, 430-437; trees in epic of, 437-450 Ginnungagap, 234 Glaukos, 202 Gnostics, 131, 240 Godfrey of Viterbo, 46 Gods, as stars, 177 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 10, 333 Gog and Magog, enclosing of, 315 Golden Age, 146-147; end of, 149; in the Edda, 154-155; position of Milky Way in, 258; dates of, 340-342 Golden Bough, 69 Golden Fleece, 318 Gollancz, I., 20, 356, 357; on Lucius Junius Brutus, 21; on Snaebjorn, 24, 87, 94; on Maelstrom, 91, 205; on translation of Snorri, 361-364 Goosseus, R., 364 Gordius, 237-238 Gordon, Cyrus, 402 Gassmann, P. F., 323, 402, 409, 432 Gatze, Albrecht, 433 Granet, Marcel, 127, 129 Great Magical Papyrus of Paris, 147 Greece, 225; mythical floods of, 57; and astrology, 64; earth as center of universe in, 66; mythology of, 132134; story of Phaethon in, 263, 267; Weil on, 330 Gregoire, Henri, 364 Gregoire de Tours, 10 Griaule, Marcel, vii, 53, 327, 347, 353 Grimm, Jacob, 158, 271, 277, 354; on Orendel, 356-357; on Heimdal, 387; on horse's head, 395-396; on Lake Eim, 397 Grimm, W., 133n Grimnismal, 162 Grotte (Frodhi's quern), 88-89, 107, 146; derivation of, 91; Freyr and, 93; parallel with Sampo, 111, 112; and Maelstrom, 205 Gundel, W., 228, 296 Guthrie, W. K. c., 238 Guyana, Indians of, 217, 246 Gwyon, 347 Gylfaginning, 156, 160; last paragraph of, 163 Gylfi, 160-161, 163 Hackelberg, 249 Hades, 407, 437; voyage of Odysseus to, 198-199. See also Underworld Haeckel, Ernst, 71 Hagar, Stansbury, 243 Hagen, 335 Hahn, J. G. von, 90n Hallberg, 386 Hallinskidi (Heimdal), 158, 386 Hamel, A. G. van, 161 Hamlet, 360, 363; as starting point, 1-2; contrasted with Amleth, 18-19; and Lucius Junius Brutus, 21; and Ophelia, 34; forms of, 50; Icelandic origins of, 86-87, 95; as Mars and Saturn, 176 Hamlet, quoted, 137 Hanuman, monkey-god, 403 Haosravah, 36 Harranians, the: planetary heptogram of, 4; on Mars, 176; Tammuz festival of, 282, 284 Harris, Rendel, 225-226 Harrison, Jane E., 189, 190, 274, 320 Hausravah, river, 201, 217 Havelock the Dane, 20 Hawaii, 163, 201 Hawkins, Gerald, 69 Hegel, G. W. F., 149 Heidel, Alexander, 288, 410, 420, 433 Heimdal, 155, 387; nine mothers of, 157-158 Hektor, 163 Helios, 251 Hephaistos, 128, 177, 201, 259, 264, 320; thrown by Zeus, 272-273 Hera, 272 Heracles, 167, 287. See also Herakles Heraclitus, 7, 162, 240 Heraclitus the Obscure, v Herakles, 214, 246, 422 Herimanus Contractus of I Reichenau, 359 Hermes, 282, 348; father qf Pan, 276, 277 Hermes Trismegistos, 210, 261, 299 Herodotus, 37; on Pan, 28j Hesiod, 120, 146, 153, 154, 190, 194, 195, 335; on Styx, 199, 200; on Phaethon, 267 Hicetas, 310 Hieroglyphics, 72-73 Higgins, Godfrey, 256 Hildebrand, 335 Hinke, W. J., 409 Hinze, Oscar Marcel, 400 Hipparchus, 66, 142, 143 Hippopotamus, Isis as, 415 Historia de Preliis, 20 History: and reality, 46; and myth, 50, 334, 339; and evolution_ 70; reconstructed by Kepler, 399 Hittites, the, 288 Hocart, 221 Hoder, 160, 161 Hollander, John, 9 Holmberg, Sandman, 222 Holmberg, Uno, 123, 124, 125, 130n, 247, 382, 447 Hologram, 56 Homer, 91, 116, 183, 189, !90, 295, 336, 385, 389, 437; use of preexistent materials by, 117; voyage of Odysseus to Hades by, 198-199, 200; geography of, 209; on Kronos, 239; Weil on, 330 Hommel, Fritz, 409 Honduras, 243, 295 Hora Galles (Jupiter), 13_ Horapollo, 427 Horse's head, 392-396 Horus, 406, 417, 430 Horvandillus, 354 Hrolf Kraki, 20 Huang-ti, the Yellow Emperor, 50; as Saturn, 129, 135 Hubal, 221 huluppu-tree, 439, 447 Humba, 289, 403 Humbaba (Huwawa), 289, 290, 403-404 Humboldt, Baron Alexander von, x, 326 Hunrakin, 126, 166, 248 Huns, the, 315, 335 Hurrians, 288, 314 Husing, G., 403 Huwawa (Humbaba), 289, 314; cedar of, 437-438 Hvarna, 40, 265 Hvergelmer (Eridu), 111, 208, 209, 234 Hyades, the, 166, 175, 177, 398-399 Hyginus,312 Hyllos, 422 lahwe, 222 Ibn Wa'shijja, 92, 282 Iceland, 162, 311, 364; myth of Amlodhi in, 2, 19; and Denmark, 86; and Ireland, 94-95 Ideler, Ludwig, 4, 138 I-Ging, 120 Iliad, 44, 116, 330, 383; story of Hephaistos' fall in, 272-273 Ilmarinen, the smith, 31, 97, 98-103, 128; stealing of the Sampo by, 104-107 Inanna, 440 Incantation, 111 Incarnation, Christian doctrine of, 341 India, 65, 146, 204, 309, 389; and shamanism, 123; simile of turning millstone, 138; importance of numbers in, 162-163; planetary symbolism in, 240; and the Milky Way, 248n; Eridanus and Ganges, 256, 259; Phaethon in, 263; Kala in, 374; and Rohini's wain, 398; mythical trees 111, 444 Indians, American, 7, 320, 347; on reincarnation, 243; on the Milky Way, 246-247. See also Cherokee, Maya, etc. Indonesia, Rama epic of, 214 Indra,79, 166, 310, 372, 393 Invariance, myth of, v-vi Iran, 36, 84; shamanism in, 123 Iranians, 78, 80, 374 Ireland, Snaebjorn's connection with, 94 Irish harp (eruit), 368 Ina (Era), 323 Inagal, 412 Isengrim, 430 Ishara tam.tim, 244, 295, 409, 450 Ishtar, 215, 216, 290, 291-292, 320, 440 Isis, 249, 414-415, 425, 448 Ivalde, 155 Jacobsen, Thorkild, 265 Jakobsen, Jakob, 366 Jambushad, 92 James and John (Boanerges), 225, 226 Jamshyd, 47, 50, 84, 92, 283, 285 Janbushad, 283, 285 Japan, 168-169, 338, 383,425 Java, 124, 240 Jehovah, 223 Jenghiz Khan, 128, 335 Jensen, Peter, 295, 420 Jeremias, Alfred, 214, 409, 432 Jerusalem, 22 I Jews, 42 I; myth of ark by, 219; myth of the Abyss by, 220; myth of Noah's flood by, 386 Jiriczek, O. L., 37 Joachim of Flora, 334 Job, 390; Book of, quoted, 263 John Barleycorn, 284 Johnsson, Finnur, 378 Jokes, function of, 425 Joshua, 174 Jubar, 355 Jung, C. G., 75 Jungle Books, 52 Jupiter (planet), 130, 239, 289, 314, 324, 372; in Kepler's figure, 136; conjunction of with Saturn, 244, 268; measurement by, 271; and Nibiru, 432 Justinian, 36 Ka'aba, 221, 423 Kaianian dynasty, 36 Kai Ka'us, 37-38, 40-41, 83, derivation of name, 371, 372; Kai Khusrau, 36, 38-39, 83, 201, 217, 247, 265, 285, 335, 360; parallel with Amlethus, 37, 39; and the nature of myth, 47, 84; and Hamlet, 50; parallel with Mahabharata, 76 Kai Kubad, 83 Kala, 373-376 Kaleva, 96; identity of, 115 Kalevala, 26,96, 113, 119, 121; story of, 96-98; Kullervo in, 114; oak in, 223, 446 Kalhu, temple at, 221 Kali Yuga, 82, 85, 309 Kalypso, 295 Kampers, Franz, 418-419 Kamsa, Uncle, 360-361 Kane, 164, 201 Kansa (Kamsa), 80, 81 Kantele, 104, 107, 108, 369 Kara Par, 235 Karelia, 447 Kartikeya (Skanda), 157 Kaulu, 175 Kauravas, 78 Kavag, the Smith, 129, 370-371 Kavy Usa, 371 Kavya Ushanas, 372 Kayanides, 371 Kedalion, 178 Kees, Hermann, 405-406 Keimer, Louis, 427 Keith, A. B., 80 Kennedy, E. S., 400 Kepler, Johannes, 61, 221, 222, 228, 342; transition figure of, 9, 136, 268, 334; as the last Archais, 74; on the harmony of the spheres, 151; on planetary conjunctions, 399-400 Kerenyi, Karl, 32, 130 Keynes, John Maynard, 9-10 Khusrau Anushirvan, 36 Kiho-tumu, 299 Kipling, Rudyard, 49, 51, 311 Kircher, Athanasius, S.J., ix, x, 4, 91, 205, 210, 346, 361 Kleombrotos, 202 Kochob, as "mill peg," 137 Kolyvanovic, I 15 Kombabos, 404 Koran, 257, 315 Koshar-wa-Hasis, 118 Kramer, S. N., 438-439, 441 Krappe, A. H., 364 Krates of Pergamon, 198, 173 Krause, Ernst, 379 Krishna, 78, 80-82, 83, 85; return of into Vishnu, 309 Kritzinger, H. H., 400 Krohn, Kaarle, 27, 130n, 447 Kronos, 132-133, 146, 14_, 189, 100, 210, 221, 239, 159, 2_S; Orphic Hymn to, 132-133; Proclus on, 134; as Chronos, 134-135, 37x-376; Susanowo as, 176; Zeus son of, 263, 267, 280, 299; stag as, 319; Ogygian, 418-419 Ku, 201 Kuan-yin, 130 K'uei, 127-128 Kuhn, Adalbert, 381, 382 Kullervo Kalevanpoika, 2_35, 50, 81, 104, 115, 360, 430; and Hamlet, 50; son of Kaleva, 97; position of, 114; as World Observer, 13f; sea measured by, 171 Kumu honua, 201 Kumulipo, 7, 163-164 Kynosoura, 168 Labat, 439 Lake Eim, story of, 397-398 Lamaism, Tibetan, 12 3 I Lambert, 301, 303, 448 Landsberger, Benno, 411, 443 Langdon, Stephen, 290, 4_3, 411 Language: problems of, 72-73; classical vs. contemporary, 3.3 Lapland, 16, 108, 130 Lascaux, caves at, 347 Lassie, 51 Learning vs. understanding, 118-111 Leibniz, Baron, 9, 74 Lemminkainen, 97, 104, and stealing of the Sampo, 104-107 Leo Grammaticus, 390 Lepsius, 4 Lethe, 406, 4%5 Leverrier, 8 Lewy, Hildegard, 110-11. Liber Hermetis Trismegisti, 118 Libra, 240-241 Liebig, Justus von, viii Liebrecht, Felix, 168, 178, 282 I-Iku, 434-436 Lilith, 249, 440, 443 Little Bear, the, 137 Livy, tale of Brutus by, 11-12, 1} Llew Llaw Gyffes, 167 Lockyer, Sir Norman, 68, 141 Lokasenna, 93, 209 Loke, 155, 209, 222, 387, 41x Longfellow, Henry W., 119 Lonnrot, Elias, 26, 27, 33, 111, 116; and the Kalevala, 96, 114; ignorance of archaic background of, 117 Lono, 201 Loth, J., 30n Louhi, 98, 99, 104, 107, 108, 109 Lucius Junius Brutus, 11-13, 85; and Hamlet, 50 Luckenbill, 41 I Lucretius, 48 Ludendorff, Hans, 61, 67 Ludr, 92, 111-111, 367 Lugh Lamhfada, 304 Luke, Book of, quoted, 86 Lykaios, Mountain, 278-279 Lykophron, 116 Lyra, 369 Lysimachides, }10 Mabinogi, 365 Macdonell, A. A., 394 Macrobius, 133, 134-135, In, 195, :68; on reincarnation, 242; on Lethe, 407 Maelstrom, 105; origin of, 1. Magi, the, 423 Magni, 215 Mahabharata, 152, 156n, 236, 159, 163, 309, 371; parallel with Kai Khusrau, 76--78; skanda in, 157; equine head in, 392-393; conjunctions in, 401 Mahmud of Ghazna, Sultan, 36 Maimonides, 282 Maiterae (Maitreya), 113 Makalii, 365 Makemson, M. W., 139 Mallarme, Stephane, 343 Malory, Sir Thomas, 51 Mande, the, 126, 353,430 Maneros, 285 Mangaians, the, 241, 144 Manicheans, the, 131 Manilius, 250, 155, 257 Manjirae (Manjusri), 113 Mannhardt, Wilhelm, 177, 179 Mansikka, V. J., 223, 391 Maori, the, 65, 174, 110, 161 Marbhan, 368-309 Marco Polo, 338, 423 Marduk, 166, 267, 270, 294, 324, 325; temple of, 297; tomb of, 303; and Nibiru, 432; on the mes-tree, 450 Marquesas Islands, 425 Mars (planet), 130, 239, 285, 307, 324; Skanda as, 157; Susanowo as, 172; Samson as, 176; Dante on, 196-197; identity of, 390, 396; as Zu-bird, 443 Martius, 338 Maskheti (Big Dipper), 415 Mathematics, opposition of Aristotle to, 75 Matthieu, M., 364 Maui, 316 Maya, the, 8,61,67, 244, 247, 295,343; and Hunrakan, 126; story of Zipacna by, 175 Mayer, Maximilian, 212 Mayrhofer, Manfred, 381 McGuire, J. D., x me, 301, 302, 304 Measures: gift of, 266, 268; planets as,. 271-272; by Zeus, 273; from Eridu, 304; as theme of Greek thought, 330-331 Mecca, 221 Megara, 425 Memory, fountain of, 408 Memphis (a mime), 118 Menja, 88, 116, 158, 380, 388 Menomhis, 416 Mercer, S., 414 Mercury (planet), 239, 271, 282, 289, 314; Humbaba as, 404 Merlin, 347 Mesopotamia, 303, 424; astronomy 01, 66, 216; and shamanism, 123, 114; cities of, 239; story of Phaethon in, 267; fire-god of, 321; mythical trees of, 448 Mes.tree, 437-439, 448, 450 Mexico, 74, 93, 136, 247, 405; Mars in, 176, 307; mythical trees in, 446 Michael Scoms, 228, 258, 309 Mid-air, 249 Midas, son of Gordius, 237 Mikku, 441, 443 Milky Way, the, 162, 111, 113, 1)0 131, 242, 256, 407, 446; gates to, 244; relation to Precession, 145; for spirits of the dead, 246-247; as Brunelstraat, 248; position of in the Golden Age, 258; and the Ganges, 260 Mill, the: in fable, 1; Grotte, 88-89; in Homer, 90; Sampo, 98-102, 104-108, 111; broad meaning of, 116; identity of with heaven, 140; motion and destruction of, 146; rotary, 388. See also Grotte; Sampo Millstone, heavens turning as, 137-138 Milton, John, 135; Samson Agonistes, 165, 174; Paradise Lost quoted, 377 Mithra, 264-265 Mitra, 264 Mitravaruna, 164, 16S Mixcouatl, 136 Mnevis, 285 Modi, 225 Mohammed 11, 339 Mongols, the, 130, 119, }IS, HS, 311 Moon, 239 Mooney, James, 389 Mordvinians, the, 26, 392 More, Sir Thomas, 51n Moritz, L. A., 388 Morphology, comparative, ? Morris, Desmond, 324 Moses, 44n, 60, 157,315 Mot, 367 Mother Scorpion, 195 Motion, by number vs. by generation, 308 Mouse (Mysing), 364-365 Movers, F. K., 404 Much, R., 386 Muellenhoff, 88 Muller, Max, 326 Mundilfoeri, 139, 158, 377, 3_2 Mundill (Mundell), 378-383 Mus, Paul, 124 Mus Padk, 365 Music: origin of, 7; as expression of world of abstract form, 3+6 Musical instruments, origin of, 368-369 Mylinos, 116 Myrina, 304 Mysing, 364, 380 Mysingr, 89, 107, 378 Myth: vs. fable, 47; nature of, 48; and history, 50; and science fiction, 51; cosmological information in, 150; used by Plato, 310-311; language of, 311-312; and poetry, 312; ambiguity of, 312-313; long and short forms of, 321; influence of on history, 337 Nabataean Agriculture, 282. 285 Nangaru the Carpenter, 314, 403-404 Nanshe, 301, 417 Near East, shamanism in, 113. See also individual countries by name Nebrod, 390 Nebuchadnezzar, dream of, 195 Neckel, Gustav, 366 Nectar, 259, 426 Needham, J., 161 Nefer-ka Ptah, 113 Nemesis, place of in myth, 335-336 Nephthys, 414 Nergal, 297, 323, 324; Gilgamesh as, 448-449 Nets, destruction by use of, 174-175 Neugebauer, O., 414 Newton, Isaac, vi, 61, 342; as magician, 9; and gravitation, 64-65; Age of, 68 New Zealand, Maori of, 65f., 261 Nibelungen, Fall of the, 331 Nibiru, 431-437; explanations of word, 432-435 Nicander, 42 I I Nicaragua, 243, 244, 295,407 Nidhogger, 443 Niedner, Felix, 366 Nihongi, 7, 168, 171, 174 Nile river, 253, 256, 263, 416-417 Nimin, 288 Nimrod, 166, 177 Nineveh, 239-240 Ningishzida, 367 Ninurta, 133, 297 Noah, 222-223, 298, 386 Nonnos, 251, 252, 255, 385 Normandy, 278 Normann, F., I38n Norse myth, related to Kalevala, 26 North Pole, 200 Nudimud,270 Number, as unifying principle, 9, 74-75 Numbers: repetition of, 7; significance of, 162; as secret of things, 332 Numenius of Apamea, 188, 196, 239, 240 Nut, 262 Oak tree, in Kalevala, 446-447 Oannes, 418-419 Ocean, relation of to Phaethon story, 263-265. See also Sea Oceanus, 184, 199 O'Curry, Eugene, 368-369 Odin, 160, 249, 292 Odysseus, 90, 98, 315, 447; voyage to Hades, 198-199, 200, 273; oar of, 270-271, 302. See also Ulysses Odyssey, 116, 198, 354, 356; mill in, 90; whirlpool in, 204 Oervandil, 261 Ogotemmeli, 55, 347 Ogygia, 205, 209, 239, 295, 299, 418-419 ogyglon, 200 Ohlmarks, Ake, 387 Oikoumene, 64 Oinomaos, 280 Okeanos, 189-191, 198, 203, 214 Okoi of Audista, 1 II Olaf Hvitaskald, 163 Old Testament, 120 Olrik, A., 364, 365 Olschki, L., 423 Olympic Games, 268, 280, 401 Omar Khayyam, 45, 47, 113 Omphalos of Delphi, 304 One-Leg, 126-127 Onians, P. B., 189 Ontrei, I I 1 Open Hole in Heaven, 143 Ophelia, 34 Oppenheim, A. L., 404 Orendel, etymology of, 356-358 Origen, 309 Origins of Scientific Thought, vi Orion, 166, 175, 247, 353-355; Samson as, 177; zalos near, 210 Orpheus, 7, 222 Orpheus the Thracian, quoted, 137 Orphics, the, 189-190, 242, 267 Orvandil/Eigil (the Archer), 155, 354 Orvandils-ta, 354-355 Orvendel, 12, 87 Orwandel, 354 Osiris, 281, 285, 299, 303, 414, 448, 449 Ostyaks, 26, 130n Ovid, 57, 118, 168; on Phaethon, 251, 252, 253, 263, 265 Pali-uli, 201 Pan, 275-277, 278, 285-287, 341 Pandavas, 78, 309 Paranatellonta, 256 Parmenides, 65, 200, 340 Pascal, Blaise, 7 I Pastor of Hermas, 223 Paulus Alexandrinus, 44n Pausanias, 69, 20m, 268, 408, 422 Pawnee, 243, 309; Skidi-Pawnee, 384 Pecuchet, 327 Pegasus, 297, 420 Pelops, 280, 386 Penelope, mother of Pan, 276, 277 Periodic system of the elements, 61 Persephone, 280 Persia, 36, 129 Perspective, as token of Scientific Revolution, 342 Peru, iii, u6 Petavius, 4 Petron, 202 Petronius, 138 Phaedo, 206, 208, 220 Phaedrus, 305-306, 328, 348 Phaethon, 210, 250-252, 258, 347; survivals of theme of, 253-254; placed among stars, 255; significance of, 256; and the oceans, 263-265; as Saturn, 265 Phaidon, 195 Pherecydes, 223 Pherekydes, 189 Philae, 303 Philistines, 166, 167, 173-174 Philolaos, 231-232, 310 Phlegethon river, 195 Photius, 422 Physics, of the Stoics, 64 Picus, 291 Pied Piper, the, 7 Fiero della Francesca, 224 Pindar, 286 Pingree, D., 400 Piran, 38-39 Pisces, Age of, 244, 268, 341 Pishdadian dynasty, 36 Pisistratus, 116 Plain of Truth, triangular, 202-203 Planets: as measuring, 271-272; as instruments of time, 306-307. See also planets by name Plato, vi 3, 57, 134, 149, 193, 265, 271, 282, 330, 383, 389; and the language of myth, 6, 47, 51, 305, 310-313, 328; time machine of, 143, 190; on Socrates' last tale, 179; on world as dodecahedron, 187; on the frame of the cosmos, 230-232; on the sun, 246; on legend of Phaethon, 252, 273; Timaeus of, on creation of souls, 306-310; on a cosmic model, 333; on time vs. space, 340, 376; on language and memory, 347-348; on Lethe, 406-407 Pleiades, 125, 157, 164n, 177, 213, 239, 307; and Zipacna, 175; Lyre of the Muses, 369; on shield of Achilles, 385; and Noah's flood, 386 Pliny, 195, 215 Plough-star, 32 I Plutarch, 134, 187, 101-103, 267, 383; story of death of Pan by, 275-276, 281, 282, 341; on Kronos, 299, 419 Po, river, Eridanus as, 254, 256 Poetry: early concept of, 119; and the idiom of myth, 312 Pogo, Alexander, 141 Pohja, 233 Pohjola, 98, 99, 101, 104 Polaris: and Saturn, 136; as peg, 140; and the Milky Way, 260-261 Polemon, 320 Pole stars, 59, 141; shifting of, 142-143; removing of, 383-384 Poliziano, 11 Pollux, 32 I Polynesia, 425, 437; Dechend's work in, vii-viii; myths of, 163, 316; Orion in, 166; and the whirlpool, 213, 239; and reincarnation, 242-243; myths about rat in, 365 Poseidon, 315,437 Pramantha, 139, 140, 320, 382 Pratap Chandra Roy, 394 Precession of Equinoxes. See Equinoxes Proclus, 134, 136, 188, 203n, 259, 267, 268, 299, 346; on fox star, 385 Procyon, 289, 314,403 Prometheus, 139; Kronos as, 133; Catlo'ltq story of, 318-319; derivation of name, 379-383 Proto-Pythagoreans,6 Psalms, Book of, quoted, 86 Ptah 12_ 135, 222, 285, 29, 38, 427 Ptolemy, vi, 50, 143, 257, 388; Geography of, 63-64; on fixed stars, 307 Pukku, 441, 443 Puranas, 78, 259-260 Pyramid Texts, 120, 132, 414, 443 Pyriphlegethon, river, 184, 195, 198 Pythagoras, v, 121, 174, 187, 279; and mathematics, 6; and music, 369 Pythagoreans, 65, 202-203, 242, 334; on legend of Phaethon, 252-253, 256; tradition of, 310; and mathematical sciences, 330-331 Pytheas, 25 Python, 304, 428, 44 Quecholli, 410 Quechua, the, 166 Querns, rotary, 388. See also Mill Quetzalcouatl, 42n, 77, 78, 93, 213, 247, 322, 360, 382, 418 Quzistan, 284 Ra, 262, 285, 425 Rabuse, G., 196 Radloff, 123 Radulf, Johan, 130n Ragnarok, 156, 225 Rama, 214 Ramesside Star Clocks, 414-415 Ran, 208-209, 294 Reality: related to history, 46; not concrete, 57 Recitation, of ancient poetry, 111 Reincarnation, 242-243 Rembrandt van Rijn, 333 Rephaim, 115 Republic, vision of Er the Armenian in, 230-231 Reuter, O. S., 158, 355, 362, 386 Revelation, demons from, 423-424 Reynard the Fox, 248, 347,430 Rhea, 259,425 Rhone river, 256 Riccioli, 400 Riemschneider, Margarete, 443 Rigel, 210, 261, 355 Rigveda, 44, 120, 139, 140, 161, 263, 264; Kavya Ushanas in, 37, 371; Agni in, 157, 322; on Heimdal, 158; numbers in, 162; on Yama, 304; Kala in, 374 Rilke, Rainer Maria, quoted, 329 ] Rimbaud, Arthur, 343 Rishyasringa, 401 Rita, 265, 267, 318 Rivers of earth, 256 Rivers of heaven, 188-189, 195, 196; as time, 201; and Eridanus, 256-257 Robert le Diable, 279 Rohini, wain of, 398 Romance of Alexander, The, 51, 339 Rome, 339 Roscher, W. H., 286 Ross, W. D., 4 Rouen, Ettienne de, 418 Rouse, W. H. D., 255 Rudra, 365 Rumia, 437 Russell, Bertrand, v Russia, 223; story of Kjolyvanovic in, 115; and wood of the Cross, 227; on end of the world, 384; mythical trees in, 447 Rustam, 43 Rydberg, Viktor, 92, fI 139, 141, 155, 362, 363; on Heimdal, 158, 159; on Hvergelmer, 208; on Yggdrasil, 233-234 Sagittarius, 239, 244, 261, 296, 321; Centaur, 424 Sahagun, 32 I St. Francis, 334 St. Helena, 224 Saitan, 392 Salonen, A., 411, 439 Salt-mill, 366 Sampo, the, 98, 205, 221; building of, 98-102, 128; stealing of, 104-107; breaking of, 108, 14_; meaning of, 111, 121; and Samson, 176; etymology of, 232; roots of, 133 Sampsii Pettervoinen, IIp, 446 Samson, 388, 389; story of in Book of Judges, 165, 167, 173; characteristics of, 166-167; and Mars, 176; identity of, 177-178 Samson Agonistes, 116, f65 Samson Kolyvanovic, 1 Sanskrit, 91, 139; etymology of Sampo 111, 232-233 Santiago, 226 Saptarshi, 301 Sarapis, Oracle of, 313-314 Satanael, 227 Satit,321 I Saturn, 194, 239, 268, 321, 373; Huang ti as, 129; Egyptian, 29; of Lapps, 130; Kronos as, 133, 134-135, 283; Lord of Measures, 13 -136; and the Golden Age, 146, 269 Lord of the Mill, 148; as originator of times, 15H; in pre-Islamic tradition, 221; as earth-dweller, 222; and the cube, 222-223; conjunction of with Jupiter, 244, 268; Phaethon as, 265-268; as measurer, 271; reincarnations of, 418-419 Saturnalia, 222 Saud, 79 Saxo Grammaticus, 270; Gesta Danorum, 12; story of Amleth by, Il 18, 23-24, 174; later life of Hamlet, 20; on the wolf-horse, 32; on foster-sister, 34; parallels of Amlethus and Kai Khusrau, 37; division of story by, 82-83; Iceland as source for, 86-87 Saxton, Mark, 5Ill Sayce, 420 Scaligeri, family of Verona, 279 Scandinavia, 225 Scherer, Anton, 357 Scheria, 316 Schlegel, Gustave, 135, 136n Schmidt, Leopold, 280 Schmoekel, Hartmut, 420 Schott, A., 292n Schroder, F. R., 162 Schroedinger, Erwin, 72 Science: origins of, v-vi; primitive, as art of fugue, 65; Tolstoi on, 329-330; archaic, 331; related to three-dimensional space, 342 Science fiction, as myth, 51 Scorpius, 244, 251, 261, 294, 295, 296, 450 Sea: references to, 35; mythical explanations of, 263. See also Ocean Secular motion, 143 Selket-Serqet, 244, 295,409, 450 Serpent of Eden, 222 Servius, 195, 257 Setala, E. N., 26, 34-35, lIS Seth, 430 Setna (Seton Chamwase), 113 Seven heavens, 123-124 Seven Sages, 301 Seven Sleepers of Ephesus, 299 Seven Stars of Ursa, 3 Shahna'a, 36, 37-39, 50, 117 Shakespeare, William: contrasted with Saxo, 18-19; on the foster-sister theme, 34; on Mars and Saturn, 176 Shamanism, 121-132; analysis of, 121-122; seven heavens as ladder for, 124; drum as device of, 124-128; Siberian, 125; significance of black- smith in, 128-130 Shamash-Helios, 290, 294-295, 297, 303 Shesha-Serpent, 79, 310 Shetland dialect, 91 Shiva, 236, 260 Shun, Emperor, 127-128 Shunashepa Hymns, 429 Siam, 127 Siduri, 209, 210, 294, 295, 412, 450 Signs, zodiacal, relation of constellations to, 144-145 Sigu, 217-218, 223; brown monkey of, 222 Sikander (Alexander the Great), 83, 84 Simana of Mekrijarvi, 111 Simmias, 180-186 Simrock, Karl, 357, 367, 378-379, 386 Sirius, 215, 239, 279, 284, 290, 320, 321, 357-358, 409, 429; Pan as, 285, 286; yew tree of, 447, 448 Siryenians, 26 Sivin, N., 128n Siyawush, 37-39 Skadi, 170, 425 Skaldskaparmal, 24, 87 skambba, 227, 232, 233, 261, 306, 317; fire-sticks part of, 321 Skanda (Mars), 157 Slagfin the Musician, 155 Sleep and sleepers, 298-300, 418 Smintheus, Apollon, 364 Smith, Sidney, 443 Smiths: in shamanism, 128-130; as foster fathers of heroes, 371, 373 Snaebjorn, 24, 92, 139, 146, 363; identity of, 94; on the whirlpool, 205 Society, vs. culture, 71 Sociology, anthropological, 71 Socrates, 195, 210, 231, 246; in Phaedo, quoted, 179-186; on psychology, 190; on location of the world, 193; on Tartaros, 238 Soden, W. von, 120 Solon, 252, 253 Solstices, 62 Soma, the, 372,429 Sophocles, 118, 421 Souls: created by the Demiurge, 306-307; journey of, 406-407 South America, 166; Indians of, 247 South Pole, celestial, 265, 417, 422; exempted from Precession, 269 Space: preceded by time, 65, 340-341; in modern world, 342 Speiser, E. A., 300, 402, 410, 412, 420; on Nebiru, 432 Spencer, Herbert, 70 Sravana, 236 Ssabians of Harran, 92 Stag, symbol for Kronos, 319, 320, 427 Stars: gods as, 177; fixed, 306-307 Stegemann, Viktor, 252 Stephanus of Byzantium, 266, 416 Stoics, 64 Stokes, W., 29n Stonehenge, 68 Stone Things, identity of, 410-412 Strabo, 198, 254, 303 Strom, A. V., 386 Stucken, Eduard, 390, 401, 409 Sturluson, Snorri, 24, 86, 90; on Vafhbrudnismal, 92; Gylfaginning, 156, 160, 163; on the Maelstrom, 205, 207-208; Gollancz on, 363; critics of, 365-366; on Heimdal, 387 Styx, 147n, 184, 188, 190, 209; in Dante, 194-195; in Homer, 198; in Hesiod, 199, 200; color of, 292; powers of water from, 422 Submarine life, 391 Sumer, 267, 284, 288, 324, 438-439 Sumerian (language), 120, 302, 314, 449 Sumo Indians, 243 Sun, position of, 59, 246 Sun (Chinese monkey), 270 Suomi, 108 Surt, "the Black," 156-157, 161 Susa, 6 Susanowo, 168-172, 176, 292, 390, 425 Svarnara, 265 Symplegades, 318 Synchronicity, universal, 75 Syria, 214 Tafa'i, 291 Tahaki, 175, 426, 444-446 Tahiti, 291, 395 Taillte, Games of, 304 Talos, 178 Tamerlane, 335, 339 Tammuz, 91-92, 276, 281, 283, 448; identity of, 284-285 Tane, 223,445 Tantalos, 280 Tapir, the, and the Milky Way, 246-247 Tarquin, King, 21-23; dream of, 37, 41 Tartaros, 183-185, 188, t94, 196, 199, 200, 238, 274 Taurus, 405; Age of, 125 Taylor, A. E., 187 Teiresias, 302 Telechines, 147n Tell, William, 357 Tepictoton, 360 Testa, Domenico, 67 Teukros, 240, 256 Texcatlipoca, 247 Tezcatlipoca, 126, 136, 176, 261, 320, 322, 382, 405 Thamus, 275-277, 282, 34 Theaetetus, 190, 246 Theodoric, 335 Theodosius, Edict of, 34: Theogony, 199 Theseus, 172 Thetis, 272,422 Thidrek (Theodoric), 133 Thiersch, F., 397-398 Third Vatican Mythograther, 239 Thjassi/Volund, the Maker, 155 Thor, 160, 161, 163, 261, 54-355 Thot, 151, 282, 348 Thucydides, 331 Thunder, sons of, 225-226 Thureau-Dangin, F., 124 Tiamat, 153, 261, 262 Tiberius, 275-277, 341 Tides, relation of to whirlpools, 208 Tiki, 316 Timaeus, 187, 246, 252, 376; creation scheme in, 305-309; as myth and wisdom, 328, 33 I, 334, 396-397 Time: as measure, 8; as dimension of heaven, 44; relation of to myth, 47; space preceded by, 65; rivers of heaven as, 201; and Saturn, 269; and timelessness, 270; biological vs. of mankind, 327-328; cyclic, 332; vs. space, 340-342 Time machine, 154, 307; and Precession of Equinoxes, 143-144 Timon, 231 Titanus, 153, 274 Tlaloc, 290 Tolkien, J. R. R., 52 Tolstoy, Leo, 329-330 Tombs, study of, 303-304 Tonga, 204 Toscanelli, Paolo, 339 Tragedies, Greek, 117-118 Translation, problems of, 72 Trees, mythological, 223, 227, 247, 317; in epic of Gilgamesh, 437-450; in India, 444; in Tuamotua, 444-446; in Mexico, 446; in Finland, 446-447; significance of, 448-450 Trigon of Great Conjunctions, 268 Triptolemus, 116 Troy, 163, 336, 385 True Cross, 224 Tsham-Pas, 392 Tuamotu islands, 299, 444 Tungus, the, 247 Tupi, the, 166, 247 Tupi-Guarani, the, 247 Turan, 37 Turanians, 78, 80 Turkestan, 235 Turks, 371 Tursum Beg, 339-340 Turtle, in Greek myth, 369 Turu, 246 Tvashtri, 372, 393 Twilight of the Gods, 141, 163; Ragnarok, 156 Tycho, 228 Typhon, 249 Tyrol, 277, 280 Uemac, 360 Ugro-Finnish languages, 26 Uhland, Ludwig, 355, 357 Uller, 447 Ulysses, 197, 336-337; and the whirlpool, 204 Umbilicus Maris, 238 Underworld, the, 267; sequence in rulers of, 448. See also Hades Ungnad, Arthur, 420, 435 Universality of doctrines, 6-7 Untamo, 27-30, 430 Ural-Altaic Asia, center of shamanism, 121, 123 Urd, 234 Ursa Major, 247, 260, 264, 384, 405; seven oxen of, 138; on shield of Achilles, 385 Ursa Minor, 429 Urshanabi, 295, 296, 300, 411, 417; son-in-law of Enki-Ea, 301; comparative individuals to, 430 Uruk, 288, 290, 300-301, 440; meaning of, 304 Urvashi, 291 Usener, Hermann, 326 Utnapishtim, 209, 214, 219, 293, 295, 296; ark of, 221, 435; story of Deluge by, 297-298; and Gilgamesh, 298-301 Utopia, 51n Uzumue, 425 Vadava-mukha, 394 Vafthrudnismal, 366-367, 378; Snorri on, 92 Vainamoinen, 97, 98-99, 115, 128, 141, 206, 210, 216, 228, 447; in belly of ogre, 103-104; and stealing of the Sampo, 104-107; and Kantele, 108, 109, 369; departure of, 110-111; contest of with Youkahainen, 113; and Kullervo, 114-115; as shaman, 129 Vaisvanara, an Agni, 429 Vajda, Laszlo, 121 Valens, 256 Valerius Maximus, 21, 23 Valéry, Paul, quoted, 56, 344 Valhalla, 7, 162 Vall, 161 van der Waerden, B. L., 211, 401, 436 Vanir, the, 155, 160 Varahamihira, 65-66, 398 Varuna, 263, 264, 265 Vasishtha. 264, 392 Vedas, 7, 335, 345-346, 374, 393 Vega, 261-262 Venus (planet), 74, 216, 239. 261, 290, 355 Vezelay, 261 Vidal, 160, 161 Vigfusson, 94, 139, 156n Vindler (Heimdal), 159 Vipunen, 103-104 Virchow, Rudolf, 71 Virgil, 59-60, 62, 164, 176, 296, 336, 424; supposed prophecy of, 114, 244-245; Georgics, 167, 258; quoted, 192; as Dante's guide, 192-198; on Lethe, 407 Virgo, 245, 248-249 Vishnu, 78-79, 82, 259-260, 383; Krishna in, 309; and horse's head, 393, 394 Vishvamitra, 236 Voguls, 26, 130; on the Milky Way, 247 Voltaire, Francois Marie Arouet, 334 Voluspa, 141, 160 von Hammer, 339 von Soden, 433 Vortex, 111 Votyaks, 26 Vrihaspati, 372 Vurukasha Lake, 40, 215, 217, 265 Wagner, Richard, 156 Wainwright, G. A., 405 Waralden olmay, 130 Warner, Arthur, 36n, 83, 84 Warner, Edward, 36n, 83, 84 Wars of Alexander, The, 20-21 Water, origin of, 223 Way-openers, cosmological relevance of, 318 Weber, A., 428 Weidner, Ernst, 307, 403, 436 Weil, Simone, 329, 330, 331 Wells, stones thrown in , 423, 426 Werewolves, 278 West Africans, 7 Westphalia, 249 West Sudan, 126, 249,43 Whakatu, 174 Wheeler, Post, 169 Whirlpool, 90-91, 320; universality of, 204-205; in Homer, 2 ; among the Norse, 205; in Adam of Bremen, 206; among the Cherokee, 207; in Snorri, 207-208; in the sky, 210-212; summary of information on, 238-- 239; as ecliptic world, 40; Eridanus as, 258. See also Grotte. White, Lynn, 388 Whitehead, Alfred North, 64 Whitney, W. D., 233, 374 Wild Hunter, the, 249, 292 Wilson, H. H., 260 Wiseman, D. J., 411 Wissowa, 326 Woehler, Friedrich, viii Wolves, 278-279 World-Observer, 130 Wright, Austin, 51n Xerxes, 84 Xolotl, 93 Yakuts, the, 128, 130, 247 Yama, 50, 146, 304, 360, 373. See also Yima Yama Agastya, 319 Year, varying lengths of, 428 Yggdrasil, the World Ash, 223, 133, 447 Yima (jamshyd), 40, 41, 146, 153, 283, 448. See also Yama Yima-ssaeta, 146 Ymer, 92 Youkahainen, 113 Yu the Great, 128, 129, 270 Yucaran, 247 Yudhishthira, 76-.77, 79, 85, 309 Zaehner,R. C., 376 Zahan, D., 60 Zahhak, 84 Zal, 43 zalos, 258 Zebedee, 225, 226 Zend Avesta, 36 Zenker, R., 37 Zeus, 222, 259, 263, 267,437; and fall of Hephaistos, 272-273; and Lykaon, 278-279; and Kronos, 280, 299,424 Zeus the Miller, 116 Ziggurat, the, 123 Zipacna, 175, 390 Zodiac, 186-187; true center of action, 60; "signs" of, 144 Zohar, 396 Zonaras, 23 Zoroaster, 84, 376 Zu-bird, 440, 443 Zurvan akarana, 129, 189, 374, 376