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to logical sequence, makes an utter shambles of all dating systems
involving the Greenland ice cores, another one of the supposedly
impossible stumbling blocks for Velikovsky's theories.  One of the t.o
"FAQs" involves ice-core dating;  I will be interested to see whether
the Ediacara/Toromanura crew keeps that one around a whole lot longer...

Material from "The Velikovskian"
Posted by request of Charles ginenthal

ICE CORE EVIDENCE
Charles Ginenthal

The problem as presented by Ellenberger and others:
..................................................................

The debate over ice core data has spanned many years. I have reexamined
the record and analyzed the evidence in terms of Velikovsky's scenario.
What I have found is that his critics, who have raised this ice core
evidence, have based their objections on uniformitarian concepts and have
ignored Velikovsky's scenario. In reality, the data supports Velikovsky's
catastrophic scenario and contradicts the uniformitarian interpretation
completely.

In 1977, R. G. A. Dolby sent an article to the Society for
Interdisciplinary Studies Review (SISR), submitting the view that, if
Velikovsky's Venus catastrophe had occurred, then volcanic and cometary
materials should appear "visible at the appropriate depth in the cores
recently collected" from Greenland and Antarctica.1

C. Leroy Ellenberger picked up this suggestion and presented the case
against Velikovsky's catastrophic scenario in the Fall, 1984, issue of
KRONOS. In this piece, Ellenberger explained that snow falling off the
Greenland glacier would contain different amounts of oxygen-16 and
oxygen-18 because of seasonal variations in temperature. Ice formed from
summer snowfalls would be enriched by the heavier oxygen-18 isotope,
whereas ice formed from winter snow would be enriched by the lighter
oxygen-16 isotope.2

He also explained how other signals in the ice could be used to determine
the validity of Velikovsky's scenario:

As a test of Velikovsky's scenario of historical catastrophes,
the initial expectation was that the ice would preserve a series
of conspicuous dust layers of cometary origin at the proper
level. Such dust layers are not in evidence, but other signs of
catastrophism could take the place of the missing dust.

Extreme acidity peaks are produced by major volcanic
eruptions, which inject volcanic acid gases into the
stratosphere. These gases travel to high latitudes, being
converted to acid en route, and are incorporated in the ice
through snowfall. This deposition can be detected either as
elevated, specific conductivities measured on melted ice samples
or as elevated acidities revealed by an electric current through
the solid ice. Every major, known, historically-dated eruption
since AD 536 is attested [to] in Greenland ice cores at the
correct level....If, as Velikovsky repeatedly stated, "all
volcanoes vomit[ed] lava" at the time of the Exodus..., then
unequivocal evidence for such activity would be expected to be
found in the Greenland ice cores, but it is not. Volcanic acid
fallout in Greenland identified with ancient eruptions in the
Velikovskian time frame is comparable in amount to that
associated with single, recent volcanic eruptions. This is not
what is expected if catastrophes of the magnitude envisioned by
Velikovsky actually happened. In fact, according to the
Greenland ice cores, major eruptions have been four times more
frequent in the past 2000 years....3 (Emphasis added.)

In the January and July, 1990, issues of Catastrophism and Ancient History
(CAH), Sean Mewhinney analyzed both viewpoints and attacked Lynn E. Rose,
Bernard Newgrosh, Alfred De Grazia, Clark Whelton and me for, among other
things, supposedly ignoring the accuracy and strength of the ice core
evidence. Mewhinney also claimed that oxygen-16 and oxygen-18 dominate
yearly layers in the ice cores and presented the view that this evidence
clearly denied Velikovsky's catastrophic scenario. He also pointed to dust
and hydrocarbons missing from the appropriate depths in the ice cores and
the weakness or missing signals from volcanic acid at these same depths.

Ever since publishing Carl Sagan and Immanuel Velikovsky, printed in late
August, 1990, and distributed in October of that same year, I have stated
my belief that the icecaps of Greenland and Antarctica were created
recently--a belief based on information from ancient maps and the
discoveries made by Arlington Mallery and Charles H. Hapgood.4 I believe
that the accuracy of these ancient maps, as confirmed by professional
cartographers and by seismic studies carried out by professional
seismologists, proves that the icecaps of Greenland and Antarctica cannot
be as old as Mewhinney and Ellenberger indicate.

Furthermore, I entirely disagree with Dolby, Ellenberger and Mewhinney
that the icecaps of Greenland and Antarctica were built up gradually,
prior to Velikovsky's Venus catastrophe, 3,500 years ago. Velikovsky
claimed that the icecaps were built up suddenly and catastrophically.
Venusian planetary dust and volcanic acid, and Earth dust (distributed by
hurricanes with stupendous snowfalls), precipitated over these regions.
This is based on what Velikovsky actually wrote. Sea levels fell 20 feet.
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