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_Summary and Conclusions_

_The many geophysical and geological paradoxes that have
accumulated during the past two or three decades are apparently the
consequences of forcing observational data into an inadequate
tectonic model (Storetvedt 1992)._

_Carey (1958) demonstrated, on a globe representing the Earth's modern
dimensions, that if the continents were reassembled into the Pangaean
configuration the fit was reasonably precise at the centre of the
reassembly, and along the common margins of northwest Africa and the
United States east coast embayment, however became progressively
imperfect away from these areas._ Carey concluded from this research
that the fit of the Pangaean reassembly could be made much more
precise in these areas if the diameter of the Earth were assumed to
have been smaller at the time of Pangaea.

Early model makers such as Hilgenberg (1933), Barnett (1962, 1969),
and Vogel (1983, 1984, 1990) in particular, _demonstrated empirically,
through use of small Earth models, that the Pangaean continental
reassemblage could be fitted together at a reduced Earth radius of
between 55 to 60% of the present radius, to form a closed crust._
Vogel (1983) concluded that, the Earth has therefore expanded
exponentially with time from this early Pangaean configuration to the
present, with continental separation caused by a "radial expansion" of
the Earth.

In order to accurately quantify any variation in the Earth's
palaeoradius, and constrain plate configuration with time it was
argued that, _it is necessary to take into account the area and
pattern of oceanic lithospheric generation as portrayed in maps such
as Larson et al (1985) and CGMW & UNESCO (1990)._

_By using the method of least squares to calculate gradients of curves
of best fit from the cumulative empirical oceanic and continental
surface area data, it was concluded that the goodness of fit is best
described by an exponential curve of best fit._ Palaeoradius was then
determined and an equation for the exponential increase in
palaeoradius of the Earth from the Archaean to the Present was
therefore established as:

_Ra = (R0 - Rp)ekt + Rp_

Where: _Ra_ = ancient palaeoradius of the Earth, _R0_ = present radius
of the Earth,_ Rp_ = primordial Earth radius = approx. 1700 km, _e_ =
exponential,_ t _= time before present (negative), _k = a constant =
4.5366 x 10-9/yr_

This equation, assuming the assumptions used to derive the equation
are correct, was considered to be the _"fundamental equation"_ for
_Global Expansion Tectonics_, enabling the kinematics of an Earth
undergoing an exponential expansion, from the Archaean to the Present,
to be readily determined. _Modeling the kinematics of Earth expansion
suggested that the controlling influence on Earth expansion may not be
a result of a secular increase in mass with time_, as suggested by
Carey (1983a). _The cause of Earth expansion was considered however to
being intimately related to a cosmological expansion of the Universe._

Very low rates of expansion during the pre-Early Jurassic were
demonstrated to agree well with Glikson's (1980) conclusions of a
prolonged period of widespread tensional taphrogenesis during the
Archaean and Proterozoic, with intense thermal and ductile activity
during the Proterozoic mobile belt phase, prior to onset of
intrasialic rifting, crustal thinning and development of modern oceans
and "geosynclinal" sedimentation during the Palaeozoic.

To test _Global Expansion Tectonics_ and, in particular, the
mathematical parameters developed from the empirical sea floor
magnetic isochron data, spherical small Earth models were constructed.
These models indicated that, if the Earth has expanded exponentially
since the at least the Early Jurassic, in accordance with the derived
mathematical expression for exponential palaeoradius, then _small
Earth reconstructions coincide fully with the spreading and geological
fit data._

This coincidence applied not only to the passive margin oceans, where
conventional reconstructions agree in principle, but also to the
Pacific Ocean whereby the necessity for subduction of all or part of,
the oceanic lithosphere generated at spreading ridges was refuted.

Relief of curvature and orogenesis on an exponentially expanding
Earth, although thoroughly covered by Rickard (1969), Carey (1975,
1976, 1983a, 1986) and Glikson (1979), is still very much in its
infancy, compared to the voluminous coverage of plate tectonics Earth
dynamic processes. The onset of orogenesis became marked during the
Early to Mid Phanerozoic as continental lithosphere fragmented and
dispersed under the action of accelerating increase in surface area
and isostatic crustal equilibration to the changing surface curvature.
Both Rickard (1969) and Carey (1975, 1976, 1983a, 1986) put forward
models for orogenesis and geosynclinal development, under conditions
of surface curvature readjustment, and demonstrated that continental
collision may not be required to promote orogenesis as is required in
conventional plate tectonics.

_The magnitude of horizontal foreshortening during isostatic
equilibration of the surface curvature however, effectively
demonstrated the potential for tangentially directed compression
acting within a continental plate during exponential expansion of the
Earth. This suggested a prime mechanism for orogenesis during Earth
expansion._

The nature of mantle fluids, and mantle metasomatism, although briefly
touched on, indicated, within the limitations of experimental
constraints, that mantle devolatilization of the volatile species in
the system C-O-H-S can exist in the Earth's mantle. _It was suggested
that retention of these species within the mantle was made possible by
the high P-T-g conditions prevailing during the Precambrian, due to
the much reduced Earth radius, and that devolatilization to form the
hydrosphere and atmosphere was a progressive and possibly accelerating
process of outgassing of the mantle with time, as a direct consequence
of the reduction of P-T-g conditions._

_The implications of the application of the modified dipole equations
to palaeomagnetism was such that every palaeopole position determined
to date, using the existing conventional dipole equation is
potentially wrong, and conclusions drawn from the interpretations of
these pole positions, such as apparent polar wander paths, are
therefore misleading._

It is concluded that, _Global Expansion Tectonics_ provides the
necessary _"motor and mechanism" for Earth expansion, which enables
the dynamic principles behind all major geologic phenomena to be
resolved and readily explained._

[7]Back to Contents
______________________________________________________________________

Links to Fellow Expansionists

For additional information on specific topics the following web sites
are recommended. If you feel you have something to contribute, and
would like to be included on this list, please feel free to contact
_TERRELLA CONSULTANTS_ at:  _[8]  jmaxlow at enternet.com.au_

[9]The "other" theory of geology and global tectonics - by David Ford
A comprehensive coverage of  Professor S.W. Carey's latest book;
Earth,
Universe, Cosmos (1996), plus links and comments on his earlier books.
[10]Animated Global Expansion Tectonic models - by David Ford
Animations of globes featured within this webpage plus plate tectonic
reconstruction of Scotese et al (1988) for comparison.
[11]Plate Tectonics is Expansion Tectonics - by Karl W Luckert
An early version of Earth expansion including an early, pre-oceanic
database, reconstruction and link to video animation.
[12]In the field of the planetary Sciences - by John K Harms
Citing evidence for planetary expansion from planets and moons
within our solar system, in support of Earth expansion.
______________________________________________________________________

This site is produced by _TERRELLA CONSULTANTS_, and maintained by
James and Anita Maxlow in Perth, Western Australia.
_[13]jmaxlow at enternet.com.au_

[14]Back to Contents
______________________________________________________________________

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