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Part IX

GRIP evidence;  wild climactic shifts in the North, and conclusions:

Another fundamental problem is related to the deeper ice, as compared to
the upper ice region in Greenland. If the ice is a clear reflection of
climate changes exhibited in the ice cores, it should show only gradual
temperature changes as per uniformitarian belief. On the basis of
Velikovsky's hypothesis, the amount of snow that fell during the period of
darkness would not be related to gradual temperature changes. Snow would
have been derived from both cold and warm water sources. Not only would
the oceans boil in some places, but meteors would have fallen into the
oceans in cool regions, lifting immense amounts of water and water vapor
into the atmosphere.

As I pointed out in Carl Sagan and Immanuel Velikovsky:

The topography of the sea floor around Britain, like that of
its land area, has formed over many thousands of years and
results from many well-understood processes. So it is surprising
that recent studies have discovered a wide expanse of sea bed in
the middle of the North Sea--between 15,000 and 20,000 square
kilometers in area--which appears on sonar pictures to have a
topography much like a miniature lunar landscape.84

It is proposed that these craters were produced, as were those of the
Carolina Bays, by atmospheric explosions of soft meteoric material which
threw immense amounts of water and water vapor into the atmosphere. Water
from some oceanic regions would be warm and, from others, cold or cool.

For example, Thomas Gold pointed out that not only are such crater fields
found in the North Sea but that similar crater shapes have been recognized
on the ocean floor in many other parts of the world. They have been
reported from the Adriatic, from an area near New Zealand, from the Gulf
of Mexico, the Bering Sea, the Great Lakes, the South China Sea, the
Baltic, the Aegean, the Gulf of Corinth, the Delta of the Orinoco and the
Scotian Shelf off Nova Scotia.85

Hurricanes sweeping over the entire Earth would have carried the water
vapor thrown into the atmosphere from vastly different oceanic temperature
regimes to the polar regions, to fall as snow. Present-day amounts of snow
which would have taken decades to fall would have done so in a few days.

This snow, derived from warm, cool or cold oceanic regions, would contain
totally different amounts of oxygen-18 or oxygen-16 mixtures. Two hundred
or more feet of snow may have fallen from either a warm, a cold or a cool
region. This snow would be quickly compressed to form firn and would
create many layers via the rapid diffusion of oxygen-16 and oxygen-18 into
layers. 

But the overall property of the layers would be to create the appearance
of decades of ice with either a warm, cool or cold climatic temperature.
Based on Velikovsky's catastrophic scenario, the ice in which the great
amounts of dust is found should show great temperature swings over,
perhaps, years or decades. Based on the uniformitarian concept, any
temperature swings based on Milankovich should be long-term and gradual.

What does the evidence show? According to Scott Lehman:

In September, 1992,] came the first report, from one of two teams drilling
on Greenland, confirming that much of the period 8,000 [to] 40,000 years
ago was marked by sudden [5 to 10 C] switches in temperature over the ice
sheet. In February came news from other teams that the switches were in
fact jittery, embracing large oscillations in climate dating in some cases
less than [five] years.

And then, in July, came the further discovery that the past 8,000 years of
relatively stable climate have been an oddity--the last time that there
was as little ice on Earth as today (the last Interglacial period),
temperatures over Greenland varied even more wildly than during the
glacial period, shifting as much as [10 to 12 C] in just decades and
remaining in place for as little as 70 years. Although climate modelers
and geologists are racing to understand and test the implication of the
new ice core data, one thing seems certain--the heat-carrying capacity of
the Atlantic Ocean must somehow be involved in producing the sudden
climate changes around Greenland.86

Of course, the researchers are scrambling to create ad hoc theories to
warm up and cool off the Atlantic Ocean again and again for these 100,000
years and more. They have suggested endless floods, icecap breakups on the
continents but not for either Greenland or Antarctica, and oceanic current
changes every so often--none of which has ever been observed for such
short timespans or ever been conceived to have occurred.

The most disturbing problem for all of these ad hoc theories is that, for
the last Interglacial period, climate swings were found in one core and
were missing in another, a fundamental contradiction to the accuracy of
the cores.

In order to explain away these temperature swings, a three-day conference
was held by the European and American ice core teams to present papers
stating that these swings may not have existed during the last
Interglacial. Although this could not be proven definitively, one can see
that the desire to remove this major contradiction to the uniformitarian
interpretation of the ice core and climate is quite strong.

Which core, the one reflecting climate swings or the one without them, is
to be accepted as correct? How real are these temperature swings in terms
of uniformitarian theory? If the Atlantic Ocean cooled the atmosphere and
heated it up again every couple of years, decades or centuries, then the
land masses--the continents--adjacent to it should have climate regimes
that follow the ocean temperature's same pattern.

Land masses reflect climate change rapidly, because land does not hold
heat as well as water does. This can be seen at a beach on a hot day;
during the period of greatest heat, sand becomes so hot that it is painful
to walk on barefooted. By nightfall, the sand has cooled. Regarding ice
cores and varves from lake sediment, the latter which were corrected to
correlate with the Ice Age chronology, Oeschger stated that "such
pronounced correlations are not found in climatic records from the North
American continent."87 

He had found these temperature swings in the Dye 3 ice core and admitted
that they are not found in the varve record for North America. This poses
another fundamental contradiction. One cannot change the temperature of
the North Atlantic Ocean so as to affect the Greenland icecap, for both
long and short time periods, and then not leave the same climate record in
North America.

This indicates that the temperature swings had nothing to do with any
other theory proposed except that of Velikovsky. If the icecaps were
formed in one year, there never would have been innumerable temperature
swings on the land, as Oeschger reported. Why should temperature swings
exist only in the icecap, showing no corresponding swings in the land
varves, if the ice core record is accurate? These swings should be found
in both North American and European varves, but they do not exist. This
means that the ice core record is wrong and cannot be relied upon to
explain ancient weather patterns.

The temperature swings, in the present era, are long-term and gradual, and
the rise and fall of temperatures is never as great as was found in the
deeper ice, where the swings were as great as 20 F. Why would the present
era, compared to all the past millennia of Ice Age climate, appear to be
the only one with a relatively steady temperature regime? To explain away
these large temperature swings, many imaginative concepts will be
presented and debated. However, I stress that the evidence in the ice
cores is in complete harmony with Velikovsky's catastrophic theory and not
with that of Ellenberger, Mewhinney or other ice core advocates.

...............................................................
CONCLUSION

In retrospect, we find that the tree ring record is contradicted by the
coral record, which is contradicted by the deep-sea tropical core record,
which, outside the tropics, is contradicted by the Devil's Hole core
record. Now the ice record is contradicted by the North American varve
record...and all of this proves the accuracy of all of these dating
methods?

Let us assume that all the above-mentioned records are made to agree with
each other, so as to substantiate the ice core record of swings in the
Earth's climate. Climate swings of about 20 F would be devastating to life
on the northern hemisphere continents. As was pointed out above, certain
trees thrive in cold weather during part of the year while others only
thrive in moderate climates.

Can anyone imagine how trees needing cold winters would survive the
hundred-or-more-year spells of very warm winters, or vice versa? In either
long cold spells or long warm spells, both the trees and the animals
depending on them for food would become extinct. How did insects and
cold-blooded animals survive such cold periods? How did the organisms
feeding on them survive the above-mentioned extinction? The entire concept
lacks merit. How can Ellenberger or Mewhinney explain these
contradictions?

The arguments posed by ice core advocates rest on their belief in the
accuracy of the dating methods they point to. However, when they assert
that tree ring chronology is accurate and catastrophists ask them how they
can tell whether narrow tree rings reflect sick or damaged trees, and not
climate, they are silent. When we ask how they can tell whether dead
trees, correlated to arrive at their chronology, were living on slopes or
flat land, they do not answer.

Ice core advocates cannot determine whether or not tree rings used to
create their chronology were responding to illness, slope conditions or
weather. However, they say that tree rings support icecap chronology. Why
does the coral ring chronology fail to agree with the tree ring
chronology?

When they discuss volcanic acid signals in the icecaps as support for the
accuracy of their chronology and we ask what method accurately and
reliably dates volcanic tephra, they say nothing. An expert in this field
has stated that, up to 1992, no such reliable method has been found.

When they discuss radiocarbon dating as support for the accuracy of their
chronology and we ask how they determine whether a sample is contaminated
or uncontaminated, they are silent. They cannot determine whether or not
radiocarbon samples used to create their chronology were contaminated;
this is admitted by an expert in this field.

When they discuss deep sea core stratigraphy as support for their
chronology and we ask why the Devil's Hole core undermines its accuracy,
they do not answer.

When they discuss Greenland ice cores, asserting the longevity of the
icecap, and we ask them why its coldest northern region melted away but
its warmer southern region did not, they say nothing.

Ice core advocates have not explained why the ancient Greenland and
Antarctica maps, certified by professional cartographers and
seismologists, accurately depict these regions and show only evidence of
recent icecap formation there. If Greenland and Antarctica were glaciated
for so long, how were the accurate maps made?

When they discuss ice core layers as accurate markers of their chronology
and we ask why large temperature swings in the icecaps are not correlated
with varves on the land, they are silent.

When we ask how Ice Age ice in the Greenland cores can have 100 times the
dust as ice from our era, when there should be less, they do not answer.

The ice core phenomena fully support Velikovsky's catastrophic scenario,
both in terms of dust amounts and in terms of Ice Age layers with large
differences in oxygen-16 and oxygen-18 content.

If the ice core chronology is correct, then its advocates should refute
the above-listed points which support Velikovsky, explaining and
presenting their evidence in full, given that this is what they demand of
us.

1 R. G. A. Dolby, Letter to the Society for Interdisciplinary Studies
Review II: 2 (1977): 31.

2 C. Leroy Ellenberger (A), "Still Facing Many Problems (Part I)," KRONOS
X: 1 (Fall, 1984): 97.

3 Ibid., pp. 98-99.

4 Charles Ginenthal (A), Carl Sagan and Immanuel Velikovsky (New York,
1990) pp. 109-143. Also see Charles Ginenthal (B), "Common Sense About
Ancient Maps," The Velikovskian I: 2 (1993): 7-17.

5 William R. Corliss, "Mounds, Ridges, Hills," Science Frontiers (Glen
Arm, Maryland, 1994) p. 202. Also see J. R. Heirtzler et al., "A Visit to
the New England Seamounts," American Scientist 65 (1977): 466.

6 Wolfgang Schlager, "The Paradox of Drowned Reefs and Carbonate
Platforms," Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 92 (1981): 197.

7 Ibid.

8 Francis P. Shepherd, "Submarine Canyons: Multiple Causes and Long-Time
Persistence," Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists
65 (1981): 1062.

9 Douglas W. Johnson, The Origin of Submarine Canyons (New York, 1967), p.
8.

10 In an upcoming paper about the ocean, this evidence will be presented
in greater depth.

11 C. Leroy Ellenberger (B), "Still Facing Many Problems (Part II),"
KRONOS X: 3: 1.

12 Ibid., p. 3.

13 R. Monastersky, "Devil's Hole Heats Up Debate Over Ice Ages," Science
News 142 (October 10, 1992): 142-143.

14 J. M. Landwehr, Isaac J. Winograd and T. B. Coplen, "No Verification of
Milankovich," Nature 368 (April 14, 1994): 594.

15 Lynn E. Rose (A), "The Milankovich Theory of the Ice Ages," KRONOS XII:
2 (Spring 1987): 62.

16 Ibid., p. 66.

17 Ibid., p. 62.

18 Taxonomic Note: Foraminiferans (formerly foraminifera) are protozoans
of the rhizopodan order Foraminiferida (formerly Foraminifera).

19 Christopher Stringer and Clive Gamble, In Search of the Neanderthals
(New York, 1993), p. 41.

20 Ibid., p. 40.

21 Michael J. Oard, An Ice Age Caused By The Genesis Flood (San Diego,
California, 1990), p. 185-186. See also T. Tosk, "Foraminifers in the
Fossil Record: Implications for an Ecological Zonation Model," Origins 15
(1988): 8-18.

22 Richard Hoagland, The Monuments of Mars (Berkeley, California, 1992),
p. 93.

23 "Carbon-14 Variations in Coral," Open Earth, No. 3 (1979): 30.

24 See Charles Ginenthal (C), "Scientific Dating Methods in Ruins," The
Velikovskian II: 1 (1994): 77-78.

25 Roger G. Barry, "Comment on Oeschger's Paper," The Ocean In Human
Affairs, ed. S. Fred Singer (New York, 1990), p. 82.

26 Richard Monastersky, "Coral's Chilling Tale: Ancient Reefs May Resolve
an Ice Age Paradox," Science News 145 (February 19, 1994): 124.

27 Ibid.

28 Fred Hall, "Ice Cores Not That Simple," AEON II: 1 (1989): 199.

29 H. Craig, Y. Horibe and T. Sowers, "Gravitational Separation of Gases
and Isotopes in Polar Ice Caps," Science (December 23, 1988): 1675.

30 Ibid.

31 G. de Q. Robin, "Ice Sheets, Isotopes and Temperature," The Climate
Record in Polar Ice Sheets (Cambridge, England, 1983), p. 8.

32 Terrence Monmaney, "Pat Epps' Excellent Adventure," Forbes supplement
FYI (March, 1994): 106.

33 Francis Sherwood, telephone interview, March 10, 1994.

34 C. E. P. Brooks, Climate Through the Ages, 2nd ed. (New York, 1970), p.
297.

35 P. Borisov, Can Man Change the Climate?, trans. V. Levinson (Moscow, U.
S. S. R., 1973), pp. 35-39.

36 Immanuel Velikovsky, Earth in Upheaval (New York, 1955), pp. 173-175.

37 Brooks, op. cit., p. 143.

38 Lynn E. Rose, "The Greenland Ice Cores," KRONOS XII: 1 (Winter 1987):
64.

39 Hans Oeschger, "Long-Term Climate Stability: Environmental System
Studies," The Ocean in Human Affairs, ed. S. Fred Singer (New York, 1990),
p. 65.

40

Sean Mewhinney, "Ice Cores and Common Sense (Part I)," Catastrophism and
Ancient History XII: 1 (January, 1990): 12.

41 Glenn W. Berger, "Dating Volcanic Ash by Use of Thermoluminescence,"
Geology 20 (January, 1992): 11.

42 Bernard Newgrosh, "`Still Facing Many Problems'...Indeed," KRONOS XI: 2
(Winter 1986): 89.

43 Walter Sullivan, "Santor¡ni Volcano Ash, Traced Afar, Gives a Date of
1623 BC," The New York Times [New York] (June 7, 1994): C 8.

44 Ibid.

45 Ibid.

46 Charles H. Hapgood, The Path of the Pole (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,
1970), p. 135.

47 "Etna (Mount)," Encyclopaedia Britannica, Macropaedia, 19 vols.
(Chicago, Illinois, 1982), Vol. 6, p. 1017.

48 Clyde Orr, Jr., Between Earth and Space (New York, 1961), p. 155.

49 Ibid., p. 157.

50 Borisov, op. cit., p. 35.

51 Orr Jr., op. cit., pp. 160-161.

52 Ibid., pp. 161-163.

53 Borisov, op. cit., p. 43.

54 Ibid., p. 45.

55 Brooks, op. cit., p. 376.

56 R. L. Newson, "Response of a General Circulation Model of the
Atmosphere to Removal of the Arctic Icecap," Nature (1973): 39-40.

57 M. Warshaw and R. R. Rapp, "An Experiment on the Sensitivity of a
Global Circulation Model," Journal of Applied Meteorology 12 (1973):
43-49.

58 James L. Dyson, The World of Ice (New York, 1962), p. 213.

59 H. Lister, "Glaciology (1): The Balance Sheet or the Mass Balance,"
Venture to the Arctic, ed. R. A. Hamilton (Baltimore, Maryland, 1958), p.
175 and Table I, p. 176.

60 Borisov, op. cit., p. 40.

61 Brooks, op. cit., p. 356.

62 J. B. Charlesworth, The Quaternary Era (London, England, 1957), Vol.
II, p. 1494.

63 Ibid., pp. 1483-1484.

64 Ibid., pp. 1484-1487.

65 Ivan T. Sanderson, The Dynasty of ABU (New York, 1962), p. 80.

66 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Micropaedia, 10 vols. (Chicago, Illinois,
1982), Vol. VII, p. 824.

67 Brooks, op. cit., p. 173.

68 E. C. Pielou, After the Ice Age (Chicago, Illinois, 1992), p. 279.

69 Louise A. Boyd, The Coast of Northeast Greenland, American Geological
Society Special Publication No. 30 (New York, 1948): 132.

70 Ibid., p. 133.

71 Lister, op. cit., p. 168.

72 Ibid., p. 175.

73 Borisov, op. cit., p. 35.

74 "Greenland," Encyclopaedia Britannica, Macropaedia, 19 vols. (Chicago,
Illinois, 1982), Vol. 8, p. 412.

75 Kenneth Hsu, The Great Dying (New York, 1986), pp. 190-191. Also see
KRONOS XII: 3 (Spring 1988): 78-79.

76 Ibid.

77 C. Leroy Ellenberger (C), "Still Facing Many Problems: A Reply to
Comments and an Update," KRONOS XI: 1 (Fall 1985): 103.

78 Robert Silverberg, Clocks for the Ages (New York, 1971), pp. 94-95.

79 Brooks, op. cit., p. 166.

80 Charlesworth, op. cit., p. 1490.

81 Pielou, op. cit., p. 271.

82 Hammer et al., "Continuous Impurity Analysis Along the Dye 3 Deep
Core," American Geophysica Union Monograph 33 (1985): 90.

83 Ibid.

84 Robert McQuillin and Nigel Fannin, "Explaining the North Sea's Lunar
Floor," New Scientist 83 (1979): 90.

85 Thomas Gold, Power From the Earth (London, England, 1987), p. 73.

86 Scott Lehman, "Ice Sheets, Wayward Winds and Sea Change," Nature 365
(September 9, 1993): 108.

87 Oeschger, op. cit., p. 64.