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Chapter 9
_________________________________________________________________

__Chapter 9

Mesopotamians and their Gods

Updated and partly revised by the author.
______________________________________________________________

Sumerian, Acadian and Babylonian God's

From verses scattered throughout hymns and myths, one can compile a
picture of the universe's (Anki) creation according to the
Sumerians.

The primeval sea (Abzu) existed before anything else and within
that, the heaven ([24]An) and the earth ([25]Ki) were formed.

The Mesopotamian formula for prayers and incantations normally
contains the expression "by the bond of heaven and earth" (or
Duranki), as well as "from the Great Above to the Great Below".

I believe this is the Mesopotamian way of saying "as above, so
below" Ki being the wondrous lapis, the Earth Queen, Beloved of An
and Mother of all Creation.

These are only a few examples of the importance of Mesopotamian
mythology, which shaped up the psyche, religion, culture and values
of the peoples who had some contact with them.

The boundary between heaven and earth was a solid (perhaps tin)
vault, and the earth was a flat disk. Within the vault lay the
gas-like 'lil', or atmosphere, the brighter portions therein formed
the stars, planets, sun, and moon.

Each of the four major Sumerian deities (An, Ki, Enlil and Enki) is
associated with one of these regions.

Their gods were known by other names than those that the Semitic
peoples to the north eventually gave them, but they were the same
basic pantheon: the great father of the gods.
______________________________________________________________

Gods of Heaven and Earth

First some explanation of the titles or groups whom the Gods of
Mesopotamia belonged to :

1. Anunnaki

Sumerian Anunnaki, Acadian Anunna

It is a loan word (plural only) from Sumerian a.nun.(n)a(k)
'semen/descendants of the (-ak) monarch (nun) and refers to the
offspring of the King of Heaven An. The gods together are called
Anunnaki and in the text one might specifically add Anunnaki
s-a-s-amê u er Setim, 'the Anunnaki of heaven and earth'.

The definition of the term Anunnaki is the "children of [26]An and
[27]Ki".

Anunnaki is thus a collective name for the gods of Heaven and Earth
of which the "triad" of Gods belonged to. The most important Gods
of the Mesopotamian pantheon were : [28]Anu, [29]Enlil and
[30]Enki, earliest headed by An and later by Enlil.

ANDUNUNA In Mesopotamian cosmology, heaven, where the gods 'play'.
The Anunnaki and Igigi met in heaven in Ubshu-ukkinakku, the divine
assembly hall.

The Gilgamesh epic (see chapter 7) has the gods dwelling in the
cedar mountain.
They had their parakku, throne-bases, there. It was an enormous
tree at the cedar forest and was guarded by [31]Humbaba.

There is a stairway up to heaven from the "underworld" called
[32]Kur (another name for Africa).

An as King of the Anunnaki and Igigi. The Sumerians had further
four leading deities, known as creating gods. They were the leaders
of the Anunnaki and Igigi :

[33]Anu, the god of heaven.

[34]Ki (Kiki), the goddess of earth.

[35]Enlil, the god of air.

[36]Enki (who later became Ea by the Babylonians), the god of
water.

At the next level were fifty "great gods", they also belonged to
the Anunnaki, although several gods confined to the "underworld"
are specifically designated Sebitti.
______________________________________________________________

2. Igigi and Sebitti

__A. Igigi

The Igigi are the Gods of the Younger generation. They were given
the task of digging gold and riverbeds by the Anunnaki.

After a long period the Igigi tired of this unpleasant work,
revolted, and forced the Nibiruan leaders (the "triad" of Gods) to
find a "new" source of labor.

Their solution, related in great detail in the Sumerian records,
was to create a slave race by splicing their genes with the genes
of the most advanced primate on the planet at that time, probably
Homo Habilis (approximately 440,000 years ago).

Thus was born humanity, first Homo Erectus, Neanderthaler and
Cro-Magnon man, not Mankind. Mankind was created much later as we
will see in later chapters.

__B. Sebitti

The Sebitti are the seven warrior gods led by Nergal (Erra) also
called the Underworld Gods. In the sky they are the Pleadies. They
are the children of Anu and the Earth-mother.

In the book of Enoch they were called "The Watchers" and in the
Bible Nephilim.
______________________________________________________________

3. Demi-Gods, Demons and Monsters

Demi Gods and Demons, the children and Creations of the Anunnaki,
they were worshipped as Gods too.

In the Sumerian cosmology there was, first of all, the primeval sea
(Abzu), from which was born the cosmic mountain consisting of
heaven, '[37]An', and earth, '[38]Ki'.

In the Bible they are called Anakim, Anak, Anakites, Arba and
Rephaites.

This is what in the bible is written about the Anakim :

Dt:1:28: Whither shall we go up? our brethren have discouraged our
heart, saying, The people is greater and taller than we; the cities
are great and walled up to heaven; and moreover we have seen the
sons of the Anakims there. Dt:2:10: The Emims dwelt therein in
times past, a people great, and many, and tall, as the Anakims;
Dt:2:11: Which also were accounted giants, as the Anakims; but the
Moabites called them Emims. Dt:2:21: A people great, and many, and
tall, as the Anakims; but the Lord destroyed them before them; and
they succeeded them, and dwelt in their stead: Dt:9:2: A people
great and tall, the children of the Anakims, whom thou knowest, and
of whom thou hast heard say, Who can stand before the children of
Anak! Jos:11:21: And at that time came Joshua, and cut off the
Anakims from the mountains, from Hebron, from Debir, from Anab, and
from all the mountains of Judah, and from all the mountains of
Israel: Joshua destroyed them utterly with their cities. Jos:11:22:
There was none of the Anakims left in the land of the children of
Israel: only in Gaza, in Gath, and in Ashdod, there remained.
Jos:14:12: Now therefore give me this mountain, whereof the Lord
spake in that day; for thou heardest in that day how the Anakims
were there, and that the cities were great and fenced: if so be the
Lord will be with me, then I shall be able to drive them out, as
the Lord said. Jos:14:15: And the name of Hebron before was
Kirjatharba; which Arba was a great man among the Anakims. And the
land had rest from war. Gn:10:6: And the sons of Ham; Cush, and
Mizraim, and Phut, and Canaan. Gn:10:7: And the sons of Cush; Seba,
and Havilah, and Sabtah, and Raamah, and Sabtechah: and the sons of
Raamah; Sheba, and Dedan. Gn:10:8: And Cush begat Nimrod: he began
to be a mighty one in the earth. Gn:10:9: He was a mighty hunter
before the Lord: wherefore it is said, Even as Nimrod the mighty
hunter before the Lord. Gn:10:10: And the beginning of his kingdom
was Babel, and Erech, and Accad, and Calneh, in the land of Shinar.
Gn:10:11:Out of that land went forth Asshur, and builded Nineveh,
and the city Rehoboth, and Calah, Gn:10:12:And Resen between
Nineveh and Calah: the same is a great city.
______________________________________________________________

Chronology of the Mesopotamian Gods

It is notable that some of the Gods don't have a counterpart in the
Sumerian and also some of them in the Acadian religion and on the
other hand some of their Gods are unknown in Babylonian religion.

For instance : Tiamat, Lahmu and Lahamu and some others, are only
known in the Babylonian religion.

In my opinion is that a normal phenomenon because the Sumerian and
more or less also the Acadian religion are much older than the
religion of the Babylonians (most of the religion of the
Babylonians was taken over from the Sumerians and Acadians).
Consider also that the Babylonian religion later on was taken over
by the Jews and afterwards also by Christianity and the Moslems.

The root of all Semitic nations and their languages are also from
Sumerian origin. In my opinion is the Sumerian religion the most
"pure" story about our ancient history and the beginning of
religion, together with the religion of India and the Aryans (see
later chapters).

Tiamat, Lahmu and Lahamu for instance can be seen as Heaven and
Earth at the beginning of time. They were later worshipped as Gods
by the Babylonians, even in the Sumerian religion are some Gods
identified as the planets.

The Babylonian God Marduk (the highest God of Babylon) has in my
opinion his counterpart in the Sumerian God Enki. (the Father and
the Son doctrine, also known by the Jews and Christianity).

Most scholars have another meaning about the origin of some Gods,
as specially :
An and Anshar can be different Gods, Ki and Kishar can also be
different Gods, and finally An and Anu are both one and the same
God. When you read the story of An and Anu carefully there is only
one possibility :

The name Anu is used from about 2,000 BCE, the beginning of the
Babylonian period, and they mixed the Sumerian Gods An and Anu and
called him Anu and made An and Anu one God.

An and Anu were different Gods.

Even when these Scholars and the Babylonians are right, it doesn't
have any impact on the story of the many Gods as written down
below. When I studied the story of Mesopotamia carefully I came to
the conclusion as written below, regarding the relations between
the Gods.

Table of the most Important Gods of Mesopotamia

In this table I used only the names of the "most" important Gods,
most Gods had more "children".

_[39]Abzu [40]Tiamat_
_x_
_x_
_[41]An [42]Ki_ _~_ _[43]An [44]Nammu_
_x_ _~_ _x_ _x_
_[45]Anu [46]Antu_ _~_ _[47]Enki [48]Ninhursag_

_[49]Ereshkigal [50]Nergal_
_x_ _x_ _x_ _~_ _x_ _x_
_[51]Gibil __[52]Ishkur_ _[53]Enlil [54]Ninlil_ _~_ _[55]Marduk
[56]Sarpanitum_ _[57]Dumuzi [58]Inanna_
_x_ _x_ _x_ _~_ _x_
_[59]Nanna_ [60]Ningal
_[61]Nergal [62]Ereshkigal_ _[63]Ninurta [64]Bau/Gula_ _~_ _[65]Nabu
[66]Tashmetum_
_x_ _x_ _~_
_[67]Inanna [68]Dumuzi_

_[69]Utu [70]Aia_
_~_

_[71]

© 2001, L.C.Geerts
_
The Older (genealogically) "Gods".

The children of Abzu and Tiamat : Lahmu, Lahamu, An, Ki and 20 Evil
Monsters.

The Gods of Heaven and Earth

The children of An and Ki :
Anu and the 7 Utukki (the seven evil monsters).

The Great Gods, Creating Gods

The children of An and Nammu :
Enki and Ereshkigal (twin sister of Enki).

The children of Anu and Antu :
Enlil, Baba, Nisaba, Gerra (Gibil), Ishkur (Adad, Ba-al)

Non-creative Gods, some of them belong to "the Seven who decreed faith".

The children of Enlil and Ninlil :
Nanna (Sin), Nergal (Erra), Ninurta (Ningirsu) and Nisaba.

The children of Enki and Damkina :
Marduk, Dumuzi (Tammuz), Geshtinanna, Nanche and Nin-gishzida.

The children of Nanna (Sin) and Ningal :
Utu and Inanna (Ishtar).

The children of Marduk and Sarpanitum :
Nabu.

The children of Inanna and Dumuzi :
Cara. (mortal)

The children of Utu and Aia :
Enmerkar. (mortal)

Most of the Gods often paired with each other as will we see.

It is notable that [72]Marduk can be the same as [73]Enki because
Enki had also children by his daughter and grand-daughter, see the
story of [74]Enki and Ninhursag, [75]Dumuzi was probably mortal and
became a demi-god after he married [76]Inanna (Ishtar).

In accordance to the theory of Emanuel Velikovsky, in his book
"Oedipus and Echnaton" JUPITER was the same as the God AMON in
Egypt, MARDUK in Babylonia, ZEUS in Greece, MAZDA in Persia and
SIWA in India. (see also later chapters about India, Greece, Egypt
and Nibiru).

Explanation of the Gods :

The Older (genealogically) "Gods".

Orange = SUMERIAN name

Blue = ACADIAN name

Green = BABYLONIAN name
______________________________________________________________

The Older "Gods".

Abzu

Apzu Apsu

He is the "father" of [77]Lahmu, [78]Lahamu, [79]An and [80]Ki.

A primeval Sumerian-Acadian god who personifies the primordial
abyss of sweet waters underneath the earth. He is the begetter of
the skies and the earth.

He is the "consort" of [81]Tiamat, the primordial abyss of salt
waters of Chaos.
(In the later Babylonian mythology of the [82]Enuma Elish, the
sweet water mingled with the bitter waters of the sea and with a
third watery element, perhaps cloud, the first Gods were
engendered.)

Abzu could not quell the noise of the younger Gods or their
children.
He colluded with his vizier [83]Mummu to silence the Gods and allow
Tiamat to rest, after Tiamat rejected the idea.

The waters of Abzu were thought of as held immobile underground by
the 'spell' of [84]Enki in a death-like sleep, but it is also said
that Enki had Abzu fallen asleep and had killed him, because Enki
found out about his plans
.From the clay of Apsu man was fashioned.

This appears to be a Sumerian myth, because in the Enuma Elish,
[85]Qingu's blood serves this purpose.

Abzu's vizier, Mummu, was imprisoned by Enki in a house built on
his body.(1)

(1) See also the story of the Watchers in

[86]the book of Enoch about the punishment of the leader of the
Watchers who took themselves wife's of Humans.
______________________________________________________________

Tiamat

The Sumerian and Acadian name is unknown, some scholars believe she
was the same as [87]Nammu.

Primeval Chaos, bearer of the skies and the earth, mother of
[88]Lahmu, [89]Lahamu, [90]An and [91]Ki.

The clamor of the younger gods disturbed her, but she continued to
indulge them.
When [92]Abzu and [93]Mummu suggested that they kill the younger
gods, she grew furious, calmed down and rejected the plan.

Her restless subservient Gods goaded her into action after Abzu was
slain.
They prepared to wage war against the other gods.

As Mother Hubur, the underworld river, who fashions all things, she
bore giant snakes with venom for blood, and cloaked dragons with a
godlike radiance yet with a terrible visage, for the war.
She rallied :

1. a horned serpent
2. a mushussu-dragon 3. a Lahmu-hero 4. a ugallu-demon 5. a rabid
dog 6. a scorpion-man 7. umu-demons 8. a fish-man 9. a bull-man and
eleven others underneath her champion, [94]Qingu. She gave Qingu
the Tablet of Destinies to facilitate his command and attack.

[95]Marduk came with his host to attack her.
[96]Qingu's strategy initially confuses him, and Tiamat tried to
spell him, hurling jibes at him.

She was rebuffed and incited into single combat with Marduk.
She continued to cast her spell and Marduk nets her, and throws a
wind at her. She tried to swallow it and was undone - distended,
shot, sliced in two and cut in the heart. Her crushed skull
heralded her death, and half of her skin was used to roof up the
sky. Her eyes became the sources of the Tigris and Euphrates
rivers. (2)
______________________________________________________________

Lahmu and Lahamu

The Sumerian and Acadian name is unknown (see the note above about
the Earth and note 2).

- 'the hairy one' or 'muddy' they have three pairs of curls, and
are naked except for a triple sash.

They were the first children of [97]Tiamat and [98]Apsu.
[99]Kakka was sent to fetch them by [100]An, to help send off
[101]Marduk on his fight with Tiamat and be rallied to his side.
They complied and helped find a princely shrine for Marduk.

(2) A theory about the Earth is that in ancient times the earth
lost half of her mass through a collapse with an other planet
(maybe Mars or what is left over from a planet who's orbit lies
between Mars and Jupiter (the Asteroids belt). Another theory is
that the Earth collided with a planet named Nibiru (see later
chapter about Nibiru)

Many Myths, Legends and Sages from all over the world tells the
story of collapsing planets in ancient times, especially Mars,
Jupiter and the Earth. Many stories talk about these times when the
Dinosaurs died out, the world was in flames, Floods came over the
planet and an Ice age began.

As mentioned the Sumerians saw the God's as the planets of our
solar system, Mercury, Venus, Earth, Moon, Mars, Unknown Nibiru ? (
about size of Uranus / Neptune), Jupiter, Saturn, Indeterminate
(about size of Mercury), Uranus, Neptune, Pluto.

Note : Did you mention that the ancients knew the existence of all
planets already thousands of years after the were re-discovered by
modern scholars ?. Neptune and Pluto were re-discovered in the 20th
century.

Abzu, and Tiamat can be seen as the Heavens and the Earth and are
in my opinion not "living" Gods but were worshipped as Gods by the
Babylonians.
______________________________________________________________

An

An Anshar

- 'whole sky' He is the father of [102]Anu and [103]Enlil and the
"son" of [104]Tiamat and [105]Abzu.
He is often paired with [106]Ki, he also paired with [107]Nammu,
the Goddess of the Sea. It seems likely that he and Ki were the
progenitors of most of the gods.

He and Enlil give various gods, goddesses, and kings their earthly
regions of influence and their laws.

When [108]Enki learned of [109]Tiamat's planned war, [110]An tried
to stir him into attacking her first, but was rebuffed.
He turned to [111]Anu and sent him on a peace mission to Tiamat,
but Anu returned unsuccessful.

An assembly was convened and [112]Marduk came forth at Enki's
urging, promising to deliver Tiamat's defeated body to [113]An's
feet.
Marduk required of the assembly a promise that he would be given
the leadership of the pantheon after he is victorious. He had
[114]Kakka gather [115]Lahmu, [116]Lahamu, and the other gods
together to send off Marduk on his fight and rally them to his
side. When they arrive they help find a princely shrine for Marduk.

AN god of heaven, may have been the main god of the pantheon,
although his importance gradually waned from the time the Earth was
colonized.

His primary temple was in Unug (Uruk, Erech).

In my opinions AN went back to his "home planet" shortly after his
first consort Nammu had left, he leaves Ki (his second wife) behind
and she stayed on Earth for a long time and she became one of the 4
primary Deities.

AN is the same as the God "EL", Elohim or Ely-on in the Bible, the
God as mentioned in Genesis 1 as God who created heaven and earth.

In [117]The Bible we can read :

Gn:1:1: In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth.
Gn:1:2: And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was
upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the
face of the waters. Gn:1:6: And God said, Let there be a firmament
in the midst of the waters, and let it divide the waters from the
waters. Gn:1:7: And God made the firmament, and divided the waters
which were under the firmament from the waters which were above the
firmament: and it was so.
______________________________________________________________

Ki Belet-Ili Ninmah

Ninmah Mama

Kishar Aruru Nintu Mami

- 'whole earth' , She is the mother of [118]Anu and the "child" of
[119]Tiamat and [120]Abzu.

KI is likely to be the original name of the earth goddess, whose
name more often appears as Nintu (the lady who gave birth),
she is also called Mami.

She is the mother goddess
of the Sumerians and Acadians. She is also called the womb goddess,
and midwife of the gods. Her name means 'greatest queen' and is
also called Dingirmach ('greatest deity') or simply Mach.

She helped [121]Nammu with the creation of humankind and

was held responsible for the birth of seven deformed humans who she
created first and was later responsible for the creation of man
with the help of [122]Enki.
(3)

(3) With the help of Nammu, Ki created seven deformed humans from
the blood of

[123]Qingu, in the poem of

[124]"Enki and Ninmah" we can read more details about these
deformed humans, of with the male and female had no sexual organ to
produce children. Later, the gods asked her to create mankind for
them. At Enki's direction, Ki mixed clay with the blood of the god
[125]Geshtu-e, in order to shape seven man and seven women.(4)

(4) It seems to be that Ki, along with the help of other God's,
created man and women from the blood of another God (Geshtu-e).
Again we hear about the number 7, like 7 days of creation in the
Bible. These creation would bear the workload of the Anunnaki and
[126]Igigi.

She created man, so they could till the soils and dig canals, and
she created women so that they could continue to bear man. Seven of
each she created, so that after 600 years the people were already
too numerous. The land became so noisy that Enlil could not sleep.
The people were also sinful, eating their own children, so Enlil
decided to wash them away with a great flood.

He meant to keep the plan a secret from the people but the god Enki
told his protégé [127]Atrahasis what would happen and how he could
save himself by means of a boat. The flood lasted seven days.
See also chapter 6 and later in chapter 10 the story of the Flood
by Enlil and Enki.

She also added to the creation of [128]Gilgamesh, and, at Anu's
command, made [129]Enkidu in [130]Anu's image by pinching off a
piece of clay, throwing it into the wilderness, and birthing him
there. (5)

(5) Ki was also responsible for more creations like Gilgamesh and
in Anu's image she created Enkidu, so Enkidu looked different from
other creations such as human and man. This story is similar to the
Jewish apocrypha book of creation which is not part of the
Christian Bible.

Enki called her to offer her beloved [131]Ninurta as the one who
should hunt [132]Anzu. She does so.

As mentioned by her consort An, Ki stayed on Earth for a long time.
______________________________________________________________

Nammu Nammu

The Babylonian name is unknown.

She was the "heavenly" consort of [133]An.

The Sumerian goddess of the sea who created heaven and earth. The
Goddess of the watery abyss, she is the mother of [134]Enki and
[135]Ereshkigal, they were twins.

She instructs Enki on how, with the help of Ki to create man.

In my opinion she went back early to her "home planet" (Nibiru ?).
She leaves the Earthly things to the other Gods, including her
consort An who shortly after her also returned to his "home
planet".

An and Ki were the progenitors of most of the gods.
______________________________________________________________

The Great Gods, Creating Gods

The 4 Primary Deities (the chief Gods)

The were named "The Great Gods of the younger generation", headed
by Enlil.

These gods were :

[136]Anu, the god of heaven,

[137]Ki (Kiki), the goddess of earth,

[138]Enlil, the god of air and

[139]Enki (who later became Ea by the Babylonians), the god of
water.

It is notable that the Sumerians themselves may not have grouped
these four as a set and that the grouping has been made because of
the observations of Scholars.
______________________________________________________________

Three of the four Great Gods were part of the, so called "Triad" of
Gods, they were the leaders of ALL Gods and were the most powerful
of all.

They Were [140]Anu, [141]Enlil and [142]Enki/Ea.
______________________________________________________________

Anu

Anu Anu

One of the "triad" of Gods

The ancient Sumerian-Babylonian god of the firmament, the 'great
above', and the son of the first pair of gods, [143]An and [144]Ki,
"descendant" of [145]Abzu and [146]Tiamat.

His first consort was [147]Antu (Anatum), a goddess of creation,
They produced the [148]Anunnaki - the "underworld" gods, and the
Utukki (the seven evil demons who he often sends to humans to
plague them), Antu was later replaced by [149]Inanna / Ishtar after
she left Earth.

About these seven evil spirits, we can read more in a Babylonian
poem called

[150]"The seven evil spirits"

He is a "King of the Igigi". He is a god of monarchs and is not
friendly to the common people.

He is assigned the sky as his domain in 'Atrahasis' (our solar
system, their home planet Nibiru ?).

He is referred to as

"the Father" and "King of the Gods", which signifies his importance
in the Mesopotamian pantheon and in the Bible as "

the Lord, the most High God".

When

[151]An and [152]Ki were separated by [153]Enlil, [154]Anu carried
off the heavens, and Enlil carried off the earth.

His 'kishru's (shooting stars) have awesome strength.
He has the ability that anything he puts into words, becomes
reality.

He agrees to send the [155]Bull of Heaven after [156]Gilgamesh on
Ishtar's behalf, if she has made sure that the people of Uruk
(Erech) are properly provisioned for seven years.
He decrees that either Gilgamesh or [157]Enkidu must die for the
slaying of [158]Humbaba and the Bull of Heaven.

He sends [159]Kakka to [160]Kurnugi (Kur, Africa) to tell
Ereshkigal to send a messenger to receive a gift from him.

When [161]Anzu stole the Tablet of Destinies from [162]Enlil, he
called for one of the gods to slay Anzu and thereby greatly
increase his reputation.

He gave [163]Marduk the four winds to play with.

He made a whirlwind and a flood wave and stirred up [164]Tiamat on
purpose. When [165]Tiamat's retaliation for [166]Abzu's death was
discovered, An sent [167]Anu on a peace mission to her, but he
returned unsuccessfully.

Anu helps to form a princely shrine for Marduk prior to his battle
with Tiamat, and gives him the Anu-power of decreeing fates, such
that his word is law.

Anu later retreated more and more into the background. He retires
to the "upper heavens" and leaves the affairs of the universe to
[168]Marduk and a younger generation of gods. Anu lives in the
"third heaven" (Paradise ?).

The E-ana in Unug (Uruk Erech) was dedicated both to him and his
consort [169]Antu, a temple dedicated to Anu could also be found in
Assur.

In the bible we can read about the God Anu in the story of Ur :

Gn:14:18: And Melchizedek (#) king of Salem brought forth bread and
wine: and he was the priest of the most high God. Gn:14:19: And he
blessed him, and said, Blessed be Abram of the most high God,
possessor of heaven and earth: Gn:14:20: And blessed be the most
high God, which hath delivered thine enemies into thy hand. And he
gave him tithes of all.

(#) note : Melchizedek was the same as Shem, the son of Noah, see
the Pseudepigrapha book

[170]"The Writings of Abraham".

It is notable that Anu went more and more in the background later
on, possibly because he retired and leaves Earth and went back to
the third heaven (his home planet ? "Paradise ?), together with
several other Gods like

[171]An (his father)

[172]Nammu and

[173]Antu.

[174]Ki stayed on Earth as we can read clearly in the story of the
Gods.

Anu was succeeded by Enlil as the "new" king of the Gods on Earth.

Anu came often back to Earth, to see the progress of the work of
the other Gods. We will see in chapter 12 that he came back for the
last time when his temple in E-ana in Unug (Erech in the Bible) was
build by King Mec-ki-aj-gacer (the son of Utu) in 6,850 BCE.

Anu is the same as "The Lord, the most high God", The God as
mentioned in Genesis during the lifetime of Abraham (Melchizedek
the King of Salem was a priest of the most high God).
______________________________________________________________

Antu

Antum Anatum

"the earth", A Sumerian goddess of creation, the feminine
counterpart and first consort of the sky-god [175]Anu.

Anu and Antu also produced the [176]Anunnaki - the underworld gods,
and the Utukki - the seven evil demons.

Anu and Antu also created evil monsters, so at that time it seems
to be normal that the God's where working on experiments to create
all kinds of creatures, at first mostly wrong beings.

She was later replaced by [177]Inanna / Ishtar
______________________________________________________________

Enlil

Ellil Ellil

One of the "triad" of Gods

Together with [178]Anu and [179]Enki/Ea he forms a powerful triad
of gods in the ancient Mesopotamian religion.
In later times he supplanted Anu as chief god.

Enlil ("lord wind") is the god of air, wind and storms, Also called
Lord of 'lil'.
He is the foremost god of the Mesopotamian pantheon, and is
sometimes referred to as Kur-Gal ("great mountain").

The most important God of Mesopotamia, leader of the [180]Igigi and
"King" of the Anunnaki.

He separated [181]An and [182]Ki (his grand-parents), and he
carried off the earth as his portion.
He assumed most of An's powers.

He was also god of the lands and of the earth.
He and his people receive the earth in 'Atrahasis' (their "home
planet Nibiru ?). He is glorified as "'the father of the gods,'
'the king of heaven and earth,' ' the king of all the lands'".

He is also banished to the "nether world" ([183]Kur, Africa) for
his rape of [184]Ninlil, his intended bride, but returns with the
first product of their union, the moon god [185]Sin (better known
as Nanna).

His consort is Ninlil with whom he has at least four children:
[186]Nanna, [187]Nergal, [188]Ninurta, and [189]Nisaba.

Enlil effectuates the dawn, the growth of plants, and bounty. He
also invents agricultural tools such as the plow.

The [190]Me were assembled by Enlil in [191]E-kur ( his temple) and
given to [192]Enki to guard and impart to the world, beginning with
[193]Eridu, Enki's centre of worship. He helps Enki when he was
cursed by his consort [194]Ninhursag, Enlil and a fox entreat her
to return and undo her curse.

Enlil holds possession of the "Tablets of Destiny" which gives him
power over the entire cosmos and the affairs of man. He guards the
"Tablets of Destiny", which allow him to determines the fate of all
things animate or inanimate. He appointed [195]Anzu, a [196]Zu, a
storm- bird (a bird with some human qualities)
(1) as the guardian of his bath chamber, but while bathing, Anzu
stole from him the "Tablet of Destinies", and his Ellil-power.

(1) Again another evil creation of the God's, Enlil was unhappy
with all these creatures as we will see later.

Ninurta, with Enki's advise and [197]Belet-ili's urgings slew Anzu
and recovered the "Tablets of Destinies" (2).

(2) What were the tablets of Destinies ?. Could they be the stones
of Wisdom or maybe the "Ten Commandments" covered in the "Ark of
the Covenant" from the bible ?. (See the story by the God Ninurta
later in this chapter).

His chief-minister is [198]Nusku,
possible slayer of [199]Enmesharra and avenger of his father
[200]Anu. He found a throne for [201]Etana to rule from in Kish.

When the [202]Igigi rebelled against him, and surrounded his house
He called for [203]Anu.

After man was created in response to the Igigi's grievances, he
grew weary of their noise and released several disasters upon them,
after each one, man recovered and then he released a new one. The
disasters included disease, flood, drought, and the great flood
(3).

(3) Enlil was responsible for many disasters at that time, In my
theory Enlil was the God who destroyed several races of monsters
and demons from the face of the Earth by spreading diseases and
finally the Flood to be sure that all evil creations from other
God's were destroyed. Enlil (the leader of the God's) was angry
with the other God's who experimented on Earth with all kind of
creations who were most evil and wrong.

In the bible we can read :

Gn:6:4: There were giants in the earth in those days; and also
after that, when the sons of God came in unto the daughters of men,
and they bare children to them, the same became mighty men which
were of old, men of renown. Gn:6:5: And God saw that the wickedness
of man was great in the earth, and that every imagination of the
thoughts of his heart was only evil continually. Gn:6:6: And it
repented the Lord that he had made man on the earth, and it grieved
him at his heart. Gn:6:7: And the Lord said, I will destroy man
whom I have created from the face of the earth; both man, and
beast, and the creeping thing, and the fowls of the air; for it
repented me that I have made them. Gn:6:8: But Noah found grace in
the eyes of the Lord. Gn:6:11: The earth also was corrupt before
God, and the earth was filled with violence. Gn:6:12: And God
looked upon the earth, and, behold, it was corrupt; for all flesh
had corrupted his way upon the earth. Gn:6:13: And God said unto
Noah, The end of all flesh is come before me; for the earth is
filled with violence through them; and, behold, I will destroy them
with the earth.

He appointed [204]Humbaba to guard the cedar forest and terrify
mankind (4).

(4) Is Humbaba the same as one of the "Cherubim's" and Gugulana
(the Bull of Heaven) the same as "a flaming sword" , the guards of
the garden of Eden from Genesis 3 in the Bible ?. (see also chapter
7 : "The Bible and the epos of Gilgamesh")

In the bible we can read :

Gn:3:24: So he drove out the man; and he placed at the east of the
garden of Eden Cherubim's, and a flaming sword which turned every
way, to keep the way of the tree of life.

He is sometimes friendly towards mankind, but can also be a stern
and even cruel god who punishes man and sends forth disasters,

He is a short-tempered god who was responsible for the great flood
which wiped out humanity with the exception of [205]Atrahasis.

He decreed that [206]Enkidu must die for the slaying of the
[207]Bull of Heaven and [208]Humbaba. He does not answer
[209]Gilgamesh's plea to restore Enkidu to life (see chapter 7).

His role in this was supplanted by [210]Marduk by the Babylonians.

Enlil is portrayed with a white beard, wearing a crown with horns,
symbol of his power.

His most prestigious temple was "Duranki" in the city Nippur, and
he was the patron of that city.

Bel was originally the chief spirit (in Sumerian En-lil, the older
designation of Bel, which is Semitic for "chief" or "lord")

Some historians believe that Enlil is the same God as Marduk but I
think that's impossible because Marduk is the son of Enki/Ea and
Ninhursag and not the son of Anu, I mentioned already that I belief
that Marduk was the same as Enki/Ea, nevertheless it's still
uncertain and possible that the same God's have several names, as
you could see above by Ki and others other Gods, see later.

See also the original Sumerian tablets called [211]Enlil and
Ninlil, [212]Enlil and Sud and [213]Enlil in the E-kur

Enlil is the same as "The Lord God" or "EL" mentioned in Genesis,
the God who expelled Adam and Eve from the garden of Edin (Eden),
the patron God of Cain when he slew his "brother" Abel, the God who
caused the Flood to destroy Mankind, and the God who was furious to
the Sons of God in Genesis 6 because they mingled with Mankind.

EL became ALLAH by the Moslems.
______________________________________________________________

Ninlil

Mullita Myllita

An ancient Sumerian-Babylonian goddess of heaven, earth, and air
and in one aspect of the underworld.
She is also a goddess of grain and is called 'queen wind'. She
shows compassion to the unfortunate.

She is the consort of [214]Enlil, the 'lord wind'.

It is likely that Enlil raped her and was then banished to the
"nether world" ([215]Kur, Africa).
She follows him to the nether world, where she gives birth to the
moon god [216]Sin (also known as Nanna).

They have three more children in the nether world who remain there
so that Sin may be allowed to leave.

She and Enlil were worshipped in Nippur.
______________________________________________________________

Enki

Ea Nudimmud Ea

One of the "triad" of Gods

[217]Enki, the god of wisdom who ruled over the fresh waters of the
earth. He fashioned a great platter that floated on the chaotic
waters of the Great Deep and covered it with the dome of the sky
below the waters above the earth.

Enki was the son of [218]An and [219]Nammu, his twin sister was
[220]Ereshkigal. (1)

(1) Enki was in my opinion a son of AN and NAMMU, in the Sumerian
story of creation he is the son of AN and KI and finally in the
Babylonian story Ea (Enki) is the son of Anu and Antum, so there
are several parents for the same God ENKI.

He is the Sumerian high god of water and intellect, creation,
wisdom and medicine who could restore the dead to life. (see the
books of Adam and Eve, ([221]book 1 and [222]book 2)

Contrary to the translation of his name, Enki is not the lord of
the earth, but of the Abzu (the watery abyss and also semen) and of
wisdom.

He was called Ea in Babylonia, King of Apsu.

His consort is the mother goddess [223]Ninhursag or Damkina, with
whom he is the father of [224]Marduk and [225]Nanche.

Enki was one of the foremost gods of the ancient Mesopotamian
pantheon and formed with [226]Anu and [227]Enlil an important and
powerful "triad" of gods. (2)

(2) Keep in mind the "triad" of the "Christian" New Testament
called "The Father (Anu?), The Son (Enlil?) and The Holy Spirit"
(Enki / Ea ?), is that a coincidence ?. As I mentioned already
there is a possibility that Enki / Ea is the same as Marduk, his
son. Furthermore Enki is often described as a "floating" God
(Spirit).

He was the source of all secret and magical knowledge of life and
immortality.
Enki possessed the secret of me, 'culture, civilization', which is
the genius of progress in knowledge to lead humanity. He invented
civilization for the people and assigned to each his destiny.

He created order in the cosmos.
He filled the rivers with fish. He invented the plough and the yoke
so that farmers could till the earth with oxen. He made the grain
grow. He is the father of all plants. God of the waters. He is in
charge of the bolt which bars the sea. He knows everything. He is
the "Lord of Wisdom" and "Lord of Incantations". When he speaks, of
a thing, it will be made.

It was Enki who discovered Tiamat's designs to kill her offspring,
and managed to kill her consort [228]Abzu.

He learned that [229]Tiamat was planning a war of revenge against
the gods. His father [230]An tries to spur him into making the
first attack against Tiamat, but he rebuffs him. When [231]Anu's
peace mission fails, he urges [232]Marduk into action.

He discovered the plot of Abzu and [233]Mummu, put Apsu under a
sleeping spell, and slew him and put Mummu into a daze, tied him
up, and slew him.

He created [234]Zaltu) a Goddess of Strife) as a complement to
[235]Inanna/Ishtar.

He suggests the method of creating man (

towards whom he is usually well-disposed and he is their instructor
and taught them arts and crafts) in response to the heavy workload
of the [236]Igigi. As mankind's patron, he is the instructor of all
crafts, writing, building, farming, and magic.

He is shown on the seals with streams of water and

fish flowing from his shoulders, attended by a two-faced minister,
the bird Anzu, and [237]Ishtar as Venus rising. (3)

(3) Is it a coincidence that Christians have the fish sign as the
symbol of their belief ?

He blessed the paradisiacal land of [238]Dilmun, to have plentiful
water and palm trees.
With [239]Ninhursag, he created eight new types of trees there, se
the whole story in the Sumerian poem [240]Enki and Ninhursag.
(Dilmun was "Paradise" or "The Garden of Eden" as mentioned in the
bible, see also Dilmun in the section

[241]Places.)

He then consumed these "children" and was cursed by his consort
Ninhursag, with one wound for each plant consumed.
Enlil and a fox act on Enki's behalf to call back Ninhursag in
order to undo the damage. She joins with Enki again and bears eight
new children, one to cure each of the wounds.

At the direction of his mother Nammu and with some constructive
criticism from Ninhursag, he created man from the heart of the clay
over the Abzu, see the whole story in the Sumerian poem [242]Enki
and Ninmah.

This sounds familiar when we read in the bible :

Gn:2:7: And the Lord God formed man of the dust of the ground, and
breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a
living soul. Gn:2:9: And out of the ground made the Lord God to
grow every tree that is pleasant to the sight, and good for food;
the tree of life also in the midst of the garden, and the tree of
knowledge of good and evil. Gn:2:16: And the Lord God commanded the
man, saying, Of every tree of the garden thou mayest freely eat:
Gn:2:17: But of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, thou
shalt not eat of it: for in the day that thou eatest thereof thou
shalt surely die.

He advises mankind when other gods would do them harm.

He granted [243]Adapa (Adam) understanding, to teach mankind. When
Adapa used this knowledge to break the wing of the South Wind, he
cursed him and told him to complain of [244]Dumuzi and
[245]Gizzida's absence to [246]Anu. While in Anu's court, he
advises Adapa not to eat the bread of eternal life (lest he forfeit
his life on earth, see the whole story in
[247]The tablet of Adapa).

in the bible is written :

Gn:2:15: And the Lord God took the man, and put him into the garden
of Eden to dress it and to keep it. Gn:2:16: And the Lord God (!)
commanded the man, saying, Of every tree of the garden thou mayest
freely eat: Gn:2:17: But of the tree of the knowledge of good and
evil, thou shalt not eat of it: for in the day that thou eatest
thereof thou shalt surely die. Gn:2:19: And out of the ground the
Lord God formed every beast of the field, and every fowl of the
air; and brought them unto Adam to see what he would call them: and
whatsoever Adam called every living creature, that was the name
thereof. Gn:2:20: And Adam gave names to all cattle, and to the
fowl of the air, and to every beast of the field; but for Adam
there was not found an help meet for him.

Eve tells the serpent what the Lord God said :

Gn:3:3: But of the fruit of the tree which is in the midst of the
garden, God hath said, Ye shall not eat of it, neither shall ye
touch it, lest ye die.

(!) As I mentioned already in earlier chapters there seems to be a
difference between "God", the Lord, the most High and the "Lord
God", this explains that there were more then one God, also in the
Christian Bible (even without the Apocryphal story of creation in
the Jewish Bible).

Enki, who was friendly to man, also revealed [248]Enlil's design of
destroying mankind by a flood to [249]Uta-Napishtim, the Babylonian
version of Noah (see the original tablet called [250]The Sumerian
flood Story. (4)

(4) See also the story of Noah and the Flood in the Bible (see
chapter 6).

Enki is depicted on a relief holding Zu, the storm-bird.

He did struggle with [251]Kur (Africa) as mentioned in the prelude
to "[252]Gilgamesh, [253]Enkidu, and the Netherworld", and
presumably was victorious and thereby able to claim the title "Lord
of Kur" (the realm, Africa).

He is a god of water, creation, and fertility. He also holds
dominion over the land. He is the keeper of the [254]Me, the divine
laws. The Me were assembled by [255]Enlil in E-kur and given to
Enki to guard and impart to the world, beginning with Eridu, his
centre of worship. From there, he guards the Me and imparts them on
the people. He directs the Me towards Ur and Meluhha and Dilmun,
organizing the world with his decrees. (5)

(5) Enki was the keeper of the Me (at least 49), the divine laws
and later on some were given to Moses on mount Sinai as the "Ten
Commandments".

[256]Inanna comes to Enki and complains at having been given too
little power from his decrees.
In a different text, she gets Enki drunk and he grants her more
powers, arts, crafts, and attributes -

a total of ninety-four Me. Inanna parts company with Enki to
deliver the Me to her cult center at Erech (E-ana).
Enki recovers his wits and tries to recover the Me from her, but
she arrives safely in Erech with them. Enki "sails" to [257]Kur
(Africa), presumably to rescue [258]Ereshkigal (his twin-sister)
after she was given over to Kur. He is assailed by creatures with
stones. These creatures may have been an extension of Kur itself
(see the original Sumerian tablet called [259]Inana and Enki).

He is friendly to Inanna and rescued her from Kur by sending two
sexless beings to negotiate with, and flatter Ereshkigal.
They gave her the Bread of Life and the Water of Life, which
restored her.

When Enki is informed of Inanna's imprisonment in the "Underworld",
he creates 'His appearance is bright' to stand at Ereshkigal's gate
and mellow her mood and have her swear an oath by the great gods
(see the original Sumerian tablet called [260]Inanna's descent to
the Nether world).

He instructs [261]Nergal on how to build the gift throne for
Ereshkigal, and hides him with spring water to hide him from
[262]Namtar after he returned from the "underworld".

He tells [263]Nergal to allow [264]Enkidu's spirit to visit
[265]Gilgamesh.

When [266]Anu and the gods could not locate a volunteer to kill
[267]Anzu, he told the [268]Igigi that he would pick one. He
instructs [269]Ki/Belet-Ili/Mami to send [270]Ninurta to slay Anzu
and, through [271]Sharur advises Ninurta on how to defeat the
creature.

His main cult center was Eridu in ancient Sumer, one of the first
cities in the world )see the original Sumerian tablet called
[272]Enki builds the E-engurra).

Enki refuses to flood mankind for [273]Enlil (6).

(6) Enki refuses to destroy whole mankind, even he was ordered to
do so by Enlil leader of the "triad" of God's. Finally he accedes
Enlil's order and flooded the Earth after he instructed Atrahasis
to build a boat.

He accedes, but only after advising [274]Atrahasis to build a boat
in which to weather the flood. (7)

(7) Atrahasis or Uta-Napishtim, like the Sumerian Ziusudra are all
the same as Noah in the Bible,

there is written :

Gn:6:14: Make thee an ark of gopher wood; rooms shalt thou make in
the ark, and shalt pitch it within and without with pitch. Gn:6:17:
And, behold, I, even I (8), do bring a flood of waters upon the
earth, to destroy all flesh, wherein is the breath of life, from
under heaven; and every thing that is in the earth shall die.
Gn:6:18: But with thee will I establish my covenant; and thou shalt
come into the ark, thou, and thy sons, and thy wife, and thy sons'
wives with thee. Gn:6:19: And of every living thing of all flesh,
two of every sort shalt thou bring into the ark, to keep them alive
with thee; they shall be male and female. Gn:7:4: For yet seven
days, and I will cause it to rain upon the earth forty days and
forty nights; and every living substance that I have made will I
destroy from off the face of the earth. Gn:7:11: In the six
hundredth year of Noah's life, in the second month, the seventeenth
day of the month, the same day were all the fountains of the great
deep broken up, and the windows of heaven were opened.

(8) What was the reason that the Lord God said to Noah "EVEN I do
bring a flood of waters upon the earth" ?, thus even the Lord God
must confess that He must obey the orders of the God Enlil and must
do what him has been ordered.

See also the Sumerian tablets called [275]Enki and the World order.

Enki/Ea is the same as the God who created Adam and Eve (with the
help of his wife Ninhursag) as slaves for the Gods, the God who
instructed Noah to build an Ark, the God who preserved and
protected Mankind against other Gods and the God who was
responsible for the final creation of Homo Sapiens (modern men).

The God Enki / Ea, or Ya, the oldest god of the Babylonian
Pantheon, is connected with the name Jahve, Jahu, or Ja, The God
who created man.

As mentioned already it's possible and in my opinion nearly sure
that EA and [276]MARDUK (his son) are one and the same God because
we can read in the Babylonian poem [277]ENUMA ELISH, tablet VII,
after the great Gods had given MARDUK 50 names to honor him for the
creation of Man :

"Now too Ea having heard rejoiced, 'The Great Gods have glorified
my son,

he is Ea, names by my name, he will execute my will and direct my
rites.'"

See also the description of the Babylonian God [278]Marduk and
you'll see the similarity between EA and Marduk yourself.

The Father and the Son doctrine in the New Testament of
Christianity.
______________________________________________________________

Think also about the Christian Triad "The "Father" ANU, The "Son"
(ENLIL) and the "Holy Spirit" (ENKI/EA). Sounds familiar isn't !!!
______________________________________________________________

Ninhursag

Damgalnunna Damkina Dumkina

Also called Nintud

She is the consort of the supreme god [279]Enki (and is as such
identified with Damgalnunna). Ninhursag is one of the oldest
members of the Sumerian pantheon and has prestigious titles such as
'mother of the gods' and 'mother of all children'.

Mother of [280]Bel and [281]Marduk (note Bel is likely to be
another title for Marduk), [282]Nanche and [283]Geshtinanna.

"Queen of the Mountain". The Sumerian earth and mother-goddess, and
a goddess of fertility who created all vegetation.

She was the tutelary deity of the Sumerian rulers, who styled
themselves "children of Ninhursag".

She is the mother goddess and assists [284]Enki in the creation of
man, and as specially the Black headed people". (see the poem
"[285]Enki and Ninhursag").

In Dilmun, she bore eight new trees from Enki. When he then ate her
children, she cursed him with eight wounds.

After being persuaded by [286]Enlil to undo her curse, she bore
Enki eight new children which undid the wounds of the first ones.

There she added constructive criticism to Enki as he shaped several
versions of man from the heart of the clay over the Abzu (Watery
abyss).

Ninhursag ensures fertile fields, but when she cursed her husband
for his incestuous affairs (with the plants she gave birth to) and
his descend into the underworld, the earth became barren. Only when
the hastily assembled gods managed to mollify her, the earth became
fertile again and the cycle of the seasons was instituted.

A temple of Ninhursag was excavated near Tell Harriri (the ancient
Mari) in Syria, near the Iraqi border.
______________________________________________________________

Gods of the Younger generation.

These Gods are the children of the Primary Gods and can be grouped
as follows :

A. The Seven who decreed Fate

B. The Sebitti

C. The other Gods
______________________________________________________________

A. The Seven Who Decreed Fate

A group of seven "decreed the fates" - these probably included
[287]Ningirsu (Ninurta), [288]Ishkur (Adad), [289]Bel (Marduk),
[290]Gibil (Gerra) as well as [291]Nanna (Sin), his son [292]Utu
(Shamash), the sun god and a god of justice, and Nanna's daughter
[293]Inanna (Ishtar).

Next in importance to the creating deities were the three sky
deities, [294]Nanna, the god of the moon; [295]Utu, the sun god;
and [296]Inanna (who later became Ishtar), the queen of heaven and
the goddess of love, procreation, and war.

A god of great importance was [297]Ninurta, the deity in charge of
the violent and destructive south wind.

[298]Nana (Sin), Utu and [299]Hadad (Ishkur, Adad), all Gods of the
younger generation, makes up the second triad of Mesopotamian gods.

They all lived in "Euriminianki", or "House of the Seven Spheres of
Heaven and Earth".
______________________________________________________________

Ningirsu

Ninurta Ninurta

The God Yahweh, YHWH of the Jews.

The foremost son of [300]Enlil, He was born in E-kur, Enlil's
temple in Nippur. His wife is [301]Baba/Gula.

Ninurta is chamberlain of the Great [302]Anunnaki.

Nissaba performs a purification ceremony on him and he receives the
following new names and shrines: Duku - 'holy mound' in Sumerian,
Hurabtil - an Elamite god, Shushinak - patron god of the Elamite
city Susa, Lord of the Secret, Pabilsag - god of the antediluvian
city Larak, Nin-Azu - god of Eshunna, Ishtaran - god of Der, Zababa
-warrior god of Kish, Lugalbanda - Gilgamesh's father, Lugal-Marada
- patron god of Marad, Warrior Tishpak - similar to Nin-Azu,
Warrior of Uruk, Lord of the Boundary-Arrow, Panigara - a warrior
god, and Papsukkal - vizier of the great gods.

The city of Nippur was the centre of his cult. He was the patron
deity of the ancient Sumerian city of Girsu (Lagash) where king
Gudea (c.2141-2122 BCE) built a temple for him called the E-ninnu
(see chapter 11 about the Sumerian King list).

He is the Sumerian-Babylonian god of rain, fertility, war,

thunderstorms, wells, canals, floods, the plough and the

South Wind.

Ninurta the God of Thunder and Lightning and the South Wind. (1)

(1) Thunder and Lightning and Wind ?, isn't it the same story as in
the Bible during the stay of the Jews in the Sinai dessert.

We can read in the Bible :

Exodus 14:21 And Moses stretched out his hand over the sea; and the
LORD caused the sea to go back by a strong east wind all that
night, and made the sea dry land, and the waters were divided.
Exodus 20:18 And all the people saw the thunderings, and the
lightnings, and the noise of the trumpet, and the mountain smoking:
and when the people saw it, they removed, and stood afar off.

According to one poem, [303]Ninurta's exploits, he once dammed up
the bitter waters of the underworld and conquered various monsters.
(2)

(2) Bitter waters ? isn't it the same story as in the Bible during
the stay of the Jews in the Sinai dessert.

We can read in the Bible :

Exodus 15:22-27 So Moses brought Israel from the Red sea, and they
went out into the wilderness of Shur; and they went three days in
the wilderness, and found no water. And when they came to Marah,
they could not drink of the waters of Marah, for they were bitter:
therefore the name of it was called Marah. And the people murmured
against Moses, saying, What shall we drink? And he cried unto the
LORD; and the LORD shewed him a tree, which when he had cast into
the waters, the waters were made sweet: there he made for them a
statute and an ordinance, and there he proved them, And said, If
thou wilt diligently hearken to the voice of the LORD thy God, and
wilt do that which is right in his sight, and wilt give ear to his
commandments, and keep all his statutes, I will put none of these
diseases upon thee, which I have brought upon the Egyptians: for I
am the LORD that healeth thee.

His name means "lord of the earth" (Girsu) and mankind owed to him
the fertile fields and the healthy live-stock, his symbol is the
lion-headed eagle. (3)

(3) A lion headed eagle ?, isn't it the same story as in the Bible
during the stay of the Jews in the Sinai dessert.

We can read in the Bible :

Exodus 25:18-20 And thou shalt make two cherubims of gold, of
beaten work shalt thou make them, in the two ends of the mercy
seat. And make one cherub on the one end, and the other cherub on
the other end: even of the mercy seat shall ye make the cherubims
on the two ends thereof. And the cherubims shall stretch forth
their wings on high, covering the mercy seat with their wings, and
their faces shall look one to another; toward the mercy seat shall
the faces of the cherubims be.

When the Tablets of Destiny were stolen by the storm-bird [304]Zu
he managed to retrieve them. [305]Ki, at [306]Enki's advice,
instructed him to kill [307]Anzu. Initially his assault was futile,
but Sharur relayed advise from Enki to him, which, when it was
carried out allowed him to slay Anzu in a great onslaught. He
recovered the Tablets of Destinies for [308]Enlil.

Tablets of Destinies ?, isn't it the same story as in the Bible
during the stay of the Jews in the Sinai dessert.

We can read in the Bible :

Exodus 31:18 And he gave unto Moses, when he had made an end of
communing with him upon mount Sinai, two tables of testimony,
tables of stone, written with the finger of God.

As a reward
[309]Nissaba performs a purification ceremony on him and he
receives the following new names and shrines: Duku - 'holy mound'
in Sumerian (4), Hurabtil - an Elamite god, Shushinak - patron god
of the Elamite city Susa, Lord of the Secret, Pabilsag - god of the
antediluvian city Larak, Nin-Azu - god of Eshunna, Ishtaran - god
of Der, Zababa -warrior god of Kish, Lugal-Marada - patron god of
Marad, Warrior Tishpak - similar to Nin-Azu, Warrior of Uruk, Lord
of the Boundary-Arrow, Panigara - a warrior god, and Papsukkal -
vizier of the great gods.

(4) Holy mound ?, isn't it the same story as in the Bible during
the stay of the Jews in the Sinai dessert.

We can read in the Bible :

Exodus 19:1-4 In the third month, when the children of Israel were
gone forth out of the land of Egypt, the same day came they into
the wilderness of Sinai. For they were departed from Rephidim, and
were come to the desert of Sinai, and had pitched in the
wilderness; and there Israel camped before the mount. And Moses
went up unto God, and the LORD called unto him out of the mountain,
saying, Thus shalt thou say to the house of Jacob, and tell the
children of Israel; Ye have seen what I did unto the Egyptians, and
how I bare you on eagles' wings, and brought you unto myself.

Notes :

That Yahweh was originally a son of [310]El (Enlil) is attested by
a document (KTU 1.1 IV 14) from Ugarit, a Palestinian site occupied
by neighbors of Israel.

It reads sm . bny . yw . ilt, which translates as "The name of the
son of god, Yahweh." This status as the foremost of the sons of El
is remembered in the Song of Moses.

Ninurta was indeed the foremost Son of Enlil.

in the Bible we can read :

Dt:32:7: Remember the days of old, consider the years of many
generations: ask thy father, and he will shew thee; thy elders, and
they will tell thee. Dt:32:8: When the Most High divided to the
nations their inheritance, when he separated the sons of Adam, he
set the bounds of the people according to the number of the
children of Israel. Dt:32:9: For the Lord's portion is his people;
Jacob is the lot of his inheritance.

"When the Ely-on (another name of El) apportioned the nations, when
he divided humankind, he fixed the boundaries of the peoples
according to the number of the gods (i.e., each god controlled one
nation of people); Yahweh's own portion was his people, Jacob his
allotted share."

Yahweh ruled as the king of the other children of [311]El. In this
role, he presided whenever the Assembly of the Gods whenever they
met in council. The pre-eminence of Yahweh over the other gods is
repeatedly asserted in Psalms.

in the Bible we can read :

Ps:86:8: Among the gods there is none like unto thee, O Lord;
neither are there any works like unto thy works.

"There is none like you among the gods, O Yahweh"

Psalm 89 is even more specific in explaining that the "gods" in
question are the sons of El who met at the Assembly of the Gods:

Ps:89:5: And the heavens shall praise thy wonders, O Lord: thy
faithfulness also in the congregation of the saints. Ps:89:6: For
who in the heaven can be compared unto the Lord? who among the sons
of the mighty can be likened unto the Lord? Ps:89:7: God is greatly
to be feared in the assembly of the saints, and to be had in
reverence of all them that are about him.

"The heavens praise your wonders, 0 Yahweh, your faithfulness in
the assembly of the holy ones. For who in the skies can be compared
to Yahweh? Who among the sons of gods is like Yahweh? a God feared
in the council of the holy ones, great and awesome above all that
are around him"

The conclusion should be that the God of the Bible is not the
leader God's but only "one of the Gods" Even in the Bible (from
Jewish translation) we can find prove that Ninurta and Yahweh are
the same God because later on is written in the Bible :

And God said to Moses "I am that I am" Exodus 3:14

Ex:3:14: And God said unto Moses," I AM THAT I AM": and he said,
Thus shalt thou say unto the children of Israel, I AM hath sent me
unto you.

God first announced his identity to Moses not in Exodus 3. He made
sure that Moses tell the Israelites that he is called I AM. In
Hebrew if I am not wrong that is spoken as ezeer (sic). If Yahweh
wanted to be anonymous, why not shout at Moses and say just tell
them I am God! Or tell Moses that God is omnipotent, he hasn't got
a name. Instead he told Moses twice that his name is I AM.

There must be a better translation.
Can the word in Hebrew according to one author be Ningirsu.

In Exodus 6:3, Yahweh said he did not reveal his holy name to
Abraham, Isaac and Jacob.
They called him God Almighty, to Moses; Yahweh called himself the
Lord.

Ex:6:2: And God spake unto Moses, and said unto him, I am the Lord:
Ex:6:3: And I appeared unto Abraham, unto Isaac, and unto Jacob, by
the name of God Almighty, but by my name JEHOVAH (Yahweh) was I not
known to them.

So God has been going by three names from Adam to Moses.

There can only be one explanation why Ninurta refused to tell his
"real" name to Moses. .

He was a short tempered God, even as his father El, as we can
clearly read in Exodus and he new that he was not the same God of
Abraham, Isaac and Jacob. So he told Moses with other words not to
interfere with His business.

The reason that he refused to give his name was that he new that he
would be punished by his father El (Enlil).

A clear example is given in the Bible :

Exodus 34:14 For thou shalt worship no other god: for the LORD,
whose name is Jealous, is a jealous God:

In Joshua 2: we can read that Ninurta is angry to Israel because of
the bow for Ba-al (Adad, Ishkur) :

Jgs:2:13: And they forsook the Lord, and served Baal and Ashtaroth.
Jgs:2:14: And the anger of the Lord was hot against Israel, and he
delivered them into the hands of spoilers that spoiled them, and he
sold them into the hands of their enemies round about, so that they
could not any longer stand before their enemies.

Ninurta (the God of Thunder and Lightning), the foremost son of
Enlil, is the same God as mentioned in the Bible "YAHWEH", YHWH
(Jehovah, I am that I am) during the lifetime of Moses until the
time of King Solomon in the Bible, the God who instructed Moses to
leave Egypt, the God who appeared to Moses on Mount Sinai and the
God of the "Ten Commandments". He was, even as his father Enlil, a
short tempered God with a variably mood.
______________________________________________________________

Nanna 

Suen Sin

The son of [312]Enlil and [313]Ninlil. He is the "product" of
Enlil's rape of Ninlil. Nanna was married to [314]Ningal and they
produced [315]Inanna and [316]Utu (Shamash).

The Sumerian moon-god, called 'Lord of Destiny'. He has a beard of
Lapis Lazuli and rides a winged bull
. Nanna was the tutelary deity of Ur, appointed as king of that
city by Anu and Enlil.

He is lord of the calendar, fixing the seasons, and also a
vegetation-deity and patron of fertility. With Utu and [317]Hadad
(Ishkur, Adad) he makes up the second triad of Mesopotamian gods.
(from about 1,580 BCE, see chapter 12)

He established Ur-Nammu as his mortal representative, establishing
the third Ur dynasty (see later chapter 11 about The Sumerian King
list). (1)

(1) The High priest of Ur-Nammu, king of Ur, was Therah, the father
of Abraham, so the God of Therah was Sin (the Moon God). Later
Abraham was forced to leave his family in Haran by El (Enlil) to go
to Canaan in the west.---

He rests in the Underworld every month, and there decrees the fate
of the dead. He averts a flood of his city by visiting [318]Enlil
in Nippur on a boat loaded with gifts and pleading with him. He
refuses to send aid to [319]Inanna when she is trapped in the
underworld.
He does not answer [320]Gilgamesh's plea to restore [321]Enkidu to
life.

Nanna's cult center was in Ur, as was the residence of his high
priestesses (see also the Sumerian tablet called [322]Nanna Suen
and his journey to Nibru).
______________________________________________________________

Utu

Shamash Shamash

The son of [323]Nanna and [324]Ningal

The god of the Sun and of Justice, Utu goes to the underworld at
the end of every day and while there decrees the fate of the dead.
When [325]Inanna's huluppu tree is infested with unwelcome guests,
he ignores her appeal for aid. He aided [326]Dumuzi in his flight
from the Galla demons by helping him to transform into different
creatures. He opened the "ablal" of the Underworld for [327]Enkidu,
to allow him to escape, at the behest of [328]Enki. Through Enki's
orders, he also brings water up from the earth in order to irrigate
[329]Dilmun, (1) the garden paradise, the place where the sun
rises. He is in charge of the "Land of the Living" and, in sympathy
for [330]Gilgamesh, calls off the seven weather heroes who defend
that land.

(1) He brings UP water from the Earth to Dilmun ?, Dilmun was thus
situated on a mountain top but more probably Dilmun was situated in
the our solar system, another planet, Mars ?.

He rises from the mountains with rays out of his shoulders. He
enters and exits the underworld through a set of gates in the
mountain, guarded by scorpion-people. He travels both on foot and
in a
chariot, pulled by fiery mules. He upholds truth, and justice. He
is a lawgiver and informs oracles. [331]Nergal is a corrupt aspect
of his nature. He loves [332]Gilgamesh, hates evil and instigates
Gilgamesh's quest against [333]Humbaba, guiding him and receiving
prayers from him along the way. He tries to intercede to [334]Enlil
on [335]Enkidu's behalf, but is unsuccessful. He rebukes Enkidu for
cursing the Stalker and the temple prostitute for bringing him out
of the wild. In Kish, the eagle and the serpent swore an oath to
him that they would not overstep his limits. The eagle broke the
oath and ate the eggs of the serpent. Utu's, 'whose net is as wide
as earth', told the serpent how to serve the eagle justice. The
serpent lured the eagle with a bull carcass and captured him. The
eagle requested to be spared and the serpent refused, saying that
Utu's punishment would fall on him if he did not carry it out. He
cut the eagle's wings and left him to die in a pit. The eagle
prayed to Utu for mercy, and he refused to help personally, but
sent [336]Etana to help the eagle. He agreed to help Etana's
infertility problem if Etana would help the eagle.
______________________________________________________________

Ishkur

Adad Hadad

- a storm god, [337]Anu's son. He holds a lightning bolt in his
right hand and an axe in his left. He is partially responsible for
the flood. He despairs and will not attack [338]Anzu after Anzu has
stolen the Tablet of Destinies from [339]Enlil.

Also worshipped as Hadad (in Canaan), Eshmun (by the Sidonians),
Ishkur (in Accad and by the Hittites), the number X (by the
Hittites), Baal Hadad, Adad, Teshub, or Teshub (by the Hurrians),
Sutekh (by the Hyksos), the Canaanite/Egyptian Resheph, Rimmon,
Hadad-Rimmon (and either one or the other in Aram and Damascus),
and Ramman (in Accad). Also spelled Ba`al, Beel, Be`el, Ball
(Mercatante).

He is known as ADAD in Acadian. Later the people of Canaan came to
call ADAD lord which in their language was Ba`al.

Ishkur / Hadad it the the same God as, Baal, Ba-al, Ba`al in the
Bible.
______________________________________________________________

Inanna 

Ishtar Ishtar

It is notable that Inanna and Ishtar could be different Goddesses

The daughter of [340]Nanna and [341]Ningal

She is [342]Anu's second consort but she was also the lover of
Enki, Dumuzid and many other Gods and Demi Gods.

Inanna is one of the most important goddesses of the Sumerian
pantheon in ancient Mesopotamia. She is a goddess of love,
fertility, and war.

A woman planted the huluppu tree in Inanna's garden, but the
Imdugud-bird (Anzu bird?) made a nest for its young there, Lilith
(or her predecessor, a lilitu-demon) made a house in its trunk, and
a serpent made a home in its roots. Inanna appeals to [343]Utu
about her unwelcome guests, but he is unsympathetic. She appeals to
[344]Gilgamesh and he is receptive. He tears down the tree and
makes it into a throne and bed for her. In return for the favor,
Inanna manufactures a pukku and mikku for him. Later, Inanna seeks
out [345]Gilgamesh as her lover. When he spurns her she sends the
[346]Bull of Heaven (Gugulana) to terrorize his city of Unug (Uruk,
Erech).

Inanna figures prominently in various myths, such as '[347]Inanna's
descent to the underworld', [348]Inanna and Bilulu, [349]Inanna and
Ebih, [350]Inanna and Shu-kale-tuda and many others.

Inanna also visits [351]Kur (Africa). She sets out to witness the
funeral rites of her sister-in-law [352]Ereshkigal's husband
[353]Gugulanna, the Bull of Heaven. She takes precaution before
setting out, by telling her servant Nin-Shubur to seek assistance
from [354]Enlil, [355]Nanna, or [356]Enki at their shrines, should
she not return. Inanna knocks on the outer gates of Kur and the
gatekeeper, Neti, questions her. He consults with queen
[357]Ereshkigal and then allows Inanna to pass through the seven
gates of the underworld. After each gate, she is required to remove
adornments and articles of clothing, until after the seventh gate,
she is naked. The [358]Anunna pass judgment against her and
Ereshkigal killed her and hung her on the wall. Inanna is rescued
by the intervention of [359]Enki. He creates two sexless creatures
that empathize with Ereshkigal's suffering, and thereby gain a gift
- Inanna's corpse.
They restore her to life with the Bread of Life and the Water of
Life, but the Sumerian underworld has a conservation of death law.
No one can leave without providing someone to stay in their stead.
Inanna is escorted by galla/demons past Nin-Shubur and members of
her family. She doesn't allow them to claim anyone until she sees
[360]Dumuzi on his throne in Uruk. They then seize Dumuzi, but he
escapes them twice by transforming himself, with the aid of
[361]Utu. Eventually he is caught and slain. Inanna spies
[362]Geshtinanna, in mourning and they go to Dumuzi. She allows
Dumuzi, the shepherd, to stay in the underworld only six months of
the year, while Geshtinanna will stay the other six. As with the
Greek story of the kidnapping of Persephone, this linked the
changing seasons, the emergence of the plants from the ground, with
the return of a harvest deity from the nether world.

Inanna was the same as the Biblical Goddess Astharoth or Astarte.
______________________________________________________________

Bel

Marduk

- son of [363]Enki and [364]Ninhursag, brother of [365]Nanche and
[366]Geshtinanna, half-brother of [367]Dumuzi (mortal). His consort
was [368]Sarpanitum.

Note : --- In accordance to the Sumerian / Babylonian view Marduk
was the son of Enki / Ea but some scientists an historians believe
that Enki / Ea and Marduk are the same God.

It is uncertain but it is also my opinion that Enki and Marduk are
the same God with different names because there is a significant
parallel between parts of their stories.---

Marduk is possibly a different name for Enki, his father.

He is a "King of the [369]Igigi".

He often works with and asks questions of his father.

The Sumerian name is probably Merodoch and Acadian Bel. Eventually,
he was called simply Bel, meaning "Lord."

According to [370]Enuma Elish, an ancient epic poem of creation,
Marduk defeated [371]Tiamat and [372]Qingu, the dragons of chaos,
and thereby gained supreme power.

- Cleverest of the clever and sage of the gods. He was a fertility
god, but originally a god of thunderstorms.

He is depicted as having four eyes, four ears, and emits fire from
his mouth when he speaks. He is also gifted in magic. He was of
proud form and piercing stare, born mature, powerful, and perfect
and superior.

Acknowledged as the creator of the universe and of humankind, the
god of light and life, and the ruler of destinies, he rose to such
eminence that he claimed 50 titles.
He supplants the other Babylonian deities to become the central
figure of their pantheon.

(1)

(1) Even as his father Enki he was the most important God of the
Babylonians and he often works and questions his father.

He has fifty names many of which are those of other deities whose
attributes he usurped. (2)

(2) Even in the Enuma Elish is written that Marduk took over the
names of other Gods, or they were eventually given by his
grandfather An.

[373]Anu, his uncle, gave him the four winds to play with.

When Anu's peace mission to [374]Tiamat fails, Enki urges him into
action. He goes before [375]An and the divine assembly and declares
that he will defeat Tiamat and lay her head at his feet, but that
the assembly must promise that he should be the one to fix fates
and more or less assume the role of the leader of the pantheon.

He takes a bow and arrow and mace. He puts lightning in front of
him, marshals his winds, makes a net to encircle Tiamat, fills his
body with flame. He rides his storm-chariot driven by Slayer,
Pitiless, Racer, and Flyer, poison-toothed, tireless steeds. He had
a spell on his lips and an anti-toxin in his hand.

He led the gods to battle. [376]Qingu's strategy confused him.
Tiamat tried to enspell him and wheedled at him. Marduk reproaches
her and calls her out for single combat. She looses her temper and
they fight. He unleashes his weapons at her, distended her body
with winds, shot her in the belly with an arrow, split her in two
and slit her heart.(3) He defeats the rest of her forces and
retrieves the Tablet of Destinies. He smashed Tiamat's skull to
herald her death. He made half of her skin the roof of the sky.

(3) As mentioned earlier by the story of Tiamat, it is notable that
there it talks of the collapse between two or more planets in
ancient times. There are known stories and theories that the Earth
lost half of its mass during the collapsing of several planets.
(see also the chapter of Nibiru later).

He leveled the Apsu, measured it and established numerous shrines
for many of the gods.

He set up stands for the gods, constructed the heavens and
regulated the year, giving Utu some dominion over the months and
the year. (4) He made the Tigris and Euphrates rivers from Tiamat's
eyes and made mountains from her udders. He smashed the weapons of
Tiamat's army and put images of them at the gates to the
underworld.

(4) Dr. Emanuel Velikovsky wrote in his book "Ages in chaos" and
"Worlds in collision" about collapsing planets, it is interesting
to reed these books and others from the same writer, for more
information about Velikovsky go to :
[377]http://www.varchive.org/index.htm and
[378]http://www.varchive.org/bonds/bonds.htm for some movies of
Velikovsky's theories.

As mentioned previously the Sumerians believed in the Gods as the
planets of our solar system (see later chapter about Nibiru).

He set up his temple at E-sharra. and his seat in Babylon. The gods
honored him as king.

He put blood and bones together as and made early man to bear the
work of the gods, as in Atrahasis (Earth). For Qingu's part in the
war he was made to provide the blood for the creation of humankind.
(5)

(5) Even as his father is here written that he created humankind.

An, [379]Lahamu, and [380]Anu find him a shrine and Anu instills
upon him the Anu-power in which, his word decrees fate. He is
proclaimed King and invested with the scepter, throne, and
staff-of-office. He is given an un-faceable weapon, the
flood-weapon.

[381]An gave him many new names, see the whole story in the
Babylonian creation Epic [382]The Enuma Elish :

1. Asarluhi, 2. Marduk, 3. The Son, The Majesty of the Gods, 4.
Marukka, 5. Mershakushu, 6. Lugal-dimmer-ankia (King of heaven and
earth), 7. Bel, 8. Nari-lugal-dimmer-ankia, 9. Asarluhi, 10.
Namtila, 11. Namru, 12. 'Asare, 13. Asar-alim, 14. Asar-alim-nuna,
15. Tutu, 16. Zi-ukkina, 17. Ziku, 18. Agaku, 19. Shazu, 20. Zisi,
21. Suhrim, 22. Suhgurim, 23. Zahrim, 24. Zahgurim, 25. Enbilulu,
26. Epadun, 27. Gugal, 28. Hegal, 29. Sirsir, 30. Malah, 31. Gil,
32. Gilima, 33. Agilima, 34. Zulum, 35. Mummu, 36. Zulum-ummu, 37.
Gizh- numun-ab, 38. Lugal-ab-dubur, 39. Pagal-guena, 40.
Lugal-Durmah, 41. Aranuna, 42. Dumu-duku, 43. Lugal-duku, 44.
Lugal-shuanna, 45. Iruga, 46. Irqingu, 47. Kinma, 48. Kinma, 49.
E-sizkur, 50. Addu, 51. Asharu, 52. Nebiru, 53. Enkukur.

He becomes a firm lawgiver and judge who, when angered is not
stoppable.

He divided the Anunnaki and placed 300 to guard the sky, and six
hundred to dwell in heaven and earth. (6)

(6) Se also the story in [383]Enoch about the "Watchers" who were
also divided in groups of 300 and 600 "Angels", even in the Bible
we can find more of these [384]Anunnaki, now called Nephilim,
Anakim or "Sons of God", thus appearing to make there offspring and
of most of the other Sons of Gods the Nephilim or Anakim of the Old
Testament.

we can read in Genesis 6 :

Gn:6:2: That the sons of God saw the daughters of men that they
were fair; and they took them wives of all which they chose.
Gn:6:4: There were giants in the earth in those days; and also
after that, when the sons of God came in unto the daughters of men,
and they bare children to them, the same became mighty men which
were of old, men of renown.

He had them create Babylon building the E-SAGILA temple and a high
ziggurat. (The tower of Babel ?) (7)

(7) Some historians believe that Marduk started the Tower of Babel
incident. I disagree with them because we can read in
[385]The Writings of Abraham that Nimrod builds the Tower of Babel.

Later he becomes somewhat negligent and [386]Erra (Nergal)
challenges him by preparing to attack his people in Babylon. He
responds to the challenge by saying that he already killed most of
the people in the flood and would not do so again.

He also states that no-one would be in control of things if he got
off of his throne to work up a flood, to which Erra volunteers to
run things from Marduk's throne.

According to Sumerian sources, Marduk was born before the Flood on
the 12th planet Nibiru (see chapter 12). Marduk came back to Earth
after the Flood (together with other Gods) and took over Egypt.

He was known to the Egyptians as Ra, the son of Ptah, (known as Ea
by the Babylonian). These deities were known by different names in
different countries but there is reason to suspect they were the
same gods. His father Enki / Ptah gave him Egypt to rule. Marduk/Ra
was unhappy because he wanted to rule the whole earth.

It shouldn't be strange that Enki and Marduk were one and the same
God because Christianity believes in the Father and the Son as one
God. But still its not proven yet. Sometimes it is also said that
[387]Adad (Ba-al) is the same as Marduk. I don't believe that
because Adad is a son of Anu and a brother of Enlil.
______________________________________________________________

Gibil

Girra Gerra

Ishum

- the god of fire, [388]Antu's (Anunitu's) son.

The Sumerian god of light and fire. He was also invoked to protect
against wizardry.

He despairs and will not attack [389]Anzu after Anzu has stolen the
Tablet of Destinies from [390]Enlil.

He is the god of fire, and is adept at using weapons. He lights the
way in front of [391]Erra (Nergal) and the [392]Sebitti. He advises
Erra against attacking [393]Marduk or his people in Babylon. When
Erra takes Marduk's seat, Gibil (Ishum) persuades him against
destroying Babylon, finally appeasing him by promising that the
other gods would acknowledge themselves as his servants (see also
the original Babylonian tablet called [394]Erra and Ishum.
______________________________________________________________

B. Other Gods

In addition to the four primary deities and the Seven who decreed
fate, there were hundreds of others.

The all belong to the

[395]Anunnaki and [396]Igigi and most of them were called the
Nephilim in the Bible and The Watchers in

[397]Enoch.

One of the most beloved deities was the shepherd god [398]Dumuzi
(the biblical Tammuz).
______________________________________________________________

Ningal 

Ningal Ningal

- the consort of [399]Nanna, the mother of [400]Inanna and
[401]Utu.

The Phoenicians called her Nikkal

Nanche

Nanshe Nash

The daughter of [402]Enki

one of "the pure goddesses" Goddess of Morals and Ethics

Nanche was also the goddess of water and fertility, her symbol was
a vessel of water with a fish in it, which signifies the gravid
womb.
"Interpreter of Dreams," the Babylonian title of the goddess who
gave her priests the ability to interpret (Oneiromancy) and
prophesy from other men's dreams. The priests acquired this ability
after undergoing an initiation ceremony of descent into her "pit,"
a symbolic experience of death and resurrection.

Her cult centre is Sirara near Lagash.

Nabu

Nabu Nabu

He is regarded as the son of [403]Marduk.

Ancient Sumerian-Babylonian god of knowledge and writing, scribe of
the gods.

The God Nebo as mentioned in the Bible

Shamu

Tashmetum

The Sumerian name is unknown.

She is the wife of Nabu the patron god of the scribes

Acadian / Babylonian goddess, and Her name, which derives from the
Acadian Shamu means something like "the granting of requests".

With Nabu, She is often invoked in late Babylonian and late
Assyrian prayers and ritual texts as a merciful mediator, protector
from evil and goddess of love and potency, and seen as a
traditional wife and marital consort, a Goddess and young Queen.

Together with Nabu they were worshipped in Borsippa.

Ennugi

Ennugi Ennugi

- canal- controller of the [404]Anunnaki.

The god of irrigation and inspector of canals in Mesopotamian
mythology

Sarpanitum

Beltia Sarpanit

Sarpanitum, also known as Beltia, is an ancient Sumerian-Babylonian
goddess, the consort of [405]Marduk.

Cara

Cara Shara

[406]Anu and [407]Inanna's son.

He despairs and will not attack [408]Anzu after Anzu has stolen the
Tablets of Destinies from [409]Enlil.

Mummu

Mummu Mummu

An ancient Sumerian-Babylonian craftsman-god, and personification
of technical skill. He was the vizier of [410]Abzu and [411]Tiamat,
He is very fond of Abzu and colludes with him to disperse the
younger gods when they disturb [412]Tiamat, even after Tiamat
rejects the plan. [413]Enki found out about his plan, enspelled him
and tied him up. When Abzu was killed by Enki, he bound Mummu into
his service.

Nissaba

Nisaba Nisaba

The Sumerian goddess of grain, writing and wisdom. She is the
daughter of the sky-god [414]Anu. Her breast nourishes the fields.
Her womb gives birth to the vegetation and grain. She has abundant
locks of hair. She is also a goddess of writing and learned
knowledge. She performs the purification ceremony on [415]Ninurta
after he has slain [416]Anzu and is given his additional names and
shrines.

Gula

Bau Baba

The Sumerian goddess of healing. Her husband is [417]Ninurta. The
dog is her symbolic animal. She is also a mother goddess and a
goddess of healing. Baba is the daughter of the sky god [418]Anu
and consort of the fertility god [419]Ningirsu. People often called
her 'mother Baba' (see also the Sumerian poem [420]A tigi for Bau
to Gudea).

The Sumerian tutelary goddess of the city of Lagash, some 70
kilometers north of Ur, and patroness of the king.

Kakka

Kakka Kakka

The messenger of the Sumerian god [421]An and [422]Anu's vizier

He brought the gods' food to [423]Ereshkigal.

He was sent to [424]Kurnugi to deliver Ereshkigal the message that
Anu wishes to deliver a gift to her via one of her messengers. An
sends him to round up [425]Lahmu and [426]Lahamu to send off
[427]Marduk for his battle with [428]Tiamat and rally them to his
side.

Qingu

Qingu Kingu

- [429]Tiamat's battle leader. He is promoted and enhanced to a
leading position from among the ranks. Tiamat places the Tablet of
Destinies into his possession, giving him the Anu-power, such that
his word is law and effects reality. He gives his army
fire-quenching breath and paralyzing venom. His battle strategy
initially confuses [430]Marduk. He is defeated by Marduk and
counted among the dead gods.

Ashnan

The Sumerian goddess of grain, daughter of [431]Enlil. She was
assigned to the fertile land of Sumer by [432]Enki. She is a
powerful deity, supporting the people.

Nidaba

The goddess of writing and the patron deity of the edubba (palace
archives).

Geshtu-e

- 'ear', god whose blood and intelligence are used by [433]Mami to
create man, possibly the same as the God We.

Siduri

- the barmaid, a manifestation of [434]Ishtar who dwells at the lip
of the sea, beyond which is the Land of Life, where
[435]Uta-Napishtim lives. She speaks with [436]Gilgamesh. She wears
a veil.

Gushkin-banda

- creator of god and man, goldsmith god.

Sharru

- god of submission

Nin-ildu

- the carpenter god. He carries the pure axe of the sun.

Lahar

The Sumerian god of cattle and particularly of sheep. He was
created by [437]Enlil.

Dumuzi

Dumuzi Tammuz

The son of [438]Enki

First spouse to [439]Ishtar, the lover of her youth.

He successfully courted and married [440]Inanna. Following the
consummation of this marriage, he was given divine powers over the
fertility of plants and animals, especially over grain. Upon her
rescue from the dead, he was pursued by galla demons, which he
eluded for a time with the aid of [441]Utu. Eventually he was
caught and slain; however, he was partially freed from his stay in
the underworld by the actions of his sister [442]Geshtinanna. Now
he resides there only half of the year, while she lives there the
other half year; this represents seasonal change (see Inanna and
Geshtinanna). He is also known as Tammuz.

He has a palace in [443]Kur, and is due a visit by those entering
Kur.

In life, he was the shepherd king of Uruk (Dumuzid), see later
chapter 11 about the Sumerian King list.

He is the Sumerian form of [444]Tammuz. A god of vegetation and
fertility, and also of the underworld. He is called 'the Shepherd'
and 'lord of the sheepfolds'. As the companion of [445]Gizzida 'to
all eternity' he stands at the gate of heaven. According to the
Sumerian King-List [446]Gilgamesh was descended from 'Dumuzi a
shepherd'. Dumuzi was originally a mortal ruler whose marriage to
Inanna ensured the fertility of the land and the fecundity of the
womb. This marriage, however, according to a myth whose
denouncement has only recently come to light, ended in stark
tragedy when the goddess, offended by her husband's unfeeling
behavior toward her, decreed that he be carried off to the
netherworld for six months of each year-hence the barren, sterile
months of the hot summer. At the autumnal equinox, which marked the
beginning of the Sumerian new year, Dumuzi returned to the earth.
His reunion with his wife caused all animal and plant life to be
revitalized and made fertile once again. He is a vegetation god. He
went into the underworld and was recovered through the intervention
of Ishtar. He is sometimes the guardian of heaven's gates and
sometimes a god of the underworld. He guards the Gate of [447]Anu
with [448]Gizzida.

[449]Dumuzid and Enkimdu. A conflict story similar to Cain and Abel
is found in Sumerian literature. In this tale the shepherd-god
Dumuzi vies with the farmer-god Enkimdu for the favors of the
goddess Inanna. Dumuzi quarrels with Enkimdu and wins the prize of
Inanna's attention. Both the biblical and Sumerian stories reflect
the early conflict between shepherds and farmers over use of the
precious arable land (see also the original Sumerian tablet
[450]Dumuzid and Geshtinanna and [451]Dumuzid's dreams).

Ninsun

Her name means "queen of the wild cow", [452]Gilgamesh's mother and
[453]Lugalbanda's mate. She is wise, 'knows everything' and
interprets Gilgamesh's dreams. She offers incense and drink to Utu
and questions his decision to send Gilgamesh against [454]Humbaba.
When doing so, she wears a circlet on her head and an ornament on
her breast. She adopts [455]Enkidu prior to the quest against
Humbaba.

In the Gilgamesh epic she appears as a counselor of her son and
interprets dreams.

Nusku

A Sumerian god of light and fire, and the messenger of [456]Enlil,
his father. He sets fire to the steppes, and is called upon to
destroy witches and demons with his fire. The lamp is his
attribute.

Uttu

The Sumerian spider goddess of weaving and of clothing. She is a
daughter of [457]Enki and [458]Nindurra (Ninkura, daughter of Nintu
and Enki).

See the story of [459]Enki and Ninhursag

Aia

- [460]Utu's consort

Geshtinanna 

Gestinanna Belili

the wife of [461]Ninjiczida.

Daughter of [462]Enki, Sister of [463]Dumuzi

The dying Dumuzi, tortured by nightmares, brought the dreams to his
sister for interpretation. Geshtinanna realized her brother was
under attack by demons. She tells him this and advises him to flee.
Dumuzi flees, swearing Geshtinanna to secrecy as to where he is
going into hiding. The demons attacked Geshtinanna to force her to
reveal her brother's whereabouts, but she remained silent. The
demons, however, soon found Dumuzi, hiding in the form of a gazelle
in his sister's sheepfold. He was carried off to the underworld by
them; Geshtinanna then set out to rescue him. They were eventually
reunited after many adventures. The goddess then persuaded the
underworld divinities to grant Dumuzi half her own life; thus each
was allowed to live on earth six months of each year. Her time in
the underworld and her periodic emergence from it are linked with
her new divine authority over the autumn vines and wine.

Geshtinanna is also associated with growth, but where her brother
rules over the spring harvested grain, she rules over the autumn
harvested vines (see also the original Sumerian story called
[464]Dumuzid and Geshtinanna.

Nin-gishzida

Nin-gizzida

The daughter of [465]Enki

Underworld Goddess Due gifts upon death (see also the Sumerian
tablet called [466]Ningishzida's journey to the Nether world.

Ninkasi

goddess of brewing?.
______________________________________________________________

C. Netherworld Gods

Sebitti

Most of them also belonged to the Anunnaki, the Gods of the
Netherworld (the Gods that were send to Earth, the empire of the
death.

Most of them were also "The Watchers" in the book of [467]Enoch and
the Nephilim in the Bible.

The place beneath Heavens was also called the Underworld, the
Netherworld, Kur and Kurnugi, it is notable that the meaning of the
Gods of the Netherworld is "The Gods who stayed on Earth" and ,
mostly, never returned to Heaven again.

Heaven must be seen as the place "home-planet" where they
originally came from or, when they were born on Earth, their
parents had came from.

The Sebitti are the seven warrior gods led by [468]Nergal.

They were :

[469]Nergal : Consort of Ereshkigal, Lord of the Nether World.

[470]Ereshkigal : Queen of the Nether World, She who Wails.

[471]Gugulana (The Bull of Heaven) first consort of Ereshkigal.
[472]Namtar : Due gifts upon death.

[473]Hubishag : Due gifts upon death.

[474]Ningishzida : Due gifts upon death.

[475]Huwawa Guardian of the cedar of the heart in the the "Land of
the living"

[476]Anu gave them fearsome and lethal destinies and put them under
Erra's (Nergal's) command.

They prefer to exercise there skills instead of letting Erra stay
in the cities with his diseases. As for the underworld [477]Kur or
Kurnugi (Sumerian for 'land of no return'). The mines in Africa.

It is presided over by Anu to [478]Ereshkigal and [479]Nergal.

Within the house of Irkalla (Nergal), the house of darkness, the
house of Ashes, no one ever exits. "They live on dust, their food
is mud; their clothes are like birds' clothes, a garment of wings,
and they see no light, living in blackness." It is full of dust and
mighty kings serve others food.

In Ereshkigal's court, heroes and priests reside, as well as
[480]Sumuqan and [481]Belit-tseri.

The [482]Scorpion-people guard the gates in the mountain to the
underworld which [483]Utu/Shamash uses to enter and exit.

There are seven gates, through which one must pass. At each gate,
an adornment or article of clothing must be removed.

The gates are named: Nedu, (En)kishar, Endashurimma, (E)nuralla,
Endukuga/Nerubanda, Endushuba/Eundukuga, and Ennugigi. Beyond the
gates are twelve double doors, wherein it is dark. Siduri waits
there by the waters of death, beyond which, is the Land of the
Living, where [484]Uta-Napishtim and his wife dwell. Shamash and
Uta-napishtim's boatman, Urshanabi, can cross the waters.

Egalginga, the everlasting palace, is a place where [485]Ishtar was
held.
______________________________________________________________

Nergal

Nergal Nergal

The son of [486]Enlil. He is
also called Erra

As Erra he is a hunter god, a god of war and plague. He is
submissive to [487]Enki.

- 'lord who prowls by night') -, the Unsparing, god of the
underworld, husband of [488]Ereshkigal, lover of [489]Mami. He is
an evil god who brings war, pestilence, fever and devastation.

Nergal is represented as a god dressed in a long open-fronted robe,
often with one leg bared and advanced, his foot placed upon a
raised support or trampling a man. He usually carries a scimitar
and a single or double-headed lion scepter, which, as independent
motifs, served to symbolize him.

He can open the doorposts to the underworld to allow the passage of
a soul. He achieved his post by refusing to stand before an address
of [490]Namtar. When Ereshkigal called him to be punished, he
dragged her off of her throne by the hair, and threatened to
decapitate her. She offered him the position as her consort and he
accepted. He is an evil aspect of [491]Utu /Shamash. He allows
[492]Enkidu's spirit to visit [493]Gilgamesh at the behest of Enki.

He is sometimes the son of Enki. Prior to his first journey to the
underworld, he builds a chair of fine wood under Enki's instruction
to give to Ereshkigal as a gift from [494]Anu. He is advised not to
take part of the food, drink and entertainment offered there. He is
tempted by Ereshkigal and eventually succumbs, sleeping with her
for seven days. He then takes his leave, angering her. The
gatekeeper lets him out and he climbs the stairway to heaven. He
hides from [495]Namtar in heaven, but is discovered and returns to
the underworld to marry Ereshkigal.

He commands the Sebitti, seven warriors who are also the Pleiades,
they aid in his killing of noisy, over-populous people and animals.
He rallies them when he feels the urge for war, and calls
[496]Ishum to light the way. He regards [497]Marduk as having
become negligent and prepares to attack his people in Babylon. He
challenges Marduk in E-sagila in Shuanna /Babylon. Marduk responds
that he already killed most of the people in the flood and would
not do so again. He also states that he could not run the flood
without getting off of his throne and letting control slip. Erra
volunteers to take his seat and control things. Marduk takes his
vacation and Erra sets about trying to destroy Babylon. [498]Ishum
intervenes on Babylon's behalf and persuades Erra to stop, but not
before he promises that the other gods will acknowledge themselves
as Erra's servants (see the Babylonian tablets called [499]Erra and
Ishum and [500]Nergal and Ereshkigal.

His attributes are the club and the sickle.

Since Nergal was worshipped at the temple called E-meslam (or
Meslam House) at Kutu in Babylonia, he was also sometimes known
under the name of Meslamta-ea, 'he who comes forth from the
Meslam'.

NERGAL is the same as the Greek god HADES.
______________________________________________________________

Ereshkigal 

Ereshkigal Allatu

The daughter of [501]An and [502]Nammu, twin sister of [503]Enki.

- the supreme goddess of the underworld, [504]Nergal is her
consort, together with him she rules the underworld When angered,
her face grows livid and her lips grow black.

She doesn't know why [505]Ishtar would visit her, but she allows
her in, according to the ancient rites. She instructs [506]Namtar
to release his diseases upon Ishtar. When 'His appearance is
bright' tries to get her to swear an oath, she curses him. She has
Namtar release Ishtar in exchange for [507]Dumuzi.

[508]Anu sends [509]Kakka to her with a message and then sends
Nergal to give her a throne upon which she is to sit and give
judgment. She offers Nergal food, drink, a foot bath, and entices
him with her body. Eventually he succumbs and they sleep with each
other for seven days. She is enraged when he wishes to leave. She
sends Namtar to heaven to request that [510]Anu, [511]Enlil, and
[512]Enki send Nergal to her as one of the few favors she has ever
had. If they do not, she will raise the dead and they will eat and
outnumber the living. Nergal is brought back.

In some versions of the myth, Nergal takes control of Namtar's
attendant demons and grabs Ereshkigal by the hair. In this position
she proposes marriage to him. In both versions they are married.

in the prelude to [513]"Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Nether world".
She has a palace there and is due a visit by those entering
[514]Kur (see also the original Sumerian table called
[515]Ereshkigal.
______________________________________________________________

Gugulana (The Bull of Heaven)

- Created by [516]Anu to kill [517]Gilgamesh at [518]Ishtar's
behest. At its snorting, a hole opened up and 200 men fell into it.
When it fights [519]Enkidu and Gilgamesh, it throws spittle and
excrement at them. It is killed and set as an offering to [520]Utu
/ Shamash.

The Bull of Heaven, was [521]Ereshkigal's first husband. After
[522]Gilgamesh spurned Inanna, she sends him to terrorize Erech
(see also the original Sumerian tablet called [523]Gilgamesh and
the Bull of Heaven.
______________________________________________________________

Namtar 

Namtar Namtara

Namtar - "Fate", the demon responsible for death. Namtar has no
hands or feet and does not eat or drink. Namtar is the Fate-Cutter,
[524]Ereshkigal's messenger and vizier, the herald of death.

He commands sixty diseases, which are grouped by the part of the
body which they affect. It is fate, destiny in its evil aspect,
pictured as a demon of the underworld. In addition to spreading
disease, Namtar acted as the herald or messenger and chief minister
of Ereshkigal, the queen of the Sumerian underworld, and the god
Nergal.

Nergal in his guise as the god Irra, and Namtar were believed to
cause all diseases in mortals.

He takes [525]Ishtar back out of the Underworld at Ereshkigal's
command. He acts as her messenger to [526]Anu.
______________________________________________________________

Gizzida Ningizzia

Ninjiczida

- a guardian of the gate of heaven; a god of the underworld.

- the chief gatekeeper the scribe of Kur -

The name means "Trusty timber". Son of Ninazu, consort of Belili,
doorkeeper of [527]Anu.

A fertility god, addressed as 'Lord of the Tree of Life'. Sometimes
he is a serpent with a human head, but later he was a god of
healing and magic. He is the "companion" of [528]Tammuz with whom
he stood at the gate of heaven.

His symbol was the horned snake known as Basmu in Acadian, it was
sixty leages long and had multiple mouths and tongues.

His main cult centers were located in: Gishbanda, between Lagash
and Ur.

Ninjiczida is in my opinion Satan or Satana from the Bible, the
horned snake.
______________________________________________________________

Hubishag

- the god of dawn Dimpemekug - due gifts, no palace.
______________________________________________________________

Huwawa 

Humbaba

Humbaba

Humbaba (Huwawa) - this monster was appointed by [529]Enlil to
guard the cedar forest, which is in fact one large tree, the home
of the gods, and terrify mankind. 'His shout is the storm-flood,
his mouth, fire, his breath is death.' He has seven cloaks with
which to arm himself. There is a gate and a path in the cedar
mountain for Humbaba to walk on.

Guardian of the cedar of the heart in the the "Land of the living",
Huwawa has dragon's teeth, a lion's face, a roar like rushing flood
water, huge clawed feet and a thick mane. He lived there in a cedar
house.

He appears to have attacked [530]Gilgamesh, [531]Enkidu and company
when they felled that cedar. They then come upon Huwawa and
Gilgamesh distracts him with flattery, then puts a nose ring on him
and binds his arms. Huwawa grovels to Gilgamesh and Enkidu and
Gilgamesh almost releases him. Enkidu argues against it and when
Huwawa protests, he decapitates Huwawa (see the original Sumerian
tablet called [532]Gilgamesh and Huwawa.

The Sumerians had many other deities as well, most of which appear
to have been minor.
______________________________________________________________

D. Demi-Gods, Monsters and Demons

The definition of Monsters and Demons, they were creatures who
belonged to the "first" (deformed beings) and "second" creation of
the Gods and some of them were the children of the Gods and
Humanity (Giants) (see also the original Babylonian tablet called
[533]Seven Evil Spirits.

It is notable that most of them were the children of the Gods and
the daughters of Men, the Giants of Genesis 6.

Gn:6:4: There were giants in the earth in those days; and also
after that, when the sons of God came in unto the daughters of men,
and they bare children to them, the same became mighty men which
were of old, men of renown.

In the Bible they are called Anakim, Anak, Anakites, Arba and
Rephaites.
______________________________________________________________

1. Demi-Gods

The definition of a Demi God is that they all are mortal but they
lived much longer then Men. (mostly 1,000 to 50,000 years.

As I mentioned already in chapter 1 through 6 (the timetable of the
Bible) "The Earth Fathers" the first 10 Generations as mentioned in
Gn:5 (from Adam to Noah) can in my opinion also be seen as Demi
Gods because of their ages and they stood close to their
"creators", most of them were worshipped as Gods too.

Adapa Uan

- The first of the seven antediluvian sages who were sent by
[534]Enki to deliver the arts of civilization to mankind. He was
from Eridu. He offered food an water to the gods in Eridu. He went
out to catch fish for the temple of Enki and was caught in a storm.
He broke the South Wind's wing and was called to be punished. Enki
advised him to say that he behaved that way on account of
[535]Dumuzi's and [536]Gizzida's (Satan's) absence from the
country.

Those gods, who tended [537]Anu's gate, spoke in his favor to Anu.
He was offered the bread and water of eternal life, but Enki
advised against his taking it, lest he end his life on earth.

Adapa / Uan is the same as Adam in the Bible.

Nin-ti

Lady of the "rib"

The seventh creation of [538]Ninhursag to cure the last diseases of
[539]Enki when he was punished for eating the seven magical plants.

Nin-ti is the same as Eva in the Bible.

Kabta

In Sumerian mythology, Kabta is the god of bricks, he is the god
who lays foundations and builds houses.

Kabta is possibly the same as Nimrod in the Bible.

we can read about him :

Gn:10:8: And Cush begat Nimrod: he began to be a mighty one in the
earth. Gn:10:9: He was a mighty hunter before the Lord: wherefore
it is said, Even as Nimrod the mighty hunter before the Lord.
Gn:10:10: And the beginning of his kingdom was Babel, and Erech,
and Accad, and Calneh, in the land of Shinar.

See also the story in [540]The Writings of Abraham.

Kalkal

[541]Enlil's doorkeeper in Nippur.

Shullat

- Utu's servant.

Hanish

- the weather god's servant.

Urshambi

- boatman to [542]Uta-Napishtim

Nin-agal

In Sumerian mythology, Nin-agal is the god of smiths. He chews
copper and makes tools.

Nin-agal is the same as Tubalcain in the Bible.

We can read about him :

Gn:4:22: And Zillah, she also bare Tubalcain, an instructor of
every artificer in brass and iron: and the sister of Tubalcain was
Naamah.

See also the story in [543]The Writings of Abraham.

Enkimdu

In Sumerian mythology, Enkimdu was the farmer god.

Enkimdu is the same as Abel or Jabal in the Bible.

We can read about him :

Gn:4:20: And Adah bare Jabal: he was the father of such as dwell in
tents, and of such as have cattle.

See also the story in [544]The Writings of Abraham.

Lugalbanda

- a warrior-king and, with [545]Ninsun, the progenitor of
[546]Gilgamesh.

The third king of the post-diluvium dynasty of Uruk, a god and
shepherd, and hero of a cycle of Sumerian poems like
[547]Lugulbanda, father of Gilgamesh and [548]Lugulbanda and the
mountain cave.

Lugalbanda in his own right was a god-king of the city of Uruk, and
according to the Sumerian Kings List he ruled the city for no fewer
than 1,200 years.

At the time of this adventure, nevertheless, he seems to have been
a young officer in Enmerkar´s army commanding a division of Uruk´s
troops.

He begs Utu, "I greet you! Let me be ill no longer! Hero, Ningal's
son, I greet you! Let me be ill no longer! Utu" (so Lugalbanda was
mortal !)

Gilgamesh

The son of the warrior-king [549]Lugalbanda and the wise goddess
[550]Ninsun, probably a priest of Kullab (part of Uruk), and fifth
king of Uruk after the flood. He was famous as a great builder and
as a judge of the dead.

The Epic of Gilgamesh (see chapter 7) was preserved on clay tablets
which were deciphered in the last century. It contains the
adventures of the great King of Uruk (southern Babylonia) in his
fruitless search for immortality and of his friendship with
[551]Enkidu, the wild man from the hills.

Gilgamesh built the walls of the city Uruk, and the Eanna (house of
[552]Anu) temple complex there, dedicated to [553]Ishtar. He is
two-thirds divine and one-third human. He is tall and a peerless
warrior. He is the king and shepherd of the people of Uruk, but he
was very wild, which upset his people, so they called out to
[554]Anu. Anu told [555]Aruru to make a peer for Gilgamesh, so that
they could fight and be kept occupied, so she created the wild-man
[556]Enkidu. Enkidu terrorizes the countryside, and a Stalker,
advised by his father, informs Gilgamesh. They bring a love-
priestess to bait Enkidu. She sleeps with him, and educates him
about civilization, Gilgamesh and the city. Gilgamesh dreams about
Enkidu and is anxious to meet him. Enkidu comes into the city
Gilgamesh is on his way to deflower the brides in the city's
"bride-house" and the two fight. They are evenly matched and become
friends. Gilgamesh decides to strengthen his reputation by taking
on [557]Humbaba, [558]Enlil's guardian of the forest. Enkidu
accompanies Gilgamesh and they spend much time in preparation.
Eventually they find the monster and defeat him. Ishtar offers to
become Gilgamesh's lover, but Gilgamesh insults her, saying that
she has had many lovers and has not been faithful to them. Ishtar
asks Anu to send the [559]Bull of Heaven to punish Gilgamesh, and
he does. Gilgamesh and Enkidu defeat the creature, but Enkidu falls
ill and dies, presumably because the gods are unhappy that he
helped kill Humbaba and the Bull of Heaven. Gilgamesh morns Enkidu
and decides to visit [560]Uta-Napishtim, the only human who does
not die. He goes to the mountains of Mashu and passes by the
guardian [561]Scorpion-demons into the darkness.

It becomes light as he enters the Garden of the Gods and he finds
[562]Siduri the Barmaid, to whom he relates his quest. She sends
him to cross the waters of death and he confronts the boatman,
[563]Urshanabi. They cross and Gilgamesh speaks with Utnapishtim.
Utnapishtim recounts the tale of the flood and challenges Gilgamesh
to remain awake for six days and seven nights. He fails, but
Utnapishtim's wife urges him to reveal to Gilgamesh a rejuvenate
plant. Gilgamesh takes it, but looses it to a serpent before
returning to Uruk.

Another tablet of the Babylonian Gilgamesh story exist
([564]Gilgamesh and the Netherworld), which is similar to the
Sumerian version of the tale. Enkidu volunteers to enter the
underworld to recover Gilgamesh's pukku and mikku (drum and
throwing stick). Gilgamesh warns him of the proper etiquette for
the underworld, lest Enkidu be kept there. Enkidu prepares to enter
the underworld, and is dressed, scented and bade good-bye. The
Earth seizes him and Gilgamesh weeps. He pleads for Enkidu's sake
to Enlil, [565]Sin, and finally to [566]Ea. Ea tells [567]Nergal to
let Enkidu's ghost escape the underworld and tell
Gilgamesh about it. He tells Gilgamesh of the dead which he has
seen there, of those who are cared for and those who aren't,
indicating the sort of judgment and ritual associated with the
afterlife and death.

See also the Sumerian tablets called [568]Gilgamesh and Aga and
[569]The death of Gilgamesh.

Most of the poems of this epic were already written down in the
first centuries of the second millennium BC, but probably existed
in much the same form many centuries earlier. The final recension,
and most complete edition, comes from the seventh century library
of Ashurbanipal, antiquary and last great king of the Assyrian
empire.

He is the precursor of Heracles and other folk heroes.

Enkidu

The god [570]Anu instructed the goddess [571]Aruru to bring forth
valiant Enkidu - an equal to [572]Gilgamesh in all respects because
Gilgamesh was very wild and often upset his people in Uruk.

Enkidu was wild in appearance and nature, Enkidu was birthed among
the animals on the steppes.

He fed with the gazelles, drank with the wild beasts, and thwarted
the attempts of hunters to disturb the creatures.

A young hunter, vexed by Enkidu, was told by his father to go to
Uruk and tell Gilgamesh of this powerful wild-man. Doing so,
Gilgamesh gave the young hunter a "harlot-lass", who was to "lay
bare her ripeness" and seduce Enkidu at his watering-place. For six
days and seven nights Enkidu and the harlot cavorted, after which
Enkidu found that the wild beasts no longer welcome him. However,
he "now had wisdom, broader understanding."

The harlot convinced now-lonely Enkidu to accompany her to ram
parted Uruk and challenge Gilgamesh, whose tyrannical disposition
has been described to Enkidu. Before leaving, however, the harlot
teaches Enkidu the ways of modern man, and he becomes a hero to the
country people- watching over the cattle and scaring off the lions.
Enkidu then goes to Uruk and confronts Gilgamesh. They clash like
mighty bulls, shaking the very wall of Uruk. The fight goes on for
hours, with Enkidu emerging as the nominal victor. After this
battle, Enkidu and Gilgamesh become inseparable friends and joint
heroes of Uruk, with Gilgamesh no longer abusing his position of
authority.

Ziusudra

Atrahasis

Uta-Napishtim

In the Sumerian poems he is a wise king and priest of Shuruppak; in
the Acadian sources he is a wise citizen of Shuruppak.

He is the son of Ubara-Tutu (see later the Sumerian king list), and
his name is usually translated as "He Who Saw Life".

[573]Enlil had grown tired of the noise that the mass of humanity
was making, and after a series of disasters failed to eliminate the
problem, he had [574]Enki release the floodgates to drown them out.
Since Enki had a hand in creating man, he wanted to preserve his
creation, warned Atrahasis, and had him build a boat, with which he
weathered the flood.

He is the protégé of the god [575]Enki, by whose connivance he
survives the flood, with his family and with 'the seed of all
living creatures'.

After Enki advises Enlil on better means to control the human
population, (predators, famine, and plague), Enlil makes
Utnapishtim and his wife immortal, like the gods.

According to the Sumerians he lives in [576]Dilmun where the sun
rises. He is the main character of the Flood story in the eleventh
tablet of the Gilgamesh epic. In an different version of this epic
(such as the Atrachasis myth for instance) he is named Atrachasis,
"the exceptional wise one". Old Babylonian Uta-Napishtim, Sumerian
Ziusudra. He shows many similarities with the much more recent
biblical Noah.

Ziusudra is the same as NOAH in the Bible.

Etana

- the human taken to the sky by an eagle.

The thirteenth god-king of the Sumerian dynasty ruling the city of
Kish. He was appointed by [577]Anu himself.

[578]Ishtar and the Igigi searched for a king for Kish. [579]Enlil
found a throne for Etana and they declared him the king.

Etana had no son and prayed daily to [580]Shamash, the sun-god, to
grant him a child. Shamash directed him to an eagle caught in a
pit, where it had been trapped by a serpent, having eaten the young
of the snake. Etana freed the eagle who, in gratitude, carried the
king on his back to heaven. Upon his arrival in heaven, Etana was
brought to the throne of Ishtar, where he begged the goddess for a
son, since his queen was barren. She gave him the plant of birth
which he had to eat together with his wife. Little else is known of
this story, but the plant was probably successful because we know
from history that Etana had a son and his name was Balih.
______________________________________________________________

2. Demons and Monsters

The most important were :

Scorpion Men

Aqrabuamelu (girtablilu) - scorpion-man, the guardians of the gates
of the underworld. Their "terror is awesome" and their "glance is
death".

In Babylonian mythology scorpion men were the children of
[581]Tiamat, the dragon mother of the universe.

They were giants whose heads touched the sky.

They possessed the head, arms, and torso of a man; but below the
waist they had the tails of scorpions. Deadly warriors, they could
fight either with their scorpion tails or their bows and arrows
which never missed their targets. They were the sacred guardians of
the sun god [582]Utu/Shamash.

In the morning they opened the gates of the Mountain of the East
and Shamash ascended into the sky. At night they shut the gates of
the Mountain of the West as Shamash descended into the underworld.
[583]Gilgamesh, the great Babylonian hero, was aided by a scorpion
man in his quest for immortality.

The Seven Evil Demons

Raging storms, evil gods are they, Ruthless demons, who in heaven's
vault were created, are they, Workers of evil are they, They lift
up the head to evil, every day to evil Destruction to work.

Of these seven the first is the South wind...

The second is a dragon, whose mouth is opened... That none can
measure.

The third is a grim leopard, which carries off the young ...

The fourth is a terrible Shibbu ...

The fifth is a furious Wolf, who knoweth not to flee,

The sixth is a rampant ... which marches against god and king.

The seventh is a storm, an evil wind, which takes vengeance,

Pazuzu

A winged demon, feared by the people of ancient Mesopotamia It is a
creature with a deformed head, the wings of an eagle, the sharp
claws of a lion on its hands and feet, and the tail of a scorpion.
This demon is the personification of the south-east storm wind,
which brings diseases. The Mesopotamians believed that Pazuzu lived
in the desert.

Zu

The bird is also referred to as Imdugud or Anzu.

Zu is a divine storm-bird and the personification of the southern
wind and the thunder clouds.

- a demonic being with lion paws and face and eagle talons and
wings, half man and half bird. It was born on the mountain Hehe.
Its beak is like a saw, its hide as eleven coats of mail. It was
very powerful.

[584]Enlil appointed him to guard his bath chamber. He stole the
"Tablets of Destiny" from Enlil and hid them on a mountaintop.
[585]Anu ordered the other gods to retrieve those tables, but all
were afraid of this demon. According to one text, [586]Marduk
killed the bird, but in another text it died through the arrows of
the god [587]Ninurta.

Sataran

The patron god of the Sumerian city Der in ancient Mesopotamia. He
is a divine judge and healer. In the latter capacity the snake god
[588]Nirah is his messenger.

Nirah

An ancient Sumerian snake-deity, and the divine messenger of
[589]Sataran.

Birdu

- (means 'pimple') an underworld god. [590]Enlil used him as a
messenger to [591]Ninurta

Nedu

- the guardian of the first gate of the underworld.

Sumuqan

- the cattle god, he resides in the underworld, in
[592]Ereshkigal's court.

Irra

- plague god, underling of [593]Nergal

Enmesharra

The Sumerian god of the underworld. He is "lord of all mes" (the
powers on which civilization and society are based on). His wife is
Ninmesarra, "mistress of all humans

Martu Amurru Martu

The Sumerian god of the steppes. Also a storm god who brings
destruction to settlements. He is the son of [594]Anu and his wife
is [595]Belit-Tseri (see also the original Sumerian tablet called
[596]Marriage of Martu.

Belit-Tseri

- tablet-scribe of the underworld. She kneels before
[597]Ereshkigal.

Lamashtu

- a dread female demon also known as 'she who erases'.

Zaltu

- "strife", goddess created by [598]Enki to complement [599]Ishtar.
______________________________________________________________

Places

Me

Another important concept in Sumerian theology, was that of me. The
me were universal decrees of divine authority. They are the
invocations that spread arts, crafts, and civilization.

[600]Enki became the keeper of the me. [601]Inanna comes to Enki
and complains at having been given too little power from his
decrees. In a different text, she gets Enki drunk and he grants her
more powers, arts, crafts, and attributes - a total of ninety-four
me. Inanna parts company with Enki to deliver the me to her cult
center at Erech. Enki recovers his wits and tries to recover the me
from her, but she arrives safely in Erech with them.

The Me are in some stories a kind of weapon and a chariot as well.

Kur Kurnugi

Kur literally means "mountain", "foreign land", or "land" and came
to be identified both with the underworld and, more specifically,
the area which either was contained by or contained the Abzu also
called the underworld or netherworld

Kur is the name of the area which either was contained by or
contained the Abzu.

[602]Enki also struggled with Kur as mentioned in the prelude to
"Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Underworld" and presumably was
victorious and thereby able to claim the title "Lord of Kur" (the
realm). Kur was a dragon-like creature, calling to mind [603]Nammu
and Leviathan. The texts suggests that Enki's struggle may have
been with instruments of the land of kur - its stones or its
creatures hurling stones.

[604]Nergal is perhaps the co-ruler of Kur with [605]Ereshkigal, he
is more prominent in Babylonian literature. He holds [606]Enkidu
fast in the underworld after Enkidu broke several taboos while
trying to recover [607]Gilgamesh's pukku and mikku.

In [608]the story of Ereshkigal Kur was a demon with his huge scaly
body and wings, Primeval Snake and Dragon, Ereshkigal felt he was
like the raw power of Mother [609]Ki. A Beast, but she knew there
was beauty within him.

Kur is a Demon and a place as well.

Kur is also called the Underworld, The Netherworld and the broad
Earth.
Kur, a dragon like creature ? the form of the Nile in Egypt,
Ethiopia and Sudan ?

In my opinion is Kur another name for Africa and specially the
Gold-and Copper mines.

Dilmun

See the whole story in the Sumerian poem [610]Enki and Ninhursag

The gods lived in a "paradise" called Dilmun, most scholars
believes that it was probably an island in the Persian Gulf, now
named Bahrain, or somewhere in Kurdistan.

In Dilmun was no death or illness. Animals lived in harmony, and
plants were watered by a mist that arose from the earth.

[611]Ninhursag, the Great Mother goddess, became angry with
[612]Enki, because he had eaten seven magical plants which she had
created. In punishment, she cursed seven parts of Enki's body, each
for one of the plants he had eaten. The first curse was on his rib,
another on his foot, and so on. As Enki lay dying, the other gods
begged Ninhursag to save him. Eventually, she relented and affected
his cure by means of seven goddesses whom she magically created,
each with the special power to pronounce a blessing on one of his
cursed parts. The last of these special goddesses was [613]Nin-ti,
whose name means Lady of the Rib or Lady of Life, the suffix -ti
meaning both 'rib' and 'life' in the Sumerian language. It was she
who pronounced the blessing on his rib, the last blessing that
restored him fully to health.

We can read in the Bible :

Gn:2:6: But there went up a mist from the earth, and watered the
whole face of the ground.

Echoes of this early story of an earthly paradise, with its motifs
of punishment for eating sacred plants, ribs, and life remained in
the biblical story of Genesis written millennia later. In it the
"Lady of the Rib" who is said to be "the mother of all living"
(Genesis 3:20b), Eve (Hebrew Chavvah, meaning 'to cause to breath',
the causative form of Chavah, 'to tell, to declare, to show, or to
breathe').

Gn:3:20: And Adam called his wife's name Eve; because she was the
mother of all living.

The Semitic empires of Mesopotamia that followed the civilization
of Sumer carried on this same basic story, substituting, of course,
the names of their own Semitic Gods for the original Sumerian.

In my opinion there is a difference between Dilmun and The Garden
of Edin (Eden) as mentioned by The story of the God Utu/Shamash who
was ordered by Enki to bring water UP from the Earth to Dilmun.
Dilmun thus can also be situated somewhere in our solar system,
maybe Mars or another planet.
______________________________________________________________

Conclusions chapter 9 :

Some of the Mesopotamian Gods are in my opinion a personification
of the Planets of our solar system, but not all of them.

The 4 primary Deities were indeed "living" beings, they stayed on
Earth for a long time and "ruled" as leaders over the other Gods.

Most of the "Creating" Gods produced several creations and the
first of these Creatures were abnormal beings called Demons,
Monsters, Humankind, and Mankind.

We found a lot of Gods as mentioned in the Bible :

1. [614]AN is the same as the God "EL", Elohim or Ely-on in the
Bible, the God as mentioned in Genesis 1 as God who created heaven
and earth.

2. [615]Anu is the same as "The Lord, the most high God", The God
as mentioned in Genesis during the lifetime of Abraham (Melchizedek
the King of Salem was a priest of the most high God).

3. [616]Enlil is the same as "The Lord God" or "EL" mentioned in
Genesis, the God who expelled Adam and Eve from the garden of Edin
(Eden), the patron God of Cain when he slew his "brother" Abel, the
God who caused the Flood to destroy Mankind, and the God who was
furious to the Sons of God in Genesis 6 because they mingled with
Mankind. EL became ALLAH by the Moslems.

4. [617]Enki/Ea is the same as the God who created Adam and Eve
(with the help of his wife Ninhursag) as slaves for the Gods, the
God who instructed Noah to build an Ark, the God who preserved and
protected Mankind against other Gods and the God who was
responsible for the final creation of Homo Sapiens (modern men).
Finally Ea and Marduk (his son) are one and the same God.

5. [618]Ninurta (the God of Thunder and Lightning), the foremost
son of Enlil, is the same God as mentioned in the Bible "YAHWEH",
YHWH (Jehovah, I am that I am) during the lifetime of Moses until
the time of King Solomon in the Bible, the God who instructed Moses
to leave Egypt, the God who appeared to Moses on Mount Sinai and
the God of the "Ten Commandments". He was, even as his father
Enlil, a short tempered God with a variably mood.

6. [619]Utu/Shamash, The God of Terah, the father of Abraham.

7. [620]Ishkur/Hadad, Ba'al the God of Israel from King Jeroboam
until the time the Jews were deported to Babylon by King
Nebuchadnezzar.

In the next chapters we will have a closer look at the stories of
Mesopotamia and the links with the Bible and there are a lot of
them and we will finally find the "real" "Earth fathers" and how
they were named by the Sumerians.

In the chapter abut the Sumerian king list we will see that the
time passed since the Kingship was lowered from heaven can be
placed about 440,000 years ago and that the Flood took place about
30,000 BCE.

Believe it or not the Jews took most of the stories from the
Sumerians, Acadians and Babylonians and made it their own.

The Bible is the rewritten history of Mesopotamia, based on the
clay tablets found there.

In the next chapters we will reveal some stories from Mesopotamia
and we will see more links with the Bible.
_________________________________________________________________

_[621]Sign my Guest Book_
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[622]Home [623]Up [624]Chapter 1 [625]Chapter 2 [626]Chapter 3
[627]Chapter 4 [628]Chapter 5 [629]Chapter 6 [630]Chapter 7
[631]Chapter 8 Chapter 9 [632]Chapter 10 [633]Chapter 11 [634]Chapter
12 [635]Chapter 13 

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