mirrored file at http://SaturnianCosmology.Org/ For complete access to all the files of this collection see http://SaturnianCosmology.org/search.php ========================================================== OUR PLANET IS EXPANDING by EXTERNAL ACCREATION and INTERNAL CORE EXPANSION (The mechanisms and a new cosmology) Lawrence S. Myers Here is PROOF of Earth's expansion in just ~200 million years This map of the Earth and World Ocean Floor [Heezen and Tharp] was created in 1977 to illustrate the recently-discovered ~65,000 km (~40,000 mi) of midocean ridges (MOR) that almost completely encircle the planet. A white line has been added off the Asian trench system from Kamchatka down to the Mariana Trench, where the oldest known seafloor sediments on Earth, ~195 Ma (million years old), were discovered in 1992 by Nakanishi, et al. This gives an approximate maximum age of today's oceans. This trench system is very significant--it fits the western coast of North America. However, far more significant is the trench system encompassing the right-angled Vityaz-Tonga-Kermadec Trench, New Zealand, and Macquarie Ridge that ends in a distinct eastward curvature (white rectangle). This fishhook-shaped configuration clearly matches the western coast of South America from the notch at 20° South Latitude to the tip at 60° South Latitude, where it curves perfectly around Cape Horn. (This Australian trench is even more remarkable because it replicates the shape of the eastern coast of South America that was once attached to Africa as part of Wegener's Pangaea (1912). The only difference is that the Australian trenches are now under water.) With this evidence in mind, look at the same map with the Asian/Australian trenches moved back to where they were~150 to ~200 million years ago--when all of today's oceans were in their infancy: (The map above has been modified to show the Asian and Australian trenches near their original positions conjoining North and South America and Europe and Africa moved closer to their original positions conjoined with the Americas (with as much ocean area removed as possible using a flat mercator projection. L.S. Myers, January 2002) This modified map shows clear empirical evidence that Asia and Australia were originally conjoined with North and South America ~200 Ma, prior to creation of the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans. This earlier connection with the Americas is also confirmed geologically because these trench systems also delineate the Andesite Line containing andesite, the primary mineral of the Andes Cordilleran mountains running the length of South America. [Carey, 1976, p.256] The evidence is empirical and the conclusions obvious--the Earth ~200 million years ago was a single planetary landmass ~40% smaller than it is today, and at that moment in geologic time there were NO OCEANS! Every island and seamount, and most of the water seen on today's maps has evolved in the very short period of time since then! The Earth has been, and still is, steadily growing in size and expanding in diameter at an accelerating rate--contrary to what today's scientists believe and teach. THIS HAS GRAVE IMPLICATIONS FOR THE FUTURE OF MANKIND! IMPLICATIONS OF GLOBAL GROWTH AND EXPANSION This overwhelming evidence of Earth's dynamic growth and accelerating expansion over the past ~200 Ma is revolutionary but self-explanatory--the facts are there for everyone to see. However, there is no explanation for what may have caused this small early planet with only a single landmass and scattered epicontinental seas to suddenly break apart and form several separate continents, commence formation of the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian and Arctic Oceans, and split off Antarctica to become a separate, nearly-circular continent. The mechanism or cataclysmic event that initiated this global breakup is unknown at this time. Also unclear is whether Asia and Australia broke away from North and South America before the breakup of Wegener's Pangaea that created the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, or whether the two events were only part of a single, simultaneous global event. These are details that will require further investigation. Could this event have been triggered by a major cataclysmic event such as an asteroid impact somewhere on the planet? Yes, but there may be other possibilities, as well. The event may have been an asteroid impact that formed the Arctic Ocean basin. There is good evidence to support this notion, based on the nearly-circular character of the Arctic Ocean within the Arctic Circle, bounded by the Brooks Mountain Range in Alaska, and the Siberian coast (see a polar projection map). If research could confirm this suggestion and provide an appropriate time frame, it would support the possibility the impact not only formed the Arctic basin but fractured the planet longitudinally from north to south on each side of North and South America, thereby creating the Pacific and Atlantic ocean basins and simultaneously creating (punching out) Antarctica at the planet's antipode. However, Mars also has a huge surface graben (Valles Marineris) that appears to have been caused by internal expansion pressure, so careful investigation is imperative. Whatever the actual cause of the event, this was a truly major planet-wide event that coincided with the transition from the Triassic (~240-205 Ma) to the Jurassic (~205-138 Ma), periods remarkable for producing the immense sauropods and other fauna and flora of exceptionally large size. (Stephen Hurrell in "Dinosaurs and the Expanding Earth," 1994, One-off Publishing, Great Britain) makes a strong case that the immense size of the animal, insect and plant species during those periods was due to the lesser gravity of a much smaller Earth, which is supported by the evidence of growth and expansion of the planet presented here.) However, much of Earth's earlier history is hidden from view or disguised by subsequent accretion, volcanic, seismic and climatic events. Many details are still unknown because geologists for two centuries have been trying to interpret the geological evidence using a faulty fundamental philosophy that produced faulty interpretations. IS ANY FURTHER PROOF OF EXPANSION NEEDED? Not really, but early resolution of this fundamental controversy is extremely important for the future of both science and Mankind because it is now clear that the planet IS EXPANDING at a velocity that appears to be accelerating. It is now up to the appropriate governmental authorities (NASA and NOAA) to re-measure Earth's diameter and establish the TRUE rates of accretion and expansion in order to establish benchmarks for determining rates of future growth and expansion. This will require an extensive geodesic effort by NOAA's National Geodetic Survey (NGS), as well as international cooperation to recalibrate the global grid system that is now seriously out of date. Earth's diameter can not be changed by the beliefs of scientists but the beliefs of scientists can be changed by re-measuring Earth's diameter! CONCLUSIONS + Approximately 200 million years ago ALL of today's continents were joined together as a single planetary landmass on a much smaller planet (slightly larger than Mars) when NONE OF TODAY'S OCEANS EXISTED! + This unequivocal evidence suggests that Earth's diameter has increased at an accelerating velocity. Today's oceans cover ~71% of Earth's surface, which equates to a ~40% increase in Earth's diameter in just ~200 Ma, an incredibly short period in geologic time. Earth's diameter then, without oceans, would have been only ~7640 km (~4747 mi) or about ~60% of its current average diameter of 12,734.889 km (7913.46 mi). [North American Datum of 1983, NOAA, 1989] + The Earth ~200 Ma was different from Wegener's 1912 concept of a single continental landmass (Pangaea) that covered one hemisphere, surrounded by a single hemispheric ocean (Panthalassa) on a planet of today's diameter because WEGENER'S PANTHALASSA NEVER EXISTED! + This evidence eliminates subduction from current plate tectonics dogma because EARTH'S DIAMETER HAS NEVER BEEN CONSTANT. + This evidence also nullifies the Kant-Laplace (1793) nebular hypothesis of creation of the Earth ~4.5 billion years ago, which requires replacement by an entirely new cosmological theory for creation of the Earth and other bodies in our Solar System. + This evidence also verifies Carey's Earth Expansion hypothesis [1956, 1976] that was rejected by the world's scientific community three decades ago after the subduction concept was introduced by Oliver and Isacks [1967]. + Subduction is not only illogical, it is not supported by geological or physical evidence, and violates fundamental laws of physics. Had the scientific community been less hasty in adopting subduction they might have realized subduction's fatal flaw that shows WHY subduction is totally false. [See P. 2 - Subduction Sophistry] + The supreme irony of subduction and the conclusive argument that subduction is false can be summarized quite simply. IF Earth's diameter is fixed and unchanging, the Atlantic Ocean basin will continue to widen and push North and South America westward until they collide with Asia and Australia. This means North and South America would have been pushed from the west side of Pangaea to the east side of Pangaea--half way around the planet and eliminating the entire Pacific Ocean in the process. This would happen despite the massive growth of new seafloor along the East Pacific Rise, which today is actually expanding the Pacific Ocean basin--not decreasing it! WHAT'S CAUSING RAPID GROWTH AND EXPANSION? ANSWER: TWO concurrent basic mechanisms reinforcing each other: ACCRETION OF MATTER FROM SPACE GRADUALLY INCREASING EARTH'S MASS, GRAVITY, SURFACE AREA AND DIAMETER INTERNAL CORE EXPANSION BY TECTONIC FORCE OF EXPANDING MAGMA MELTED BY GRAVITY-GENERATED COMPRESSIVE HEAT ACCRETION OF MATTER FROM SPACE The planet is slowly accreting new mass consisting of at least TWO types of matter from outer space--meteorites and meteor dust, plus solar energy captured by photosynthesis in living organisms--which could happen only after water appeared on the planet's surface to support organic growth. Meteorites falling to Earth, large and small, have been known for centuries, but more recent scientific measurements discovered that an even greater volume of dust and micrometeorites (hundreds of tons) accretes onto Earth's surface every day! The estimates vary widely (wildly?)--from ~274 to ~55,000 tons per day [Newkirk in Meteor Orbits and Dust, NASA, 1967], but one can imagine the potential volume of accreting extraterrestrial material from the very large number of meteor streams (10 major and 374 minor, of which 154 are the most authentic) reported by Terentjeva [ibid.] She reported "Generally, the existence is accepted of several hundred minor meteor showers with a duration of not less than 3 to 7 days and an average rate not exceeding 2 meteors per hour." Although today the daily volume of extraterrestrial matter from space may be minuscule relative to Earth's total mass, even one kilogram of new matter is unquestionably added mass and gravitational power. The influx of this matter is well known but has been dismissed as insignificant --despite massive amounts of meteoric, geologic and organic evidence found in immense coal, oil, and limestone deposits, plus their deep overburdens, on every continent and in ocean sediments. Perhaps the best way to illustrate the long-term effect of this slow but constant accretion of new mass is examination of a cross-section of the Grand Canyon cliffs in Northern Arizona. Shown here are the geological strata (layers) accreted (laid down) just in the Palaeozoic Era from the beginning of the Cambrian (~570 Ma) through the Permian (~240 Ma), a total of ~330 million years. The indicated depth shown is ~3300 feet (about 1 kilometer), representing a slow accretion rate of about 10 feet (~3 meters) per million years, which means it took about 100,000 years to accumulate each foot of new surface soil. But, more importantly, think of the BOTTOM layer. When that bottom layer accreted onto Earth's surface it was the TOP layer and exposed to the sun. All layers now above it were laid down, one by one, in subsequent years. Where could all this material have come from except outer space? Furthermore, note that each group of layers has a different composition. This suggests the material in each geological epoch came from a different source and/or was exposed to different climatic conditions. From this we can deduce that the source materials came from different, or mixed, meteor streams and were subjected to an ever-thickening Earth atmosphere and surface water with the passage of time. Inevitably, wind-blown dust and soils from other areas would become intermingled, but this is insignificant. Some scientists may dispute the notion that additional solid matter is created from solar energy by photosynthesis in plants and other living organisms, but they should consider coal beds that were formed in the Carboniferous (~360 to ~290 Ma) from living trees, and, on today's surface, piles of leaves and wood chips are rapidly converted to soil by nematodes. They should also consider the massive deposits of limestone created by marine fauna (fish, coral, bivalves, microfossils, etc.) in earlier epochs. Whether cosmic rays, or other known particles with mass, also contribute to the planet's total mass is beyond the scope of my knowledge, but it is seriously doubted that such particles would contribute any appreciable volume of mass equal to that of the known meteordust and meteorites. Also problematic are suggestions that appreciable amounts of gases are lost into space. This idea is also subject to future proof by someone else. This whole area, and other areas of the United States, was once covered by water, forming a shallow epicontinental sea, so one can assume that the cataclysm that caused the breakup of Pangaea and formation of the Pacific Ocean basin ~200 Ma offered a lower elevation into which this shallow sea could run off--thus eroding and creating the Grand Canyon. INTERNAL CORE EXPANSION The dominant factor in global expansion today is the expanding molten core--melting its way upward towards the crust and creating new ocean floor when extruded from the ~65,000 km (~40,000 miles) of midocean ridges. In the last ~200 Ma these ridges have added more than 71% of new ocean surface area to the planet, increasing Earth's diameter by 40%. Midocean ridges are the enabling mechanism of GLOBAL EXPANSION, acting like cranial sutures that allow the human skull to grow to maturity. The heat source melting and expanding the core is compressive heating generated by the planet's total atomic weight omnidirectionally focused by gravity on its exact center. Some investigators may invoke radioactive decay of fissionable material as an additional heat source, but I seriously doubt this and will leave it to further debate and proof by discovery of a molten core in an irregularly-shaped asteroid. SUMMATION Empirical evidence that as recently as ~200 Ma the Earth was only ~60% of its present diameter, and that today's oceans, and the waters in them, did not exist on the planet may come as a shock to most scientists, especially those in earth sciences who have been taught differently with fundamental philosophies that have not changed in the past 200 years. Many fundamental reference tables and fact sheets now need revision, and most textbooks are certainly out of date. Earth's gravitational constant must be updated and recalibrated to reflect its constantly-increasing mass. Maps need to be redrawn and positions of key cities and landmarks re-determined because ALL distances between meridians of longitude and parallels of latitude have increased because of expansion, but scientists do not yet realize it. The grid system itself needs to be recalibrated when expansion is finally confirmed--another challenge facing geophysicists and geodesists! Similar reference data applicable to all other bodies in the Solar System will require revision, because they, too, come under the same universal rule of constant growth and development by accretion. These conclusions are inescapable, and this evidence of an incredibly rapid increase in Earth's diameter and surface area is a new development the scientific community must confront, confirm, and calibrate before contemplating measures to cope with the inevitable consequences of global expansion such as earthquakes and the global warming that has now become apparent. Eventually Mankind will be forced to migrate to a new home on Mars before Earth grows to the size of Neptune. First presentation of theory Dec. 14, 1982, at AGU Fall Meeting in San Francisco This website reflects the personal views of Lawrence S. Myers, who alone is responsible for the accuracy and reliability of all data. This concept paper introduces many new ideas that contradict the current philosophy of Earth's creation accepted as fact by 99.99% of the world's scientists. These ideas have been independently generated since February 1965, when the subject of an energy source necessary for the earth to expand appeared in a newspaper article discussing Professor S. Warren Carey's then new (1956) theory of the expanding earth. The importance of these new ideas and perceptions should not be ignored; they are the forerunners of a new theory of `universal planetary growth' that explains creation of the Earth and Solar System in an entirely new way. This new theory is called ACCREATION (creation by accretion) to distinguish it from the biblical story of Creation recited in Genesis, and other new creation theories that scientists have tried to introduce over the past 200 years. (Copyright, 1999, St. Clair Enterprises, Inc.) ( Page last revised 24 March 2002) Email comments to: [22]meteordust at expanding-earth.org [23][LINK] References 1. http://www.expanding-earth.org/