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Ancient Egypt 2675-332 B.c.e.: Philosophy

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Secret Knowledge

Greek Beliefs.

Ancient Egypt's neighbors in Greece wrote of their belief that Egyptian
priests and magicians possessed secret knowledge. Greek belief in
Egyptian secret knowledge is one strand of Greek philosophy that
contributed to the modern belief that the Egyptians perfected mysticism,
astrology, and magic. Because of this Greek belief, a wide variety of
modern truth seekers have looked to the Egyptians for inspiration. They
include the freemasons, Rosicrucians, theosophists, anthroposophists,
and Afrocentrists. These groups share a belief that the Egyptians both
created the first civilization and that their knowledge has only
recently been rediscovered by modern science. Many of these modern
groups also believe that Egyptian spiritual knowledge far exceeded the
knowledge that can be gleaned from the surface of hieroglyphic texts.
Though most nineteenth and twentieth century C.E. Egyptologists rejected
this approach to Egyptian culture, a scientific, rationalist, and
text-based study of Egyptian spiritualism has recently added
Egyptological knowledge to the mix of data on Egyptian secret knowledge.
The Egyptologists Jan Assmann and Erik Hornung made important
contributions to this debate, finding the roots of the idea of secret
knowledge in Egyptian society itself.

Thoth.

In the Old Kingdom (2675–2170 B.C.E.) the Egyptians regarded the god
Thoth as a violent deity who helped the king defeat enemies. But in the
Middle Kingdom (2008–1630 B.C.E.) the Egyptians identified Thoth as the
author of /The Book of the Two Ways/, a text that described the
afterlife. All preserved copies of this text come from the town of
Hermopolis in central Egypt. There the local deity was Thoth and thus he
received credit for this first statement of knowledge of the next life.
The /Coffin Texts/—spells inscribed on Middle Kingdom coffins—refer to
the "divine books of Thoth" and to this god as the "lord of wisdom." In
the New Kingdom (1539–1075 B.C.E.) Thoth continued to develop as a god
of culture and invention. The Egyptians regarded Thoth as the author of
many sacred writings. In the /Book of the Dead/—spells meant to guide
the deceased to the next life—the deceased identified himself with Thoth
and claimed that knowledge justified his entrance to the afterlife.
Thoth was regularly the other gods' scribe, responsible for divine
documents, letters, and decrees. The Egyptians now described Thoth as
"lord of divine words," that is, the hieroglyphic writing system. Thoth
became responsible for regulating the calendar and measuring time. At
the judgment of the dead, Thoth recorded the final verdict for each
individual. In general, Thoth was increasingly viewed as the god who
controlled knowledge and the recording of knowledge, a.....

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* *View More Articles* on Ancient Egypt </Ancient_Egypt>
* Ancient Egypt 2675-332 B.c.e.: Philosophy
</research/ancient-egypt-2675-332-bce-philosop-ahe-01/>
* Important Events in Philosophy
</research/ancient-egypt-2675-332-bce-philosop-ahe-01/important-events-in-philosophy-ahe-01.html>

* Overview of Philosophy
</research/ancient-egypt-2675-332-bce-philosop-ahe-01/overview-of-philosophy-ahe-01.html>

* Topics in Philosophy
</research/ancient-egypt-2675-332-bce-philosop-ahe-01/topics-in-philosophy-ahe-01.html>

* Maat
</research/ancient-egypt-2675-332-bce-philosop-ahe-01/maat-ahe-01.html>
* Cosmogony: the Origin of the World
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* Teaching Philosophy
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* Secret Knowledge
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* Astrology
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* Alchemy
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* Ankhsheshonqi
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* Hordjedef
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* Merykare
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* Documentary Sources in Philosophy
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