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Chapter 10
_________________________________________________________________

__Chapter 10

Mesopotamian stories and links with the Bible

Updated and partly revised by the author.
______________________________________________________________

In chapter 8 and 9 we "introduced" the Mesopotamian Gods and
identified some of them as the Biblical Gods of Creation, Abraham
and Moses.

In this chapter I'll try to find more links with the Bible and
specially the written stories in Genesis starting with the Creation
story of the Earth and Mankind. I will compare these stories with
the much older stories of Mesopotamia (Sumerian, Acadian and
Babylonian). This chapter is divided in three parts :

1. Creation of the Earth : The story in Genesis 1 compared with
Mesopotamian stories.

2. Creations of Humanity : The story in Genesis 1 compared with
Mesopotamian stories.
______________________________________________________________

1. Creation of the Earth

Henry Layard found within the ruins of the library of Ashurbanipal
in Nineveh, texts that were not unlike the Genesis creation in the
Bible. He first published these text in 1876 under the title,
[24]"The Chaldean Genesis", Acadian text written in the old
Babylonian dialect. It draws some new light on the ancients.

In these tablets is written :

The Babylonian God finished his work within the span of 6 tablets
of stone, the last and 7th stone exalted the handiwork and
greatness of the Deity's work.

This is similar to what we read in the Bible :

Genesis 1. "God created the earth in 6 days and the seventh day he
rested from his work"

The comparison must be made that the 7 days of creation found in
the Bible, were borrowed from the Babylonians, which they on their
turn borrowed from the SUMERIANS.

The Mesopotamian view on the supernatural is an inextricable
mixture of Sumerian and Acadian origin, influenced by an unknown
substrate population (perhaps India).

Acadian speakers wrote most Sumerian literature when Sumerian was
already an extinct language. The religious ideas evolved in time
and since most texts are dated in the 2nd and 1st millennium, it is
not always clear how 2nd millennium views represent 3rd millennium
opinions.
______________________________________________________________

The Significance of Early Biblical Parallels

...What follows next are translations of writings found on ancient
clay tablets having parallels with some of the stories in Genesis.
These Sumerian texts date to between 2,800 BCE and 2,000 BCE so
they are older than the more popular Babylonian texts such as the
Epic of Gilgamesh and the Enuma Elish, both are older then the
earliest possible written text of the Bible. (The earliest written
parts of the Bible dates from the time that the Jews were in
Babylon, around 600 BCE).

The existence of these Biblical parallels shows that the Bible is
based on ancient traditions going back to the dawn of civilization
and possibly shows that God was working on people from the earliest
times. Of all religious texts in the world the Bible represents the
longest and broadest religious tradition. In the Old Testament one
will find influences from Sumer, Accad, Babylonia, Egypt, Persia
(and through Persia the Russian steppes whose people later invaded
northern India and influenced Hinduism)
.

As I mentioned already, the Sumerians were the first civilized
population in Ancient Mesopotamia and their religion was taken over
by the Acadians. Afterwards the Babylonians took over the religion
of the first civilizations, so it's not strange that in the
religion of Babylonia some Gods have different names, as do some of
the places.

That is the reason that I will give the creation stories of both,
the Sumerian-Acadian and the Babylonian and i'll try to compare
these older texts with the Bible so the reader can see for himself
that these stories are in origin the same.
______________________________________________________________

A. Sumerian, Acadian story of Creation of the Earth.

This story contains the earliest written history of the Earth in
ancient times.

Before Time was yet to be

by Rose Lopes, Ph.D. (Starlight). Southern Creation Myth - the Eridu Model,
Leick (1994).

Before All, there was Nammu, the Sea, She the Origin, Ever flowing
Beginning. Nammu was the First, the Source, the Mother of the
Universe, the Self-Procreating Womb of Abundance, Alone and
All-In-One, Nammu was Primal Matter, the Deep Fertile Waters of the
Sea.

Before All (for time was yet to be), Nammu revolved and flowed,
squeezed, coiled and rushed like a double helix spiral. Love she
made for the first time to Herself, and she in Pure Joy reveled.

I mentioned in chapter 9 already that the Sumerians saw the Gods as
the planets, here we can read that the meaning of Nammu can be the
Big-Bang and our Galaxy at the beginning of time.

In the bible we can read the same :
Gn:1:1: In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth.

Nammu's waters then opened up: she had given birth to Ki-An,
Creation's first born, She the Mountain, He the Sky.

In the bible we can read the same :

Gn:1:9: And God said, Let the waters under the heaven be gathered
together unto one place, and let the dry land appear: and it was
so.

Before all, wrapped around the liquid Body of the Mother, Ki the
Mountain, An the Sky held each other close in a most tender
embrace. Ki the Mountain, An the Sky lay in each other's arms
before all, when An was an empty Sky, Ki a stony earth, laying
barren and unfulfilled within Nammu's fecund body fluid.

You can clearly read here that the Earth in the beginning had a
liquid surface and that the Heaven (air) was one with the Earth
(dry land).

In the bible we can read the same :

Gn:1:2: And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was
upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the
face of the waters.

You can imagine that scientists of today tells the same story about
the big-bang and the origin of the planets and how they were
formed.

In the bible we can read further :

Gn:1:3: And God said, Let there be light: and there was light.
Gn:1:4: And God saw the light, that it was good: and God divided
the light from the darkness.

As Ki and An lay closer and closer still, something stirred, deep
from within. Love that bound An and Ki together brought into being
a Sigh, a Wind, a First Breath, and so was Enlil, Infant Lord Air,
manifested.

Gn:1:6: And God said, Let there be a firmament in the midst of the
waters, and let it divide the waters from the waters.

This is the exact story told by scientists about the earliest
beginning of the planets, Enlil is in this case the name of the
air, the firmament.

Thus, life throbbed in Cheerful Continuation, as An, the Mighty
Bull of Heaven, made love fifty times (and more!) to Ki, his
Beloved, the All-Powerful Cow of Earth.

And all the stars, planets and their moons were formed.

In the bible we can read the same :
Gn:1:14: And God said, Let there be lights in the firmament of the
heaven to divide the day from the night; and let them be for signs,
and for seasons, and for days, and years: Gn:1:16: And God made two
great lights; the greater light to rule the day, and the lesser
light to rule the night: he made the stars also.

Ki responded to An's enthusiasm and passion in kind. She made
herself resplendent, for her brother-spouse she beautified joyously
her body with the most precious metals, fuels and lapis lazuli, she
adorned herself with diorite, chalcedony and shiny carnelian. So
did the Sky-father An array himself in a cloak of the purest azure
to greet his dearest sister-spouse Ki.

And the extensive form of Earth was formed with mountains, rocks
and stones.

Then in great joy and reverence An, who called himself then Heaven
approached Ki, whom he called Earth. An-Heaven dived into Ki's
welcoming expanse.

And the Earth atmosphere became in existence.

Then Sky kissed Ki, pouring the semen of Trees, Reeds and pastures
into the beloved's womb. Ki, fecund, brave, sweet Earth, was
impregnated with the rich semen of Heaven, and joyfully gave birth
to the plants of life. Luxuriantly did Earth bear the rich produce,
generously did she exude wine and honey.

In the bible we can read the same :

Gn:1:11: And God said, Let the earth bring forth grass, the herb
yielding seed, and the fruit tree yielding fruit after his kind,
whose seed is in itself, upon the earth: and it was so. Gn:1:12:
And the earth brought forth grass, and herb yielding seed after his
kind, and the tree yielding fruit, whose seed was in itself, after
his kind: and God saw that it was good.

Gleefully, she invited the Skies into herself over and over again.
Fifty times (and more!), Sky came into the Earth. Fifty times (and
more!), An's seed met Ki's; fifty times (and more!), An's seed grew
in Ki's; fifty times (and more!), An and Ki made love, and so the
Anunnaki, the first Generation of Gods, in Ki's womb was formed, as
yet unnamed, waiting to be born.

Only Enlil, first of the Anunnaki, Infant Lord Air was there within
An's and Ki's lap, all surrounded by Nammu's Depths.

Nammu feels and sees everything. She must now create space for her
offspring. Under Ki, surrounding Enlil, above An, Nammu arches and
stretches, her Watery Form to further Depths she directs. Nammu
defines Herself as the First Ocean, cradle of other life forms to
come.

In the bible we can read the same :

Gn:1:20: And God said, Let the waters bring forth abundantly the
moving creature that hath life, and fowl that may fly above the
earth in the open firmament of heaven.

'Mine are the Depths reaching out to the Surface,' decrees the
Fates Nammu, ' mine is the Process of Becoming out of Nothing's
embrace. mine is the Nurturing Womb, Life's first Mystery, mine is
the Silence that all Life Created.'.

Enlil, who was An's Divine Inspiration and Ki's First Sigh of
Exultation, the first of the Great Gods to be born, struggled to
grow.

Then, a Movement, Energy and Direction. It was Enlil seeking
Expansion. He grows stronger still, eager for his Destiny to
fulfill. Out of his parents' embrace he wants to escape off to
unconquered Spaces. Growth out of the protective Nest, all by
himself, this is Enlil's first Quest. Thus he summons his Might
from within, and manifests without as a Great Wind. Focused,
Penetrating, Directed, Enlil's might cuts through An's and Ki's
embrace, on through the fluid body of Mother Nammu.

A roar, a Bang is then heard, and so are the Bull of Heaven and Cow
of Earth once and for all separated. What primal Oneness once was
becomes Multiplicity.

Gn:1:9: And God said, Let the waters under the heaven be gathered
together unto one place, and let the dry land appear: and it was
so.

This was the beginning of Evolution, the never-ending Adventure of
Being that transcends in Search for Wholeness and Fruition. Nammu
sees the changes that take place, and once again the All-Powerful
Mother decrees their first born and And Ki ' Fate:

'An, Beloved Son, from now on you will be ever Above. the Sphere of
the Heights will be yours to protect Let it be called Upper world,
whereupon the Lights of the Spirit will thread. Knowledge,
Inspiration, Dreams and Visions will be yours to share.

Ki, Dearest Daughter, you will lay on my surface, for I need to
feel your presence, your embrace. Let your abode be called Middle
world, Sphere of Form and Substance, mundane reality and physical
home of everything that lives and grows. And to give sustenance to
That Which is Above, in the Middle and Below, let another realm be
found. I'll call it Underworld, source of Memory of what was, is
and will be, land of Challenge, realm that will go beyond my very
Depths, Inner Essence that gives Form and Spirit sustenance.

In the bible we can read the same :

Gn:1:14: And God said, Let there be lights in the firmament of the
heaven to divide the day from the night; and let them be for signs,
and for seasons, and for days, and years:

Meanwhile, Young Enlil, will dance and stretch, his Formless Power
is the Universe's First Breath. So will My Seed be in everything
there Is to Be as the Inner Power to Grow and Transform in Multiple
combinations of all Sorts.'

Ki, looking up to the Skies, to An, her Brother Spouse, longed for
his closeness and touch. Bits of herself to the Skies reach out,
searching for An, dancing all round, up, down and round they fly.
Ki contemplated this mystery and revealed its Meaning:

' An, beloved, Soul of my Body, bound as One we can no longer be,
but the Intangible that united us still exists. By the Primeval
Unity we once were, may all hear what I now declare: That which is
Below will ever be linked to that which is Above here and there I
dare to fare!'

From Above, An looked down at his sister-spouse Ki, longing for her
closeness and kiss.

'Ki, Beloved, Body of My Soul, bound as One we can no longer be,
but the Intangible that united us still exists. So from the Highest
Place I'll watch over you, My Love. I claim then as mine the
Heavens, the Supreme Heights Above And by the Primeval Unity we
once were, may all hear what I now declare: that Which is Above
will be ever united to that Which is Below. And to remind the
Universe of this Great Truth, the horned crown upon the shrine I
take as symbols of mine. May the Universe never forget that the
Bull of Heaven and Cow of Earth are one everywhere I dare to fare.'

Enlil contemplates the changes taking place. Out of An's and Ki's
nest, all by himself, the Primal Mover of the Universe feels
bereft. He then utters a Statement of Regret and a Request

'Alone, all alone, I cannot be, so I ask you, Mother, please stay
with me! I need your touch and Company. I vow from now on to guard
you and protect you everywhere I go, your safety more important
than my own. So I ask to take Ki, the Earth, my Mother with me, and
together we will build Ways to Eternity. I'll be Breath, you'll be
Form. Please, dearest Mother, come right along and let's the
Universe transform!'

In the Heights Above, An wept, his tears Nammu's waters met. In the
vastness of Nammu's nurturing Depths, the Sky-father surrenders to
a heartfelt sorrow for Ki, longing for her lost love and kiss.
Nammu accepts the bittersweet tears of her firstborn, and he loses
himself in her, accepting her tenderness and love. Mother and Son,
An and Nammu, meet and make sweet love, and from the mingling of
their bodies a boy and a girl, Divine Twins are born.

' Enki and Ereshkigal, you I call,' says Nammu. ' May the Wisdom of
the Depths to you belong! As high as An flies Above, as Deep as my
Waters go below, so will you two go: as Within so Without. Inner
Beauty is your Quest, revealed for all to know!'

In the bible we can read the same :

Gn:1:27: So God created man in his own image, in the image of God
created he him; male and female created he them. Gn:1:28: And God
blessed them, and God said unto them, Be fruitful, and multiply,
and replenish the earth, and subdue it: and have dominion over the
fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over every
living thing that moveth upon the earth. Gn:1:29: And God said,
Behold, I have given you every herb bearing seed, which is upon the
face of all the earth, and every tree, in the which is the fruit of
a tree yielding seed; to you it shall be for meat.

In the bible we can read the same :

Gn:2:1: Thus the heavens and the earth were finished, and all the
host of them.

Here is the first creation of the Gods, the Gods themselves were
"created". Do you recognize the Fish sign of Enki and the bird sign
of Ereshkigal ?.
______________________________________________________________

As I mentioned already in chapter 2 the above verses are in
contradiction with the verses next in the Bible about the creation
of Man in Genesis 2:

Gn:2:7: And the Lord God formed man of the dust of the ground, and
breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a
living soul.

And we found the second creation already in Genesis 2, the first
was the creation of the Gods (Genesis 1) and the second the
creation of Earthlings (and we will see that they were called Man).

I hope you will understand and believe now that the above story,
when compared with the Bible, can't be a coincidence, THE GENESIS
STORY IS TAKEN FROM THIS SUMERIAN STORY and we will see later ALL
the biblical stories.

The Bible is the rewritten history of the Mesopotamians.
______________________________________________________________

The poem of "ENKI and NINHURSAG"

In the Sumerian poem "[25]Enki and Ninhursag", we have the exact
reversal of the myth of the Genesis in the Old Testament Bible,
including the creation and shaping of the Earth, and it is quite
clear that the Mesopotamian myth is wholes, much more fun and
passionate then the story given in the Bible, lacking the guilt
that is a trademark of its Jewish counterpart.

The gods lived in a "paradise" called Dilmun, most scholars
believes that it was probably an island in the Persian Gulf, now
named Bahrain, or somewhere in Kurdistan. (1)

(1) 
I mentioned already in chapter 9 that, in my opinion, there is a
difference between Dilmun and The Garden of Edin (Eden) as
mentioned by The story of the God Utu/Shamash who was ordered by
Enki to bring water UP from the Earth to Dilmun. Dilmun thus can
also be situated somewhere in our solar system, maybe Mars or
another planet.

As the reader knows already, in my opinion was The Garden of Eden a
space colony on Earth or also a planet nearby used by the Gods to
travel between the Earth and their "home" planet (Nibiru). (see
later chapter 13)

The Divine Garden Land of Dilmun

A translation of the original poem "Enki and Ninhursag", the
original translation you can find [26]HERE.

In Dilmun the raven utters no cry, The ittidu-bird utters not the
cry of the ittidu-bird, The lion kills not, The wolf snatches not
the lamb, Unknown is the kid-devouring wild dog, Unknown is the
grain-devouring . . . , Unknown is the widow, The bird on high . .
. not his . . . , The dove droops not the head, The sick-eyed says
not "I am sick-eyed", The sick-headed says not "I am sick headed",
Its old woman says not "I am an old woman", Its old man says not "I
am an old man", Un-bathed is the maid, no sparkling water is poured
in the city, Who crosses the river utters no . . . , The wailing
priests walk not round about him, The singer utters no wail, By the
side of the city he utters no lament.

In Dilmun was no death or illness. Animals lived in harmony, and a
mist that arose from the earth watered the plants.

In The Bible we can read the same story :

Gn:2:6: But there went up a mist from the earth, and watered the
whole face of the ground.

Because Dilmun has no fresh sparkling water ENKI orders UTU, the
sun god, to fill it with fresh water brought

up from the earth. Dilmun is thus turned into a divine garden.

In this garden 7 plants are created and grown by NINHURSAG only to
be eaten by ENKI, her consort.

Here is prove again that even as The Garden of Eden, Dilmun was
situated on a mountain or on another planet because Utu was ordered
to fill Dilmun with fresh water "brought

up from the Earth".

In The Bible we can read :

Gn:2:8: And the Lord God planted a garden eastward in Eden; and
there he put the man whom he had formed. Gn:2:9: And out of the
ground made the Lord God to grow every tree that is pleasant to the
sight, and good for food; the tree of life also in the midst of the
garden, and the tree of knowledge of good and evil.

Ninhursag, the Great Mother goddess, became angry with Enki,
because he had eaten seven magical plants which she had also
created. In punishment, she cursed seven parts of Enki's body, each
for one of the plants he had eaten.

The first curse was on his rib, another on his foot, and so on. As
Enki lay dying, the other gods begged Ninhursag to save him.
Eventually, she relented and affected his cure by means of seven
goddesses whom she magically created, each with the special power
to pronounce a blessing on one of his cursed parts.

So Ninhursag, the Great Mother goddess, became angry with Enki,
because he had eaten seven magical plants which she had created.

In The Bible we can read the same story but now that "The Lord God"
told Adam that he shall surely die when he eat of "The tree of the
knowledge of good and evil" :

Gn:2:16: And the Lord God commanded the man, saying, Of every tree
of the garden thou mayest freely eat: Gn:2:17: But of the tree of
the knowledge of good and evil, thou shalt not eat of it: for in
the day that thou eatest thereof thou shalt surely die.

Until now we see that often is spoken of 6 and 7 (Tablets, Days,
Plants etc.), again a parallel with the 7 days of creation in the
Bible.

The last of these seven special goddesses was Nin-ti, whose name
means "Lady of the Rib" or "Lady of Life", the suffix-ti meaning
both 'rib' and 'life' in the Sumerian language. It was she who
pronounced the blessing on his rib, the last blessing that restored
Enki fully to health.

The Goddess Nin-ti, who was last created by Ninhursag, was also
called "the lady of the rib" and "the lady of life", we can read in
the Bible the same about Eve :

In The Bible we can read the same story, only Ninhursag is not the
creator of Eve but "The Lord God" himself (Enki an Ninhursag later
created mankind together with the Goddess Ninmah as we will see
later):

Gn:2:18: And the Lord God said, It is not good that the man should
be alone; I will make him an help meet for him. Gn:2:21: And the
Lord God caused a deep sleep to fall upon Adam, and he slept: and
he took one of his ribs, and closed up the flesh instead thereof;
Gn:2:22: And the

rib, which the Lord God had taken from man, made he a woman, and
brought her unto the man. Gn:3:20: And Adam called his wife's name
Eve; because she was the mother of all living.

The goddess Nin-ti was indeed Eve from the Bible.

Echoes of this early story of an earthly paradise, with its motifs
of punishment for eating sacred plants, ribs, and life remained in
the biblical story of Genesis written thousands of years later.

In it the "Lady of the Rib" who is said to be "the mother of all
living", Eve (Hebrew Chavvah, meaning 'to cause to breath', the
causative form of Chavvah, 'to tell, to declare, to show, or to
breathe').

The Semitic empires of Mesopotamia (Acadian) that followed the
civilization of Sumer carried on this same basic story,
substituting, of course, the names of their own Semitic gods for
the original Sumerian players.

Believe it or not Moses had read the above stories in the libraries
of Egypt thousands of years after they were written, (most of the
tablets were still complete at that time), and he used and took
over most of the stories from the Sumerians and Acadians writing
them down in the Pentateuch but now with only "one" God (Yahweh).
______________________________________________________________

B. Babylonian Creation of the Earth

As mentioned above the Babylonians took over most of the religion
of the Sumerians and Acadians.

So, let us have a closer look to their religion too and we will see
that most of the Gods, places and creation myths are similar to the
Sumerians. They were clearly taken over from the Sumerians. Most of
the names of their Gods are the same as we will see later in this
chapter.

In the version of the Babylonians, whose civilization followed that
of Sumer, the primeval waters were personified as Apsu, the
primeval waters and the begetter, and his mate Tiamat, the mother
who was the dragon of the deep.

From the mating of these two came Lahmu and Lahamu, the god and
goddess of the silt of the Tigris and the Euphrates. From them came
gods of the horizon, Anshar who encircled the sky and his mate
Kishar who encircled the earth. From their mating arose Anu, god of
the sky and Nudimmud, also called Ea or Ea-Enki, lord of the earth.

It was Ea who subdued Apsu by singing a sacred song that lulled him
to sleep after he had become angered by the tumult and noise of the
other gods which prevented him and Tiamat from resting.

But Tiamat, the old dragon whose movements cause the chaotic
stirring of the ocean, resolved to avenge her husband Apsu, so she
gathered prowling monsters, serpents and great poisonous dragons as
an army and made Qingu, her second husband, the master of this
army. (1)

(1) Qingu was later punished for his rebellion and was slaughtered,
his blood was used to create the first creation of Humanity.

Neither An nor his son Ea (2) knew words of power strong enough to
make subdue Tiamat, but Ea's son Marduk (3), the patron god of the
city Babylon, took on the task of fighting Tiamat in return for his
being proclaimed king of the other gods. They gave him power to
destroy things with a word and made him their king. He, in turn,
took his bow, the rainbow that arches across the sky, and his
lightning arrows and made a great net to ensnare Tiamat, and riding
the winds of seven great storms he went to do battle with her. When
he threw his great net upon her, she opened her jaws to swallow
him, and the winds that Marduk controlled rushed into her mouth and
swelled her belly until it burst. Then Marduk cut Tiamat's body in
half and raised up one half to make the sky, leaving the other half
as the restless oceans.

Qingu
was executed for his role in inciting Tiamat, and from his blood
and arteries, Marduk formed the first man to work and serve the
gods.

Variations of this myth continued down to the time of the Hebrews
and the Monarchy and were drawn on especially by the post-Exile
writers who altered its form to fit their own religious vision.

(2) I mentioned already in chapter 8 that An and Anu were different
Gods and Ea (Enki) was a son of An, it was normal in most ancient
tablets that the Gods named themselves as children or parents of
each other, a way to say that they were relatives, the term "my
(our) children", "my (our) father", "my (our) brother" and "my
(our) sister" is often used in the Sumerian and Acadian tablets.

(3) In the Babylonian creation epic,

[27]the Enuma Elish, Marduk creates the earth and the sky that
covers it from the body of the goddess Tiamat, whom he killed by
sending Imhullu (a storm), the Wind, down her throat, piercing her
distended belly with an arrow, and finally smashing her skull. Upon
seeing this, the gods laughed out loud or, as Job has it, the
"Morning Stars [the Divine Assembly] shouted for joy".

notes [28]By Richley H. Crapo :

...The post-Babylonian Exile Elohist authors incorporated this war
between God and the waters of chaos into the first chapter of
Genesis, which begins by describing the chaotic conditions before
Elohim created the sky and the earth: "the earth was formless
[Hebrew, Tohuw] and void [Hebrew, Bohuw] and darkness covered the
face of the deep [Hebrew, Tehom] (4), while a wind [Hebrew, Ruach]
from Elohim swept over the face of the waters." Here we find Elohim
at war with Tiamat, her name represented by the Hebrew cognate
Tehom, the "Deep" and with her minions, the great dragons (Hebrew
tannin) that constantly stirred restlessly within its depths....

(4) Tahow is likely equal to the Babylonian name Lahmu, Bohuw equal
to Lahamu and Tehom equal to Tiamat.

In The Bible we can read :

Ps:74:13: Thou didst divide the sea by thy strength: thou brakest
the heads of the dragons in the waters. Ps:74:14: Thou brakest the
heads of leviathan in pieces, and gavest him to be meat to the
people inhabiting the wilderness.

Elohim, subdues the dragons of the deep and kills Leviathan, much
as Marduk kills Tiamat and Qingu: "Yet Elohim my King is from old,
working salvation in the earth. You divided Yam by your might; you
broke the heads of the dragons in the waters. You crushed the heads
of Leviathan; you gave him as food for the creatures of the
wilderness"

It should be noted that in verse 13 of this last quotation, the
common English rendition of "You divided the sea" adds the article
"the", which is absent in the Hebrew. The absence of the definite
article is consistent with the proper name of the Semitic sea god
Yamm (rather than "the ocean" as a generic term) being the
reference of this verse.

Though phrased in the future tense as a prophesy, the killing of
Leviathan by Yahweh in Isaiah 27:1 is even more reminiscent of
Marduk's cutting Tiamat asunder:

In The Bible we can read :

Is:27:1: In that day the Lord with his sore and great and strong
sword shall punish leviathan the piercing serpent, even leviathan
that crooked serpent; and he shall slay the dragon that is in the
sea.

"On that day Yahweh with his cruel and great and strong sword will
punish Leviathan the fleeing serpent, Leviathan the twisting
serpent, and he will kill the Dragon that is in the sea". Here the
"Dragon" is Tanniyn, the Hebrew version of the name of Tunnan who
was bound by Baal.

The Babylonian wind deity, Imhullu, appears as Ruach, the Divine
Wind, which translators have sometimes rendered as "the Spirit of
God". The post-Exile writers also refer to God's victories over the
allies of Tehom: "By his power he stilled the Sea; by his
understanding he struck down Rahab (another Canaanite name for
Tiamat).

In The Bible we can read :

Jb:26:12: He divideth the sea with his power, and by his
understanding he smiteth through the proud. Jb:26:13: By his spirit
he hath garnished the heavens; his hand hath formed the crooked
serpent.

By his wind the heavens were made fair; his hand pierced the
fleeing serpent"; "Was it not you who cut Rahab in pieces, who
pierced the Dragon (Hebrew, Tanniyn), i.e.

In the above quotes you can find evidence that, at first Moses, and
later the Jews replaced the names of several Gods with only one
"YAHWEH". (see also chapter 9).

I think you'll agree that, if you have three brothers, called John,
William and Marc, you don't use only one name (for instance Marc)
for all of them. If you do so nobody will understand about which of
them you are talking about.
______________________________________________________________

2. Creations of Humanity

In part 1 of my book I mentioned several times that there must be a
difference between Man and Men, we will see that also in the
Mesopotamian stories of Creation, there is indeed a difference, and
we'll see this by the earliest story of Earth and the creation of
the Gods and man.

1. The first Earthly creations were Demons, Monsters and "deformed"
beings. (most of them were later destroyed or died out before and
during the Flood). You can read more of them in the poem [29]Enki
and Ninmah, [30]The Seven Evil Spirits and many others.

2. The second creation of Humanity were "deformed" humans who could
not reproduce themselves. (they died out later before the Flood).
You can read more of them in the poem [31]Erra and Ishum. Most of
the first and second creations were worshipped as Demi-Gods by
Mankind.

3. The third creation of Humanity was called "Mankind" and they
were able to make children. The "earth-fathers" from Adam to Noah
belonged to this "creation". Some of them survived the Flood, their
children's age decreased very fast in a few thousand years. (See
the story in the Bible from Shem to Abraham.

In the story that follows we will see that the Gods created more
Creatures before the final Creation of Men, most of these first
creatures were "abnormal" beings and had a lot of "mistakes", in
body and mind.
______________________________________________________________

First and Second Earth Creation

Creation of abnormal beings.

The poem "Enki and Ninmah"

For the whole story in original form click

[32]Here and a new window will open.

This poem begins with the gods discussing their difficulties in
procuring their bread as they had to do all the work themselves.
They decided to ask ENKI to create some kind of worker to relieve
them. His mother NAMMU, the primeval sea and "the mother who gave
birth to all the gods" brings the "tears" of the gods to ENKI and
says:

O my son, rise from your bed, from your . . .work what is wise,
fashion servants of the gods . . .

ENKI
gives the matter some thought, leads forth a host of "good and
princely fashioners", and says to his mother:

O my mother, the creature whose name you uttered, it exists, Bind
upon it the image of the gods; Mix the heart of the clay that is
over the abyss, The good and princely fashioners will thicken the
clay, You, do you bring the limbs into existence; NINMAH will work
with you, the goddesses (of birth) . . . will stand by you at your
fashioning; O my mother, decree its fate, NINMAH will bind upon it
the image of the gods, It is man.

And Enki told his mother (Nammu) that the creatures whose name she
uttered already exists, but these creatures (Homo Habilis ?) were
still not useful as "workers", so Nammu bond the "image" of the
Gods on it and created a "new" race named "MAN". Further we can
read that Nammu is clearly another Goddess than Ninmah because
Ninmah works with Nammu, the mother of Enki.

As I mentioned already in earlier chapters here is, in my opinion,
clearly spoken of a gene mixing process with the existing creatures
(Homo Habilis ?) and the genes of the Gods, the "new" creatures
made from these gene mixing were called "MAN" (Homo Erectus ?).

In The Bible we can read the same story :

Gn:1:26: And God said, Let us make man in our image, after our
likeness: and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and
over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the
earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth.
Gn:1:27: So God created man in his own image, in the image of God
created he him; male and female created he them. Gn:2:5: And every
plant of the field before it was in the earth, and every herb of
the field before it grew: for the Lord God had not caused it to
rain upon the earth, and there was not a man to till the ground.
Gn:2:7: And the Lord God formed man of the dust of the ground, and
breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a
living soul.

ENKI
now arranges a feast for the gods in a section of the poem that
explains certain abnormal human types. (*) At this feast ENKI and
NINMAH drink too much wine. While in this state NINMAH takes some
of the clay that is over the abyss and fashions six different
abnormal individuals while ENKI decrees their fate and gives them
bread to eat. The descriptions of the last two imperfect types are
intelligible:

Before the creation of Man Enki and Ninmah created certain abnormal
human types

before creation of Man-1.

She (NINMAH) made into a woman who cannot give birth. ENKI, upon
seeing the woman who cannot give birth, Decreed her fate, destined
her to be stationed in the "woman house". She (NINMAH) made into
one who has no male organ, who has no female organ. ENKI
, upon seeing him who has no male organ, who has no female organ,
To stand before the king, decreed as his fate.

(*) Abnormal human types ?, Yes of course, Enki, Nammu and Ninmah
were experimenting with gene mixing and experimented as long as
needed to create a "creature" that fitted their needs. They should
fail at first.

You can imagine that some of these early "Creatures" were of a
"strange" look and skill and later on the Gods decided to destroy
them all. (see previous chapters regarding Cain and last but not
least the Giants, Serpents, half Human-Animal and other strange
creatures as mentioned in Myths and Sages from all over the world.
You can see for yourself that there are several stories talking
about the creation of Humanity who were abnormal humans.

And the Gods later on destroyed almost all "wrong" creatures from
the Earth during the Flood, but as we know already not all of them.
Some of them remained until historical times.
______________________________________________________________

Third Creation

A. Sumerian

Source: Dalley, Stephanie (1991) Myths from Mesopotamia: Creation,
The Flood, Gilgamesh and others. [33]Oxford University Press,
Oxford, New York.

After heaven had been moved away from earth, After earth had been
separated from heaven, After the name of man had been fixed,

After ANU carried off the heaven, After ENLIL carried off the earth
. . . When the gods instead of man did the work, bore the loads,
the gods load was too great, the work too hard, the trouble too
much, The great Anunnaki made the Igigi carry the workload
sevenfold.

Anu their father was king, Their counselor warrior Enlil, Their
chamberlain was Ninurta, Their canal-controller Ennugi. They took
the box of lots cast the lots; the gods made the division. Anu went
up to the sky, And Enlil took the earth for his people. The bolt
which bars the sea was assigned to far-sighted Enki. When Anu had
gone up to the sky, And the gods of the Apsu had gone below, The
Anunnaki of the sky Made the Igigi bear the workload. (1)

(1) You can read clearly here the difference between the Anunnaki
and the Igigi, the Anunnaki were the Gods of Heaven and the Igigi
the Gods of Earth (Apsu), together they were called the Gods of
Heaven and Earth.

Further is clear that Anu lived in Heaven (another planet) and
Enlil replaced him as the king of the Igigi on Earth but he
belonged to the "great" Anunnaki together with Anu, Enki and Ki.

The gods (Igigi) had to dig out canals, Had to clear channels, the
lifelines of the land. The gods dug out the Tigris river and then
dug out the Euphrates.

...in the deep ...they set up ...the Apsu ...of the land ...inside
it ...raised its top ...of all the mountains they were counting the
years of loads ...the great marsh, They were counting the years of
loads. For 3,600 years they bore the excess, Hard work, night and
day.

We will see later in the chapter 12 about "The Sumerian King list"
that the Sumerians named a period of 3,600 years a Sar and a period
of 600 years a Ner.

The Igigi groaned and blamed each other, Grumbled over the masses
of excavated soil: Let us confront our Chamberlain (Ninurta) and
get him to relieve us of our hard work! Come, let us carry the Lord
the counselor of the gods, the warrior from his dwelling.
Then...made his voice heard and spoke to the gods, his brothers:
Come, let us carry the counselor of the gods, the warrior, from his
dwelling. Come, let us carry Enlil, The counselor of the gods, the
warrior, from his dwelling. Now, cry battle! (2)

(2) In the Time of Yared, the sixth Earth-father, the Watchers came
to Earth and were divided in two groups, one of 200 and one of 600,
we will see later that the Igigi were indeed the Watchers from the
book of Enoch, the Arch Angels in the book of Jubilees and the
Angels in the Bible.

Further it should be clear for the reader that even the Gods were
violent because they prepared themselves for Battle.

Let us mix fight with battle! The gods listened to his speech, Set
fire to their tools, put aside their spades for fire, Their loads
for the fire-god. They flared up. When they reached the gate of
warrior Enlil's dwelling, It was night, the middle watch, The house
was surrounded, the god had not realized. When they reached the
gate of warrior Enlil's dwelling, It was night, the middle watch,
E-kur was surrounded, Enlil had not realized. Yet Kalkal was
attentive, and had it closed, He held the lock and watched the
gate. Kalkal roused Nusku. They listened to the noise of the Igigi.

Then Nusku roused his master (Enlil), Made him get out of bed: My
lord, your house is surrounded, A rabble is running around your
door! Enlil had weapons brought to his dwelling. Enlil made his
voice heard and spoke to the vizier Nusku, Nusku, bar your door,
Take up your weapons and stand in front of me. Nusku barred his
door took up his weapons and stood in front of Enlil. Nusku made
his voice heard and spoke to the warrior Enlil, 'O my lord, your
face is sallow as Tamarisk! Why do you fear your own sons? Send for
Anu to be brought down to you, have Enki fetched into your
presence. (3)

(3) Enlil was scared to dead for the Igigi, nevertheless he was
their leader and king and he decided to get help fro Anu and Enki.

He sent for Anu to be brought down to him, Enki was fetched into
his presence, Anu, king of the sky was present, Enki, king of the
Apsu attended. The great Anunnaki were present. Enlil got up and
the case was put.

Enlil made his voice heard and spoke to the great gods: Is it
against me that they have risen? Shall I do battle...? What did I
see with my own eyes? A rabble was running around my door! Anu made
his voice heard and spoke to the warrior Enlil, let Nusku go out
and find out the word of the Igigi Who have surrounded your door.

A command... To... Enlil made his voice heard and spoke to the
vizier Nusku, Nusku, open your door, take up your weapons and stand
before me! In the assembly of all the gods, Bow, then stand and
tell them, "Your father Anu, Your counselor, warrior Enlil, Your
chamberlain Ninurta and your canal-controller Ennugi have sent me
to say, Who is in charge of the rabble? Who is in charge of the
fighting? Who declared war? Who ran to the door of Enlil?" Nusku
opened his door, took up his weapons, went before Enlil In the
assembly of all the gods he bowed, then stood and told the message.
Your father Anu, You counselor warrior Enlil, Your chamberlain
Ninurta, and your canal controller Ennugi have sent me to say "Who
is in charge of the rabble? Who is in charge of the fighting? Who
declared war? Who ran to the door of Enlil?"

Enlil... Every single one of us declared war! We have put a stop to
the digging. The load is excessive, it is killing us! Our work is
too hard, the trouble too much! So every single one of us gods has
agreed to complain to Enlil, Nusku took his weapons went and
returned to Ellil My lord, you sent me to... I went... I
explained...

Saying "every single one of us gods declared war, we have put a
stop to the digging. The load is excessive, it is killing us! Our
work is too hard, the trouble too much, So every single one of us
gods has agreed to complain to Enlil!" Enlil listened to that
speech. His tears flowed. Enlil spoke guardedly, Addressed the
warrior Anu,

Noble one, take a decree with you to the sky, show your strength,
While the Anunnaki are sitting before you call up one god and let
them cast him for destruction. (4)

(4) Enlil was very afraid for the Igigi rebels and tried to give
the blame to one God only but he asked his father Anu to do the
dirty work for him.

Anu made his voice heard and spoke to the gods his brothers, What
are we complaining of? Their work was indeed too hard, their
trouble was too much. Every day the Earth resounded. The warning
signal was loud enough, we kept hearing the noise. ...do ...tasks.

While the Anunnaki are sitting before you and while Belet-Ili the
womb goddess is present, Call up one and cast him for destruction!
Anu made his voice heard and spoke to Nusku Nusku, open your door,
take up your weapons, Bow in the assembly of the great gods, then
stand and tell them... "Your father Anu, your counselor warrior
Enlil, Your chamberlain Ninurta and your canal controller Ennugi
Have sent me to say "Who is in charge of the rabble? Who will be in
charge of battle? Which god started the war? A rabble was running
around my door! When Nusku heard this, He took up his weapons,
Bowed in the assembly of the great gods, then stood and told them
Your father Anu, your counselor warrior Enlil, Your chamberlain
Ninurta and your canal controller Ennugi Have sent me to say, "Who
is in charge of the rabble? Who is in charge of the fighting? Which
god started the war? A rabble was running around Enlil's door!

Enki made his voice heard and spoke to the gods his brothers, Why
are we blaming them? Their work was too hard, their trouble was too
much. Every day the earth resounded. The warning signal was loud
enough, we kept hearing the noise. There is... Belet-Ili the womb
goddess is present- Let her create a mortal man so that he may bear
the yoke... So that he may bear the yoke, the work of Enlil, Let
man bear the load of the gods! (5)

(5) Anu and Enki choose the site of the Igigi and blamed Enlil for
the hard workload of the Igigi, the reader can see here an example
of the friendly mood of Enki against Mankind. (it's like the love
of a father for his children).

Belet-Ili the womb goddess is present, Let the womb goddess create
offspring, and let them bear the load of the gods! They called up
the goddess, asked The midwife of the gods, wise Mami, You are the
womb-goddess, to be the creator of Mankind! Create a mortal, that
he may bear the yoke! Let him bear the yoke, the work of Enlil Let
him bear the load of the gods! Nintu made her voice heard and spoke
to the great gods, On the first, seventh, and fifteenth of the
month I shall make a purification by washing. Then one god should
be slaughtered. And the gods can be purified by immersion. Nintu
shall mix the clay with his flesh and blood.

Then a god and a man will be mixed together in clay. (6) Let us
hear the drumbeat forever after, Let a ghost come into existence
from the god's flesh, Let her proclaim it as her living sign, and
let the ghost exist so as not to forget the slain god. They
answered "yes" in the assembly, The great Anunnaki who assign the
fates.

(6) A God and a Man-1 were mixed together in clay, so Man-1 already
existed before they were created ??, now you can see for yourself
that there is indeed a difference between Man-1 and Man-2, namely :
Man-2 were the children of the Igigi (the Watchers in Enoch, Angels
in the Bible en Jubilees) and possibly the children of Homo
Erectus, see the story in Genesis 6.

In my opinion Man-2 (the children of the Igigi and Man-1) learned
to live a more or less civilized life under supervision of the
Igigi who teaches them to use tools, make fire and they learned
them to cultivate their land. See also the story in Genesis about
Yared and his children, Jubal, Jabal and Tubalkain and the children
of Cain.

On the first, seventh, and fifteenth of the month He made a
purification by washing. Geshtu-e, a god who had intelligence, They
slaughtered in their assembly. Nintu mixed clay with his flesh and
blood.

They heard the drumbeat forever after. A ghost came into existence
from the god's flesh, and she proclaimed it as his living sign. The
ghost existed so as not to forget the slain god. After she had
mixed that clay, she called up the Anunnaki, the great gods. The
Igigi, the great gods, spat spittle upon the clay Mami made her
voice heard and spoke to the great gods, I have carried out
perfectly the work that you ordered of me. You have slaughtered a
god together with his intelligence. I have relieved you of your
hard work, I have imposed your load on Man.

You have bestowed noise on man, You have bestowed noise on mankind.
(7) I have undone the fetter and granted freedom. They listened to
the speech of hers, And were freed from anxiety, and kissed her
feet: We used to call you Mami, But now your name shall be Mistress
of All Gods. Far sighted Enki and wise Mami went into the room of
fate.

(7) Noise ? what is the meaning of this word, is it possible that
Man-1 could not speak before ?, Yes it is, so the Gods created
Man-2 who were able to speak.

Prove of that will be given later when we read the
Acadian/Babylonian flood story, called "The Story of Atrahasis"
about the noise Mankind made and they disturbed the sleep of Enlil.
They were punished several times due to the noise they made and
finally they were flooded and they almost died out.

The womb-goddesses were assembled. He (Enki) trod the clay in her
(Mami) presence; She kept reciting an incantation, For Enki,
staying in her presence, made her recite it when she had finished
her incantation, She pinched off fourteen pieces of clay, And set
seven pieces on the right, Seven on the left.

Between them she put down a mud brick. She made use of a reed,
opened it to cut the umbilical cord, Called up the wise and
knowledgeable Womb goddesses, seven and seven. Seven created males,
Seven created females, For the womb goddess is creator of fate. (8)

(8) The attended reader has already noticed that the above story is
an exact description of the procedure doctors use at present time
to inseminate the ovum of a female with sperm of a male.

He...them two by two, ...them two by two in her presence. Mami made
these rules for people: In the house of a woman who is giving birth
The mud brick shall be put down for seven days. Belet-Ili, wise
Mami shall be honored. The midwife shall rejoice in the house of
the woman who gives birth and when the woman gives birth to the
baby, The mother of the baby shall sever herself.

A man to a girl... ...her bosom a beard can be seen on a young
man's cheek. In gardens and waysides a wife and her husband choose
each other. The womb goddesses were assembled and Nintu was
present. they counted the months, called up the tenth month as the
term of fates. When the tenth month came, she slipped in a staff
and opened the womb. (9)

(9) Again an exact description of the sever of mother and baby, the
gestation of nine months, the preparation of an operation-room
including the operation staff and the Caesarian birth of a baby.

Her face was glad and joyful. She covered her head, performed the
midwifery, put on her belt, said a blessing. She made a drawing in
flour and put down a mud brick: I myself created it, my hands made
it.

The midwife shall rejoice in the house of the Qadistu-priestess.
Whenever a woman gives birth and the baby's mother severs herself,
the mud brick shall be put down for nine days. Nintu the womb
goddess shall be honored. She shall call their ..."Mami" She shall
... the womb goddess, lay down the linen cloth.

When the bed is laid out in their house, A wife and her husband
shall choose each other. Inanna shall rejoice in the wife-husband
relationship In the father-in-law's house. Celebration shall last
for nine days, and they shall call Inanna "Ishhara". On the
fifteenth day, the fixed time of fate She shall call...

fragmentary

A man... Clean the home... The son to his father... They sat and...
He was carrying... He saw... Enlil... They took hold of... Made new
picks and spades, made big canals, To feed people and sustain the
gods.

We can read above that the Gods instructed Man how to handle when a
child is born.

Much later

Men was created due to the intervention of Enki and Ninmah with
intelligence and the possibility to speak because they were a
mixture of Man and an intelligent God (Geshtu-e), so was born
Neanderthaler and later on shortly before or after the flood Homo
Sapiens, our real Ancestors.
______________________________________________________________

Another Creation story

B. Babylonian

From the Babylonian Creation Epic "[34]Enuma Elish"

This long poem was written principally in the twelfth century BCE
to celebrate the city of Babylon. It recounts the creation of the
universe and the events that lead up to the building of Babylon,
home for the gods.

The oldest version is very fragmentary preserved but another copy
evolved from Babylonian myths and the text that it is taken from is
Assyrian, an empire that followed the Babylonians.

You can read both :

Babylonian version (fragmented preserved)

Assyrian version

Tablet VI

When Marduk hears the words of the gods, His heart prompts (him) to
fashion artful works. Opening his mouth, he addresses Ea to impart
the plan he had conceived in his heart: "Blood I will mass and
cause bones to be. I will establish a savage," 'man' shall be his
name. Verily, savage-man I will create. He shall be charged with
the service of the gods That they might be at case! The ways of the
gods I will artfully alter. Though alike revered, into two (groups)
they shall be divided."

Now that Marduk has heard what it is the gods are saying, he is
moved with desire to create a work of consummate art. He told Ea
the deep thought in his heart. 'Blood to blood I join, blood to
bone I from an original thing, its name is MAN, aboriginal man is
mine in making. 'All his occupations are faithful service, the gods
that fell have rest, I will subtly alter their operations, divided
companies equally blest.'

Ea answered him, speaking a word to him, Giving him another plan
for the relief of the gods: "Let but one of their brothers be
handed over; He alone shall perish that mankind may be fashioned."
Let the ear gods be here in Assembly, Let them over that they may
endure."

Ea answered with carefully chosen words, completing the plan for
the gods' comfort. He said to Marduk, 'Let one of the kindred be
taken; only one need die for the new creation. Bring the gods
together in the Great Assembly; there let the guilt die, so the
rest may live.'

Marduk e great gods to Assembly; Presiding" graciously, he issues
instructions. To his utterance the gods pay heea." The king
addresses a word to the Anunnaki: "If your former statement was
true, Do (now) the truth on oath by me declare!" Who was it that
contrived the uprising, And made Tiamat rebel, and joined battle.
Let him be handed over who contrived the uprising. His guilt I will
make him bear. You shall dwell in peace l"

Marduk called the Great Gods to the Synod; he presided courteously,
he gave instructions and all of them listened with grave attention.
The king speaks to the rebel gods, 'Declare on your oath if ever
before you spoke the truth, who instigated rebellion? Who stirred
up Tiamat? Who led the battle? Let the instigator of war be handed
over; guilt and retribution are on him, and peace will be yours for
ever.'

The Igigi, the great gods, replied to him, To Lugal-dimmer-ankia
("The king of the gods of heaven and earth, Enlil)," counselor of
the gods, their lord:" "It was Kingu who contrived the uprising,
And made Tiamat rebel, and joined battle."

The great Gods answered the Lord of the Universe, the king and
counselor of gods, 'It was Kingu who instigated rebellion, he
stirred up that sea of bitterness and led the battle for her.

They bound him, holding him before Ea. They imposed on him his
guilt and severed his blood (vessels). Out of his blood they
fashioned mankind. He" imposed the service and let free the gods.

They declared him guilty, they bound and held him down in front of
Ea, they cut his arteries and from his blood they created man; and
Ea imposed his servitude.

After Ea, the wise, had created mankind, Had imposed upon it the
service of the gods That work was beyond comprehension; As artfully
planned by Marduk, did Nudimmud create it.

When it was done, when Ea in his wisdom had created man and man's
burden, this thing was past comprehension, this marvel of subtlety
conceived by Marduk and executed by Nudimmud.

Marduk, the king of the gods divided All the Anunnaki above and
below." He assigned (them) to Anu to guard his instructions. Three
hundred in the heavens he stationed as a guard. In like manner the
ways of the earth he defined. In heaven and on earth six hundred
(thus) he settled.

Then Marduk, as king, divided the gods: one host below and another
above, three hundred above for the watchers of heaven, watchers of
the law of Anu; five times sixty for earth, six hundred gods
between earth and heaven.

After he had ordered all the instructions, To the Anunnaki of
heaven and earth had allotted their portions, The Anunnaki opened
their mouths. And said to Marduk, their lord: "Now," 0 lord, thou
who hast caused our deliverance, What shall be our homage to thee?
Let us build a shrine whose name shall be called 'Lo' a chamber for
our nightly rest; let us repose in it. Let us build a throne, a
recess for his abode!" On the day that we arrive" we shall repose
in it."

When universal law was set up and the gods allotted their calling,
then the Anunnaki, the erstwhile fallen, opened their mouths to
speak to Marduk: 'Now that you have freed us and remitted our labor
how shall we make a return for this? Let us build a temple and call
it THE-INN-OF-REST-BY-NIGHT 'There we will sleep at the season of
the year, at the Great Festival when we from the Assembly; we will
build alters for him, we will build the Parakku, the Sanctuary.'

When Marduk heard this, Brightly glowed his features, like the day:
"Like that of lofty Babylon, whose building you have requested, Let
its brickwork be fashioned. You shall name it "The Sanctuary."'

When Marduk heard this his face shone like broad day: 'Tall Babel
Tower, it shall be built as you desire; bricks shall be set in
molds and you shall name it Parakku, the Sanctuary.'
The Anunnaki applied the implement; For one whole year they molded
bricks. When the second year arrived, They raised high the head" of
E-sagila (the temple of Marduk) equalling Apsu."

The Anunnaki gods took up the tools, one whole year long they set
bricks in molds; by the second year they had raised its head
E-SAGILA, it towered, the earthly temple, the symbol of infinite
heaven.
Having built a stage-tower as high as Apsu, They set up in it an
abode for Marduk, Enlil, (and) Ea In their presence he adorned (it)
in grandeur."' To the base of E-sharra...(the sky dome of the
firmament) its horns look down. After they had achieved the
building of E-sagila, The Anunnaki themselves erected their shrines
all of them gathered, they had built as his dwelling.

When that building was finished the Anunnaki built themselves
chapels; then all came in together and Marduk set out the banquet.
'This is Babylon, "dear city of god" your beloved home! The length
and breadth are ours, posses it, enjoy it, it is your own.'
The gods, his fathers, at his banquets' he seated: "This is
Babylon, the place that is your home! 'O' Make merry in its
precincts occupy its broad [places]."" The great gods took their
seats, They set up festive drink, sat down to a banquet. After they
had made merry within it, The norms had been fixed (and) all
[their] portents, All the gods apportioned the stations of heaven
and earth. 'O' The fifty great gods took their seats. The seven
gods of destiny set up the three hundred [in heaven]."'

When all the gods sat down together there was wine and feasting and
laughter; and after the banquet in beautiful E-sagila they
performed the liturgy from which the universe receives its
structure, the occult is made plain, and through the universe gods
are assigned their places.
Enlil raised the bo[w, his wea]pon,"' and laid (it) before them.
The gods, his fathers, saw the net he had made. When they beheld
the bow, how skilful its shape, His fathers praised the work he had
wrought. Raising (it), Anu spoke up in the Assembly of the gods, As
he kissed the bow: "This is my daughter!" He named the names of the
bow as follows: "Longwood is the first, the second is [... ] ; Its
third name is Bow-Star, in heaven I have made (go) it shine."

(Lines 86-i 12, hitherto largely or wholly destroyed,

When the Fifty Great Gods had sat down with the Seven who design
the immutable nature of things, they raised up three hundred into
heaven. It was then too that Enlil lifted the bow of Marduk and
laid it in front of them. He also lifted the net; they praised the
workmanship now that they saw the intricacy of the net and the
beauty of the bow. Anu lifted the bow and kissed it, he said before
all the gods, 'This is my daughter.' And this was the naming of the
bow- 'One is for Long-wood, two for the Rain-bow, three is for
Starry-bow glittering above.' And Starry-bow was a god among gods.
When Anu had pronounced the bow's triple destiny he lifted up the
king's throne and set Marduk above in the gods' Assembly. Among
themselves they uttered an execration, by oil and by water,
pricking their throats, to abide its fate on pain of death.

"Most exalted be the Son, our avenger; Let his sovereignty be
surpassing, having no rival. May he shepherd the black-headed
ones,"' his creatures. To the end of days, without forgetting, let
them acclaim his ways. May he establish for his fathers the great
food-offerings; Their support they shall furnish, shall tend their
sanctuaries. May he cause incense to be smelled, . . . their
spells, A likeness on earth of what he has wrought in heaven. May
he order the black-headed to re[ vere him], May the subjects ever
bear in mind their god, And may they at his word. pay heed... to
the goddess. May food-offerings be home for their gods and
goddesses. Without fail let them support their gods! Their lands
let them improve, build their shrines, Let the black-headed wait on
their gods. As for us, by however many names we pronounce, he is
our god! Let us then proclaim his fifty names:...

They ratified his authority as King of Kings, Lord of the Lords of
the Universe. Anshar praised him, he called him ASARLUHI, the name
that is first, the highest name.
'We will wait and listen, we bend and worship his name! His word is
the last appeal his writ will run from the zenith to the pit. All
glory to the son, our avenger! His empire has no end, shepherd of
men, he made them his creatures to the last of time, they must
remember. He shall command hecatombs, for the gods, they shall
commend food, for the fathers, and cherish the sanctuary where the
odor of incense and whisper of liturgy echo on earth the customs of
heaven. Black-headed men will adore him on earth, the subjected
shall remember their god, at his word they shall worship the
goddess. Let offerings of food not fail for god and goddess, at his
command. Let them serve the gods, at his command, work their lands,
build their houses. Let black-headed men serve the gods on earth
without remission; while as for us, in the multitude of his names
he is our god. Let us hail him in his names, let us hail him by his
fifty names, one god.'

The conclusion can be made that the older Babylonian version has
been preserved by the route of the later Assyrian version. Both
versions are nearly equal including the Names of most of the Gods.

The epic ends after 50 names are given to Marduk with an
increasable statement when Ea tells the other Gods " The Great Gods
have glorified my son,

he is Ea, names by my name, he will execute my will and direct my
rites. ", As mentioned in chapter 9, I am sure that Ea (Enki) and
Marduk were one and the same God.
______________________________________________________________

3. The Mesopotamian Flood Stories

The tale of the flood, of Sumerian origin, predates other versions
of the same phenomenon, which seemed to have affected a large area
of the Near East in ancient times.

Four different Mesopotamian stories of the flood have survived:

A. The Sumerian Flood Story.

The earliest presentation of the Deluge is the Sumerian one which
dates from as early as the third millennium B.C. This presentation,
which has been preserved by a Sumerian tablet, is of fundamental
importance, but it has not received the attention it deserves
because of the timing of its discovery and because of the condition
of the cuneiform tablet that preserves it. Most of this oldest
Sumerian tablet is destroyed but I like to include two fragmentary
survived tablets because it is important to read what is left over
because of its historical importance.

B. The Acadian Flood story

C. The Eridu Genesis.

Details in these stories, such as the placing of animals in the
ark, the landing of the ark on a mountain, and the sending forth of
birds to see whether the waters had receded, indicate clearly that
these stories are intimately related to the biblical flood story
and, indeed, that the Mesopotamian and biblical accounts of the
flood represent different retellings of an essentially identical
flood tradition.

D. The eleventh tablet of Gilgamesh (see chapter 7).

I'll limit my comments only to the first three stories because they
are older than the Babylonian and because of that more accurate and
pure.
______________________________________________________________

A. The Sumerian Flood story

The Sumerian Flood Story has survived in a very fragmentary state.
The longest uninterrupted section of the surviving text of the
Sumerian presentation is composed of the bottom of column III and
the top of column IV. In Kramer's translation it reads

Segment C

The flood . . . Thus was treated . . . Then did NINTU weep like a .
. . , The pure INANNA set up a lament for its people, ENKI took
counsel with himself, AN, ENLIL, ENKI, and NINHURSAG . . . , The
gods of heaven and earth uttered the name of AN and ENLIL. (1)

(1) The conclusion can be made that even the Gods were afraid for
the coming Flood.

Then did Ziusudra (Uta-Napishtim), the king, the pashishu (2) of .
. . , Build a giant . . . , Humbly, obediently, reverently he . . .
, Attending daily, constantly he . . ., Bringing forth all kinds of
dreams, he . . . , Uttering the name of heaven and earth, he . . .
. . . the gods a wall . . . , Ziusudra, standing at its side,
listened.

(2) A class of priest who prepared and applied ointments of Anu)

Stand by the wall at my (Enki) left side . . . , By the wall I will
say a word to you, take my word, Give ear to my instructions: By
our . . . a flood will sweep over the cult centers; To destroy the
seed of mankind . . . , Is the decision, the word of the assembly
of the gods. By the word commanded by AN and ENLIL . . . Its
kingship, its rule (will be put to an end). (3)

(3) Here you can read the same story as in the Bible about Noah and
the Flood.

Gn:6:13: And God said unto Noah, The end of all flesh is come
before me; for the earth is filled with violence through them; and,
behold, I will destroy them with the earth.

The next 40 lines are missing. (4)

(4) When we compare this old tablet with the Acadian/Babylonian one
about the Flood we know what was written in these missing lines
(see later) " Enki instructed Ziusudra to build an Ark to survive
the flood.

In the Bible we can read :

Gn:6:14: Make thee an ark of gopher wood; rooms shalt thou make in
the ark, and shalt pitch it within and without with pitch. Gn:6:15:
And this is the fashion which thou shalt make it of: The length of
the ark shall be three hundred cubits, the breadth of it fifty
cubits, and the height of it thirty cubits.

All the windstorms, exceedingly powerful, attacked as one, At the
same time, the flood sweeps over the cult centers. After, for seven
days and seven nights, The flood had swept over the land, And the
huge boat had been tossed about by the windstorms on the great
waters, UTU came forth, who sheds light on heaven and earth,
Ziusudra opened a window on the huge boat, The hero UTU brought his
rays into the giant boat.

Ziusudra
, the king, Prostrated himself before UTU, The king kills an ox,
slaughters a sheep.

About 39 lines are missing.

AN
and ENLIL uttered 'breath of heaven", "breath of earth", by their .
. . it stretched itself, Vegetation, coming up out of the earth,
rises up. Ziusudra, the king, Prostrated himself before AN and
ENLIL. AN and ENLIL cherished Ziusudra, Life like a god they gave
him: Breath eternal like a god they bring down for him. Then,
Ziusudra the king, The preserver of the name of vegetation and of
the seed of mankind, In the land of crossing, the land of Dilmun,
the place where the sun rises, they caused to dwell. (5)

(5) In this part of the tablet is clearly spoken that Dilmun was
situated in the land of the "crossing" where the sun rises, a
"land" that should be situated east of Sumer (Iran, Afghanistan,
Pakistan or an land somewhere in the Great Ocean (Mu ?). As I
mentioned above by the Poem of Enki and Ninmah and in earlier
chapters Dilmun was in my opinion not situated on Earth but on
another planet somewhere in our solar system. Its for sure that its
in contradiction with the theory of scholars that Dilmun can be
identified with Bahrain in the Persian Gulf.
______________________________________________________________

B. The Acadian Flood Story

This version dates from about 1,900 BCE. The only difference
between the Oldest known version and this one is that Ziusudra is
now named Zi-ud-sura. This version has also a lot of gaps but the
preserved parts give the information we lacked in the first, older,
version. it reads:
From [35]The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature

Segment A

approximately 36 lines missing

...... sets up ....... "I will ...... the perishing of my mankind;
for Nintud, I will stop the annihilation of my creatures, and I
will return the people from their dwelling grounds. Let them build
many cities so that I can refresh myself in their shade. Let them
lay the bricks of many cities in pure places, let them establish
places of divination in pure places, and when the fire-quenching
...... is arranged, the divine rites and exalted powers are
perfected and the earth is irrigated, I will establish well-being
there."

After An, Enlil, Enki and Ninhursaja had fashioned the black-headed
people, they also made animals multiply everywhere, and made herds
of four-legged animals exist on the plains, as is befitting. (1)

(1) It is a pity that most of the beginning of this story is
destroyed but we can imagine that this part of the tablets speaks
of the creation of mankind. At the end of the tablet we are told
that the Gods fashioned the Black headed People ?, who were they ?.
The Sumerians called themselves "sag gi(r) ga", "The Black headed
ones" and believed they were "Children of God"

We have in this case still one problem, why were they called Black
headed ?. Because of their skin or the color of their hair ?. Some
scholars believe that the Sumerians were originally from Asian
origin, somewhere from India or Pakistan. In my opinion they were
indeed black, so the God who created them was black too. Was he ?.
Yes as we have seen by the story of Lamech and his "snow white" son
Noah (chapter 6 and 7).

As you could read already before there were more Gods and they all
created man after their own image. (Ninhursag the mother Goddess
herself created seven different "workers" with the help of Enki and
his mother Nammu). Is that the explanation of the different human
races of today ?. YES it is.

approximately 32 lines missing

Segment B

further too fragmentary for translation

" I will oversee their labour. Let ........ the builder of the
Land, dig a solid foundation."

A break of 37 lines.

After the ...... of kingship had descended from heaven, after the
exalted crown and throne of kingship had descended from heaven, the
divine rites and the exalted powers were perfected, the bricks of
the cities were laid in holy places, their names were announced and
the ...... were distributed. The first of the cities, Eridug, was
given to Nudimmud (Enki) the leader. The second, Bad-tibira, was
given to the Mistress (possibly Ki). The third, Larag, was given to
Pabilsaj (Ninurta). The fourth, Zimbir, was given to hero Utu
(Shamash). The fifth, Curupppag, was given to Sud (Unknown,
probably Nintu or Inanna). And after the name of these cities had
been announced and the ...... had been distributed, the river
......, ...... was watered, and with the cleansing of the small
canals ...... were established.

This is likely a part of the story before the Flood. The kingship
was lowered from heaven, to Earth, but how long ago ?. Who were the
cities and their kings ?. We will see that in the next chapters.

approximately 34 lines missing

Segment C

......seat in heaven. ...... flood. ...... mankind. So he made
....... Then Nintud ....... Holy Inana made a lament for its
people. Enki took counsel with himself. An, Enlil, Enki and
Ninhursaja made all the gods of heaven and earth take an oath by
invoking An and Enlil. In those days Zi-ud-sura the king, the gudu
priest, (2) ....... He fashioned ....... The humble, committed,
reverent ....... Day by day, standing constantly at .......
Something that was not a dream appeared, conversation ......,
...... taking an oath by invoking heaven and earth. In the Ki-ur,
the gods ...... a wall. Zi-ud-sura, standing at its side, heard:
"Side-wall standing at my left side, ....... Side-wall, I will
speak words to you; take heed of my words, pay attention to my
instructions. A flood will sweep over the ...... in all the .......
A decision that the seed of mankind is to be destroyed has been
made. The verdict, the word of the divine assembly, cannot be
revoked. The order announced by An and Enlil cannot be overturned.
Their kingship, their term has been cut off; their heart should be
rested about this. Now ....... What ......."

(2) Zi-ud-sura the King, the gudu priest, is often identified with
Ziusudra, Atrahasis and Uta-Napishtim. His father was Ubara-tutu,
the eighth king in the Sumerian King list who ruled for 18,600
years. It is possible that Ubaru-tutu can be identified as Lamech,
the father of Noah, in the Bible.

approximately 38 lines missing

Segment D

All the windstorms and gales arose together, and the flood swept
over the ....... After the flood had swept over the land, and waves
and windstorms had rocked the huge boat for seven days and seven
nights, Utu the sun-god came out, illuminating heaven and earth.
Zi-ud-sura could drill an opening in the huge boat and hero Utu
entered the huge boat with his rays. Zi-ud-sura the king prostrated
himself before Utu. The king sacrificed oxen and offered
innumerable sheep. (3)

too fragmentary for translation
approximately 33 lines missing

(3) Zi-ud-sura prostrated himself first before Utu, a resemblance
to the Sun. Later to An and Enlil "real" Gods.

Segment E

"They have made you swear by heaven and earth, ....... An and Enlil
have made you swear by heaven and earth, ......." (4)

(4) Likely is Enlil talking to Enki because he broke the oath not
to tell man the the Flood should come.

More and more animals disembarked onto the earth. Zi-ud-sura the
king prostrated himself before An and Enlil. An and Enlil treated
Zi-ud-sura kindly ......, they granted him life like a god, they
brought down to him eternal life. At that time, because of
preserving the animals and the seed of mankind, they settled
Zi-ud-sura the king in an overseas country, in the land Dilmun,
where the sun rises.

"You ......."

approximately 39 lines missing

Most of what is written above is destroyed but we can read in later
versions of the same story on tablets found in Babylonia the same
story with the missing details from above.
______________________________________________________________

The Eridu Genesis

This tablet describes a huge boat commanded by a king named
Ziusudra, who was preserving vegetation and the seed of humankind.
His boat was "tossed about by the windstorms on the great waters."
When the storm subsided, the god Utu -- the sun -- came forward and
shed light on heaven and earth. The good king Ziusudra opened a
window on the boat and let in light from Utu. Then Ziusudra
prostrated himself before Utu and sacrificed an ox and a sheep for
the god. (see also chapter 6 about the Flood)

See [36]The Eridu Genesis
______________________________________________________________

The Acadian/Babylonian Creation of Humanity called "Mankind".

[37][LINK] 

[38]

http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/

The Babylonian Epic of Atrahasis, named after its human hero,
written between 1,900 BCE. and 1700 BCE. is an ancient Primeval
History of Man which relates the story of man from the events that
resulted in his creation until after the flood. The recent recovery
of this epic has enormous importance for understanding the great
cosmological cycle of Genesis 1-9, for it enables us to appreciate
the major themes of this cycle from a new perspective.

This is the slightly later Acadian version of the flood story and
the creation of humanity and fits between the Sumerian version and
the Babylonian version in "the Epic of Gilgamesh". and from the
book "The Treasures of Darkness" by Thorkild Jacobsen, Yale
University. Press, 1967).

Short description of the Epic :

In its cosmology, heaven is ruled by the god Anu, earth by Enlil,
and the freshwater ocean by Enki. Enlil set the lesser gods to work
farming the land and maintaining the irrigation canals. After forty
years they refused to work any longer. Enki, also the wise
counselor to the gods, proposed that humans be created to assume
the work. The goddess Ki (Mami) made humans by shaping clay mixed
with saliva and the blood of the under-god We, who was slain for
this purpose.

The human population worked and grew, but so did the noise they
made. Because it disturbed Enlil's sleep, he decided to destroy the
human race.

First he sent a plague, then a famine followed by a drought, and
lastly a flood.

Each time Enki forewarned Atrahasis, enabling him to survive the
disaster. He gave Atrahasis seven days warning of the flood and
told him to build a boat. Atrahasis loaded it with animals and
birds and his own possessions. Though the rest of humanity
perished, he survived. When the gods realized they had destroyed
the labor force that had produced food for their offerings they
regretted their actions. The story breaks off at this point, so we
learn nothing of the boat's landing or the later Atrahasis.

In the Bible we can read the same story and now Atrahasis is named
Noah :

Gn:6:11: The earth also was corrupt before God, and the earth was
filled with violence. Gn:6:12: And God looked upon the earth, and,
behold, it was corrupt; for all flesh had corrupted his way upon
the earth. Gn:6:13: And God said unto Noah, The end of all flesh is
come before me; for the earth is filled with violence through them;
and, behold, I will destroy them with the earth. Gn:6:14: Make thee
an ark of gopher wood; rooms shalt thou make in the ark, and shalt
pitch it within and without with pitch.

The names of the Gods in this Epic are the same as the older
tablets, of which most are lost, only the name of the king Ziusudra
(Uta-Napishtim) is changed to Atrahasis but even Scholars agree
that these names are all the same person.

The Atrahasis

When the Gods did the work they grew weary and decided to create
man. This concept appears in all legalism.

When ILU ( ENLIL) was the boss they (the gods) were burdened with
toil, lugged the work basket; the god's work basket . . . was big,
so that the toil was heavy, great the straits.

ENLIL
, having charge of the earth put the other gods to work digging the
Euphrates and Tigris rivers. Tired of their condition and at the
instigation of one of the gods they burned their tools one night
and surrounded Enlil's house. ENLIL was alarmed and sent for AN and
ENKI. After the striking gods told them that the work was killing
them and that they would not continued ENLIL burst into tears and
offered his resignation. ENKI then proposed a compromise. They
would create man to bear the burden to that the gods would be free.

With the birth goddess, NINTUR, ENKI used the flesh and blood of
the strike's ringleader (killed by the other gods) to fashion clay
into 7 male and 7 female embryos in the "house of destiny". After 9
months humanity was born and put to work.

600 years, less than 600, passed (after creation of mankind), and
the country was as noisy as a bellowing bull.

The god grew restless at their racket, Ellil had to listen to their
noise. He addressed the great gods, The noise of mankind has become
too much, I am losing sleep over their racket. Give the order that
Suruppu-disease shall break out.

Now there was one Atrahasis whose ear was open to his god Enki. He
would speak with his god and his god would speak with him.
Atrahasis made his voice heard and spoke to his lord, how long will
the gods make us suffer? Will they make us suffer illness forever?
Enki made his voice heard and spoke to his servant:

The same story as in Jubilees Noah got medicine for their deceases
:

Chapter 10. 10 'And one of us (Angels) He commanded that we should
teach Noah all their medicines; for He knew that they would not
walk in uprightness, nor strive in righteousness. 11 And we did
according to all His words: all the malignant evil ones we bound in
the place of condemnation and a tenth part of them we left that
they might be subject before Satan on the earth. 12 And we
explained to Noah all the medicines of their diseases, together
with their seductions, how he might heal them with herbs of the
earth. 13 And Noah wrote down all things in a book as we instructed
him concerning every kind of medicine. Thus the evil spirits were
precluded from (hurting) the sons of Noah. 14 And he gave all that
he had written to Shem, his eldest son; for he loved him
exceedingly above all his sons.

Call the elders, the senior men! Start an uprising in your own
house, let the heralds proclaim... Let them make a loud noise in
the land: Do not revere your gods, Do not pray to your goddesses,
But search out the door of Namtar. Bring as baked loaf into his
presence.
May the flour offerings reach him. May he be shamed by the presents
and wipe away his hand.

Atrahasis took the order, Gathered the elders to his door.
Atrahasis made his voice heard and spoke to the elders: I have
called the elders, the senior men! Start an uprising in your own
house, Let the heralds proclaim... Let them make a loud noise in
the land: Do not revere your gods, Do not pray to your goddesses,
But search out the door of Namtar. Bring as baked loaf into his
presence.

May the flour offerings reach him. May he be shamed by the presents
and wipe away his hand. The elders listened to his speech; They
built a temple for Namtar in the city. Heralds proclaimed... They
made a loud noise in the land. They did not revere their god, they
did not pray to their goddess, But searched out the door of Namtar,
Brought a baked loaf into his presence The flour offerings reached
him.

And he was shamed by the presents. And wiped away his hand. The
Suruppu-disease left them. The gods went back to their regular
offerings.

After 1,200 years the noise of the growing human population kept
ENLIL awake nights. So ENLIL and the gods sent a plague which was
ended when ENKI told the human Atrahasis to shift all offerings to
the god of the plague, NAMTAR who became to abashed to harm the
people further.

The story in
[39]The second book of Adam and Eve define how the second thousand
years began. As with all traditions of instrumental music and choir
to manipulate other people, Satan is always the source.

After another 1,200 years the noise was back so ENLIL and the gods
sent a drought. ENKI advised Atrahasis to shift all offering to
ADAD (Ishkur), the god causing the drought, and the drought
stopped.

Soon the noise returned so the gods ceased to perform their duties
so all of natures bounty disappeared. This was only ended when ENKI
let large quantities of fish into the rivers (accidentally, he
maintained).

ENLIL
, by now enraged, bound his fellow gods by an oath to annihilate
humanity by a flood. ENKI got around this oath and managed to warn
Atrahasis by speaking not to him but to the reed hut in which he
was lying. Atrahasis built a large boat explaining to the town
elders that he was leaving because of the bad blood between his
personal god, ENKI, and ENLIL in whose domain his town of Shuruppak
lay. After having loaded the boat with all kinds of animals and his
family the flood came.

The gods were horrified at the destruction of the flood which
lasted 7 days and nights. In addition they became hungry as no
offerings were made to sustain them. When Atrahasis left the ship
he prepared a sacrifice around which the hungry gods gathered like
flies.

Also in this later story the Gods were horrified with the upcoming
Flood and the Gods were hungry and Atrahasis prepared food.

ENLIL
was the exception. He was enraged and ENKI had to defend himself.
He blamed ENLIL for punishing the innocent and guilty alike.
Eventually a compromise was reached to keep the human population
from getting to large. The gods introduced a type of barren woman,
created a demon, PASHITTU (a Mesopotamian devil, a baby snatcher),
who kills children at birth, and established several categories of
priestesses for whom childbearing was taboo.

And Enki and the other Gods were angry to Enlil because of the
Flood. Do you recognize here part of the story of the children of
Israel and Moses in Egypt and the Roman Catholic celibate of
priests and nuns ?

The time passed from creation of Man until the Flood was (600 +1200
+ 1200 + 600) 3,600 years. In chapter 11 and 12 I will come back to
this matter in the chapter about the Sumerian King-list.

The conclusion can be made that the older Sumerian version has been
preserved by route of the later Acadian/Babylonian version.
______________________________________________________________

Conclusions of chapter 10

The Bible is a rewritten story of the Mesopotamian tablets.

The Gods Apsu, Tiamat, Lahmu and Lahamu can be seen as the universe
and our solar system and it is possible that they were not living
Gods (see also the note in chapter 9 by the Older Gods.

The Gods An, Anu, Ki, Enlil, Enki and his twin sister Ereshkigal
"were" in my opinion really living creatures and the lived on Earth
and in Heaven for a long time (most of them until historical times
1,578 BCE).

There were 2 creations in Heavens :

1. The Gods themselves.

2. The helpmates of the leader Gods, they were Demi-Gods and
worshipped as Gods by Mankind including Adam and Eve (they are not
our ancestors).

All the Earth-fathers belonged to the Demi Gods from Adam until
Noah, after the flood they still lived for hundreds of years on
Earth and mingled themselves with Men, the price they had to pay
was the fast increasing age of their offspring. (from Noah to Abram
their age decreased from 900 to 185 years in only 10 generations
(360 years).

There were 3 creations on Earth

1. Humanity, deformed human beings, they were Giants, created by
several Gods.

2. Man-1, the first humanoid beings of which most had great
mistakes in body and brain, the children of Humanity and the Igigi,
they were also Giants.

3. Man-2 were the children of the Igigi (the Watchers in Enoch,
Angels in the Bible en Jubilees) and possibly the children of Homo
Erectus, see the story in Genesis 6.

4. Modern Men, the creatures of which God said : I will not always
strife with men so their age shall be only 120 years. (Gen:6), they
were created shortly before or shortly after the Flood by Enki and
Ninmah as the final creation after thousands of years of
experimentations.
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In the next chapters we will take a closer look to the Sumerian
king list, a list that can make ancient history much more
transparent.
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_[40]Sign my Guest Book_
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[41]Home [42]Up [43]Chapter 1 [44]Chapter 2 [45]Chapter 3 [46]Chapter
4 [47]Chapter 5 [48]Chapter 6 [49]Chapter 7 [50]Chapter 8 [51]Chapter
9 Chapter 10 [52]Chapter 11 [53]Chapter 12 [54]Chapter 13 

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