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Part V

Glaciologists admit that the top of the southern icecaps fill with water
in the summer months:

A large proportion of the ice of glaciers in lower latitudes is at, or
close to, the melting point, and these glaciers are referred to as
"temperate." In contrast to temperate glaciers, on which there is
considerable surface melting during summer months, polar glaciers, by the
glaciologists' definition, are "cold." This defines a polar glacier or ice
sheet as one on which the surface temperature does not reach the melting
point at any time of the year.31

In the defined "cold" polar glaciers, glaciologists stated that the
temperature does not reach the melting point at any time of the year. What
does surface melting do to the ice when the water in the firn layer fills
up? The water adheres to and contaminates the firn through which it flows.
This can be seen by a recent excavation in the Greenland icecap carried
out by a group of airplane enthusiasts working inside the Arctic Circle.

Recently, my brother, David Ginenthal, sent me a copy of a Forbes
supplement article regarding a group of men who melted a hole through the
Greenland icecap to a depth of 260 feet, within the Arctic Circle, so as
to recover United States airplanes that crash-landed on the snow in 1942.
The planes had to have sunk through the snow and firn layers rapidly. What
this party found clearly proves that contamination occurs long before the
snow and firn turn to ice. The hole is described as follows:

The walls of the shaft were bluish-white. This was the
transition zone--packed snow being compressed into ice. We saw
[that] that process, known as firnification, was complete by
around 70 or 80 feet--the so-called firn line. Above the firn
line, the glacier was snowy; below, dense ice. In mid-summer,
with the sun melting [much] of the snowy surface, the glacier,
[Pat] Epps had told me, "was like a saturated sponge on a
kitchen counter." The porous, snowy top held lots of water and
the excess water ran along the hard ice shelf toward the
coast.32 (Emphasis added.)

Water drips and drains throughout the entire 70 or 80 feet of snow and
firn in the glaciers during mid-summer. Of course, this dripping and
migration of water is occurring over the entire snow-firn layer of the
Greenland glacier, as will be shown. Water carries oxygen-16 and oxygen-18
from the top of the porous, snow-firn layers to those below, to a depth of
70 to 80 feet. During wintertime, this flow is halted and the oxygen in
the water has been diffused into the firn, to which it adheres. The water
flow is now displaced, not only with depth but also far from where it
originally fell as snow. This form of dripping and migration has been
going on every summer, year after year, contaminating the entire snow-firn
layer of the Greenland icecap and this contaminated material then forms
ice in layers. What becomes clear is that this well-observed process shows
that the ice in the ice cores is derived from a highly contaminated source
and cannot be relied upon to give anything resembling an accurate
year-by-year climate indicator at this latitude.

Does this melting occur in Greenland, say at Thule, northwest of the
island, where ice is not expected to melt? To verify this, I called a
boyhood friend, Francis Sherwood, who was stationed in Thule in the 1950s.
He told me that, during the summer season, in late June through part of
August, the temperature would rise from 35 to 45 F and that the pack ice,
on the ocean adjacent to the base, would melt, which allowed ocean-going
ships to bring in supplies and heavy equipment. He told me that small
flowers grew during this season. Most significantly, he reported that
there was definite glacial melting, proven by water running in the drains
from the icecap to the sea.33
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