The Electric Sun
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Physics knows four forces. Two of them are nuclear forces. However, two
of them are forces of infinite radius: gravity and electricity. The
thesis of this paper is that the Sun works also electrically. The title
of this paper "The Electric Sun" emphasizes the newly discovered
electric solar functions.
The solar gravity was discovered by Newton more than 3 centuries ago in
1666. The solar electric function is discovered by the great astronomer
G.E. Hale in 1913 as the explanation of the magnetic field of the
sunspots. However, his "Electric Sun"-model should be rediscovered a
century later. It explains the sunspots, but additionally also the solar
wind, the corona, the flares and mass eruptions i.e. matter which is
ejected by the Sun. www.the-electric-universe.info
The measurements of Ulysses and TRACE are very important that the Sun
can emit positive and negative filaments in the same time! The 10^57
free solar electrons in the solar plasma cannot make an electric short
circuit between the emitting positive active areas and the negative
coronal holes - this will be shown below in detail. This was not
understood in the last century and made astrophysics to a non-physical
collection of ideas.
The other observation is much easier to understand that the already
emitted positive and negative filaments do not neutralize each other in
space because they are antiparallel electric currents which repulse each
other stronger than they attract each other via electrostatic
attraction. Electrons of a negative filament do not fly to ions to
recombine it in a positive filament in a distance of only 1000km, they
fly parallel to each other millions of kilometres and later diverge.
NEGATIVE EMISSION: THE SOLAR WIND
The solar wind is a "grey mouse" among the solar mass emissions. Its
main particles are the light electrons and light particles,
it is emitted from the UV-dark solar areas (from the coronal holes),
it is not dangerous for satellites or humans in space,
it is invisible,
it alone cannot cause aurora,
its velocity is constant i.e. typically 750km/s which is only 0.25% of
the light velocity and
its mass is almost constant.
But it is the motor of all solar electric functions e.g. of all
ejections and of the magnetic field of the sunspots. The negative solar
wind charges the solar core positively.
The solar wind is the result of the asymmetric thermal motion of the
electrons in the Sun. An electron would fly in all direction with the
same velocity in an isothermal Sun. However, the Sun is colder outwards.
A random flight outwards brings an electron in a colder proximity (i.e.
its velocity becomes lower). Therefore, the return into the original
position is improbable i.e. all electrons drift slowly outwards.
Naturally this drift is very small, but it has enormous cross section in
the whole Sun. These electrons appear at the photosphere and their
mutual electrostatic repulsion emits them. A huge and continual negative
current as solar wind flows into the space.
Does the Sun have enough electrons to continually emit them without
getting new electrons? The Sun does not lose all of its 10^57 electrons
via solar wind. It loses only about 10 electrons daily. This is not
too much even in a long solar life of 10^10 years. The Sun will lose at
the end 4 x 10^51 : 10^57 part of its electrons i.e. only 0.0004% of its
electrons. The Sun is in fact an irreversible current-source but even
for gigayears.
The protons are 43-times slower due to their 1836 times higher mass and
mostly remain in the core. Always the quickest electrons are lost for
the solar core, this process cools the core but all solar activities
mainly have their electric energy from this separation of the electric
charges via this so called thermoelement-effect. Other effects amplify
this charge separation, for example the neutrinos from the solar core
push the electrons outwards, never inwards. Moreover, solar photons push
the electrons stronger outwards than inwards.
The result is that the solar surface will be basically negative, the
solar core positive. (Eddington 1925).
The surfaced electrons continually explode electrically in the
photosphere as the solar wind. It never stops. The emerging electrons
have a free space upwards. They are not cumulated. Their very high
velocity of typically 750km/s would need 24million Kelvin to be emitted
thermally! But the solar surface is only 6000K hot. Therefore, the solar
wind can only be an electrostatic continual emission. The electron
concentration in the photosphere is constant because the
thermoelement-effect only depends on the temperature-difference between
core and surface and this is constant 15MK. All electrons which drift
into the photosphere will be exploded. The satellites measure a constant
wind-velocity of 750km/s in solar minimum. Ulysses shows a sine-curve of
the wind-velocity between solar minimum and maximum because one side of
the Sun is more negative and the other hemisphere less negative. The
rotation of the Sun of 28 days is clearly seen in this sine-curve.
When the Sun is in minimum activity, the whole solar surface is negative
and emits the solar wind. The negative photosphere does not attract e.g.
thermal electrons, it pushes electrons.
The solar wind mainly contains of electrons and some swept away protons
and other light ions. These all have the same 750km/s velocity. Related
to the protons, the oxygen ions do not have a 4 times lower velocity
according to their 16 times higher mass (as they do in the depth of the
Sun in a hot thermal equilibrium). This measurement shows that the
ejection of the solar wind is a non-thermal (electric) process in which
the velocity of all particles is equal. In thermal processes is the
energy of all particles is equal.
Therefore, the solar wind is no plasma! It is a non-thermal
(filamentary) body (it is in a fifth state of matter i.e. the electrons
fly parallel to the filament-axis and not in zigzag). The wind-filaments
are clearly detected by satellites; e.g. Ulysses crosses these
wind-filaments. The wind-electrons became visible in the aurora. The
observation clearly shows that the filaments of the negative wind
excitedly "dance" in the aurora when the positive eruptions of the Sun
are frequent.
The Sun is a hot body, and its electrically neutral evaporation was
often stated to emit the solar wind thermally. But this mass would fall
back onto the Sun via strong solar gravity. Neutral particles can escape
the Sun only with a higher velocity than 618km/s.The "solar wind" which
would be emitted from the "2MK hot corona" (Parker) had a much higher
evaporation-velocity of 220km/s but this is still too low. SOHO showed
that the solar wind exists already in the altitude of 7000km i.e. deep
below the corona. The wind has here a velocity of only 10 km/s i.e. too
low to escape.
The other problems of the Parker wind model are the area, the form and
the time of the emission. The wind starts from the UV-black coronal
holes but the corona starts from the UV-bright footpoints - these are
quite different. The solar wind is filamentary, but neutral hot
emissions would be formless clouds. If the corona would evaporate the
solar wind, no wind would exist when no corona exists on the Sun. But
oppositely, the solar wind is the strongest with its highest velocity of
750km/s when no corona exists on the Sun. And vice versa: When the
corona appears in maximum, the velocity of the wind falls immediately,
moreover, this velocity falls down to 300km/s during solar maximum.
Already a small footpoint clearly lowers the wind-velocity.
The solar wind is not identical to the solar eruptions which appear 11
yearly in solar maximum and which have their positive charge from the
solar core! Obviously, the negative solar wind cannot be emitted from
positive (active) areas or from their UV-active positive filaments.
THE POSITIVE EMISSIONS: CORONA, FLARE AND CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS
The positive charge of the solar core increases with each electron which
leaves the Sun for ever in the solar wind. The positive charge is
cumulated. 11-yearly, this positively charged matter appears on the
solar surface (as footpoints) not conducted but via mechanical
instability (Electric Universe) mechanically elevated as proton bubble.
Its concentrated charge overbalances the electrons in the photosphere
and emits itself into the space as prominences, positive filaments,
corona, flares, mass ejections according to their charge-concentration.
The emerging positive charge is higher concentrated if it is originated
from solar core-volumes of higher thermal gradient. The flares come from
the border of the solar core where this gradient is maximal. This
positive matter from the depth already contains ions and no mysterious
heating produces these ions. These ions lost "their" electrons via solar
wind. These ions produce the filaments and not the filaments produce the
ions. The "heating of the corona" will be never found because the corona
is not hot - and also not cold. It is not in the fourth but in the fifth
state of matter i.e. in a non-thermal state of matter. Similarly to the
coronal filaments, due to the pinch-effect, the electrostatic explosion
of electrons in a terrestrial storm is the filamentary lightning and not
a big bright sphere in which all electrons fly from all electrons.
If the solar core cumulates positive charge, why does it not explode?
The answer is: because plasma is not transparent. This will be shown
below in detail. The ions in excess emit repulsing photons in all
directions. But these photons are dispersed in plasma and they do not
arrive at the other ions in excess. However, when positive matter
emerges into the photosphere, the photons fly free in the transparent
gas and the matter electrostatically explodes. This explosion is the
result of the cooling down to recombination-temperature i.e. below 13
000K. These exploding protons ionize matter; low and highly ionized
atoms come into existence. This is the footpoint which emits more
filaments to different altitudes. The accidentally produced e.g. Fe^+2
-ions are emitted by the positive footpoint into a prominence or
chromospheric net but the e.g. Fe^+9 -ions fly in the filament of a
corona into the altitude of 15 Mm; Fe^+14 - ions up to 200 Mm. These
footpoints with their filaments are similar to poles of magnets, but
they are no magnets. Magnets have never e.g. 3 poles. They are clearly
the cause of the filaments - they are much brighter than the filaments.
This observation contradicts the existence of a solar dynamo which
should produce the filaments in the depth. The footpoints continually
explode into the filaments. Oppositely to the solar wind which never
stops, the filament-production stops if the whole amount of positive
charge is already emitted.
The negative solar areas - the coronal holes - naturally cannot emit
positive filaments. Coronal holes also have a weak chromospheric net if
any. (Perhaps this observation is still unpublished.)
The motion of matter in a supposed neutral filament was never clear via
hypothetical pressure. However, the existing motion is simply caused by
electrostatic repulsion. The pinch effect of the moving positive charge
forms thin filaments. The filament does not cause somehow the motion but
the motion causes the filament. Without electric charge no motion and
without motion of charged matter no pinch effect would be possible.
A "magnetic motion" is impossible because the Lorenz force is zero in
the direction of the supposed "magnetic tube" of a filament. The solar
dynamo was not found by SOHO.
An emitted coronal filament contains the same e.g. Fe^+9 -ions from
begin at the footpoint up to end of the filament in the photosphere.
Along this filament, it contains no follow of ions like:
_Fe ^+1 -, Fe^+2 -, Fe^+3 -.... Fe^+9 -ions
as if it would be continually heated up from 6000K to 1 MK!
The high velocity of matter in the filament of e.g. 1500km/s would need
96million Kelvin to be emitted thermally. Naturally this temperature is
nowhere on the Sun. Also these positive emissions are of no plasma, they
are in the fifth state of matter.
PHOTONS OF THE REPULSION CANNOT FLY IN PLASMA
Why do the core-ions not explode electrically when they lost "their"
electrons? Two solar protons repulse each other with a very strong
electric force and attract each other with very weak gravity. The
repulsion is 10^36 times higher than this attraction in a certain
distance. With other words, a perfect electrically neutral star of 10^36
gram would have no fixed spherical body if it had only 1 g
excess-protons without electrons. The mutual repulsion of the
excess-protons would be as strong as the mutual gravity among the
protons of this huge mass. The Sun has a mass of 2 x 10^33 gram i.e. it
needs only 2 x 0,001gram excess-protons to have no defined body anymore.
0.01g protons without electrons would theoretically explode the Sun.
But something is wrong: During a coronal mass ejection the Sun emits up
to 10 billion tons of charged matter not only 0.01g. Why did this huge
positive charge not explode the Sun before its ejection?
The probable answer is to find in the plasma. Through plasma, the
electric forces seemingly cannot act. The photons of these electric
forces cannot pervade the solar plasma. Therefore, the Sun contains big
negative and much bigger positive charges in its body conserved for
gigayears without equalising currents. The solar free electrons could
move in the plasma to the ions but the electric field (which could move
these free electrons) cannot be formed in the plasma. Well known, the
plasma is non-transparent, a hydrogen torch has a shadow in sunlight.
But a stable electrostatic field is an electromagnetic wave of a very
long wavelength. Therefore, solar electric charges move only
mechanically e.g. rotated in a sunspot (GE Hale 1913 and NASA 2001) but
not conducted in lack of the electric field. The emerging positive
masses do not explode in their course from the core to the photosphere -
these ions cannot "see each other" only those in the proximity! Arriving
in the transparent photosphere, after an emerging along four years,
these positive masses explode in seconds. All ions can suddenly "see
each other" also from kilometres and protons in excess have an
unimaginable repulsion. However, the protons in excess do not fly in all
directions, they form
filaments via pinch-effect. The electrostatic explosion is no thermal
explosion in which particles fly into
a formless cloud.
The pinch effect is stronger than the mutual electrostatic repulsion
among these protons.
MAGNETIC FORCE OF INFINITE RADIUS?
Astrophysics of the last century preferred the magnetic force. The
magnetic force is also carried by photons which cannot pervade solar
plasma, but the magnetic force was no taboo for astrophysicists.
The electric force has infinite radius. A positive Sun would repulse a
proton in the empty space without limit. But does the magnetic force do
the same? An infinite long dipole repulses an infinite long dipole
infinitely. And how does the Sun (of a dipole of 1.4 million km) function?
The magnetic force originates by dipoles which attract or repulse other
magnetic dipoles. But the magnetic force is unable to move a cloud in a
long way in the empty space even if this cloud is a dipole. In free
space, one dipole
cannot repulse
another dipole far away because the non-fixed dipole (the cloud) will
rotate by 180° in a certain distance and be attracted to the fixed dipole.
A dipole
can not attract
another dipole from fare away, because the mutual attractions and
repulsions between the poles are the same. Therefore, only an
electrically charged celestial body can repulse a filament of positive
ions for millions of kilometres or even for lightyears (e.g. in a jet).
The magnetic force has only finite radius because the lengths of the
attracted or repulsed dipoles are finite. The radius of the magnetic
field is not mainly longer than the length of its dipole-source.
The Sun emits particles up to 99.99% light velocity, therefore, all
explanations via moving magnetic fields are impossible. (In the last
years such high velocities were named: non-thermal velocities.) A
supposed "magnetic acceleration" should be based on a dipole moving with
at least 50% of the light velocity - which is impossible due to the big
masses of the supposed magnetic solar dipole.
Moreover, the electric cause of these magnetic fields was not clear in
astrophysics. These magnetic fields cannot be the cause of any outwards
motion of solar matter due to the Lorenz-force which is zero in this
direction.
Only the electric force remains to explain the ejection and the
filament-form of the solar matter like the solar wind, coronal mass
ejections and flares. We can see - and astrophysics should see -that the
numerous solar magnetic fields can only be the results of the solar
electric charge in motion. Magnetic charges do not exist, therefore, an
electric field should be found behind all magnetic fields. Oppositely, a
magnetic field is not necessary for the existing of an electric field.
An e.g. negative Earth is perfectly insulated in vacuum and can repulse
the negative filaments of the solar wind for weeks without any new
charge of this "spherical condenser" Earth.
THE HUNTED MAGNETIC SOLAR DYNAMO
Only the solar gravity was completely understood by the astrophysics of
the last centuries (since Newton, since 1666). A fine adjustment was
given by relativity in the first decades of the last century. However
astrophysics had great problems to explain matter which was ejected by
the Sun. The magnetic force was used without success in hundreds of
models. Some of them are as follows:
the existence of the solar wind (the surface should be 24MK hot to emit
this wind thermally into the magnetic tubes),
the million Kelvin hot corona which does not radiate heat and cannot be
heated by the solar surface of only 6000K,
the quick release and the almost light-velocity of the proton-flares,
the ejected solar masses which never return
many other old observations as the solar cycle and change of the solar
poloid field
the strongest magnetic field of the sunspots is never source of a
filament or eruption.
All these and many other observations persistently remained unexplained.
Many solar processes were sophistically and symbolically explained by
magnetic fields of mysterious origin. Prof. K. R. Lang hoped in1995 that
SOHO will find the solar dynamo:
"...one of the principal motivations for helioseismological studies has
been a desire to constrain theories for the solar dynamo that produces
the magnetic cycle of the solar activity..."
Lang wrote disappointed in 1996 when SOHO did not find the solar dynamo:
"Our new views... have raised many questions. They include... a crisis
in the dynamo theory...the
unknown mechanisms that heat the million degree corona and accelerate
the solar wind."
22 problems of astrophysics of the last century can be found under the
collection of cited
astrophysicists:
However, all these problems probably have a common cause: the Sun was
seen as an electrically neutral body. It is high time to test whether
the Sun has an important electric function, too. This electric function
seems to have a strong influence on our climate (electric climate) and,
therefore, it has an enormous importance for mankind. A thought
experiment should show this:
CAN GRAVITY AND THE ELECTRIC CHARGE SCREENED?
What happens if a small body falls into the Sun? Such a body could be a
small star e.g. a "white dwarf". These can have more mass than the Sun
(by 40%). Let us think that this small star has the mass equal to that
of the Sun. The result can be that the solar core will have in its
centre a hard and heavy component, much denser than the very dense solar
core.
Nobody thinks that the white dwarf- as big as the Earth - could not
attract all planets through the 700000km thick solar body which has its
own big mass. It is quite clear, that the double of the new solar mass
would produce a double of attraction by the higher gravity and our Earth
would approach the new Sun in a spiral as long as its centrifugal force
will not be double than now. (In the reality, the Sun could not survive
the collision with a white dwarf. Fortunately it is only a thought
experiment.)
However, very probably, a white dwarf is positively charged because it
has a strong magnetic field up to 1000 Tesla - which could be the result
of the quickly rotated electric charge. Is the positive charge of this
thought central white dwarf detectable at Earth similar to the thought
double strength of gravity in the case above? Would the electrons of the
solar wind attracted by this positive charge which is in the centre of
the Sun? The probable answer is: no, a positive charge in the depth of
the Sun could not be detected at Earth. The solar plasma is not
transparent for photons which are the carriers of the positive electric
field. This field starts at the positive surface of the white dwarf.
Many observations show that gravity can pervade plasma but the electric
force cannot pervade plasma.
Already 0.01 gram of protons in excess would explode the Sun if the
electrostatic repulsion could pervade the solar plasma! But the Sun is
still there. Either, the Sun is totally balanced in its electric
charges. It should have neither positive nor negative overbalance even
not in milligram-range for the positive charge or microgram-range in
electrons. The other possibility is that it is not sensitive if its
electric charges are unbalanced. But the Sun cannot be balanced! Already
before it was born, the mother-cloud was bombarded by the cosmic rays
giving positive charge to it. Also young stars in the proximity emitted
X-rays which ionized hydrogen and helium of the mother cloud i.e. many
electrons could not return after their emission by these photons.
However, positive masses of billion tons are emitted in coronal mass
ejections daily and not milligrams.
GRAVITY AND ELECTRICITY
There are many differences between the two forces of infinite radius.
The problems of the astrophysics of the last century have their origin
in the fact that these differences were neglected. Moreover, the
electric force of infinite radius was looked at as having short radius
acting only in atoms. Positively charged atoms existed, but positively
charged stars should not exist. Following table shows the two forces of
infinite radius.
*IDENTICAL CHARACTERISTICS ** OF FORCES OF INFINITE RADIUS: *
*GRAVITY: * *ELECTRIC FORCE: *
Maximal velocity: 300 000 km/s 300 000 km/s
Action radius: Infinity Infinity
Can attract? yes yes
Proportional to "charges"? yes (M x m) yes (C x c)
Law of distance: R ^-2 R ^-2
Waves? yes yes
Can act in empty space? yes yes
* **DIFFERENT CHARACTERISTICS OF FORCES OF INFINITE RADIUS: *
*GRAVITY: *
*ELECTRIC FORCE: *
Can escape from black hole?
Yes
no
Can repulse?
No
yes
Secondary force
No
yes (magnetic force)
Velocity < 300 000 km/s?
No
yes
Can pervade plasma?
Yes
no (21 th century)
Number of "charges"?
one
two (+ and -)
Zero force of a body?
impossible
possible (if neutral)
Force typically produces:
stars - galaxies
filaments, jets
Force typically forms:
Ellipsoid
cylinder
Color of these bodies:
infrared up to blue
X- and gamma-ray
Produced bodies are in
concentration
expansion
State of matter of bodies:
thermal
non-thermal
( solid , fluid, gas, plasma)
( filament )
Force between 2 protons:
1 unit
10 ^36 units
( very weak attraction)
( very strong rep.)
Force is important in atom:
no
yes
Space is deformed by it:
yes
no
*As we see the two forces of infinite radius are in their many
characteristics different. Therefore, it is possible that the Sun
exactly shows us the mass of its core but keeps in secret the positive
charge of its core. *
REFERENCES:
Lang, K.R. (1995) The Sun... Springer p.73
Lang, K.R. (1996) Unsolved mysteries of the Sun. S&T p.39
Körtvélyessy, L. (1998) The Electric Universe EFO Budapest 704p
Other sites: Electric Universe |
Chandra-net | 5^th state of matter
| The Electric Climate Model
© 2003 Dr. László Körtvélyessy