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  High-energy portrait of approaching comet released

    * Updated 16:09 23 February 2009 by *Maggie McKee*
      </search?rbauthors=Maggie+McKee>
    * For similar stories, visit the *Solar System*
      </topic/solar-system> and *Comets and Asteroids*
      </topic/comets-asteroids> Topic Guides

A space telescope that usually studies the most powerful explosions in
the universe has set its sights on an approaching comet. Its
observations at ultraviolet and X-ray wavelengths should help reveal the
comet's composition, structure and its interaction with the solar wind.

Comet Lulin, which was discovered in 2008 by astronomers at the Lulin
Observatory in Taiwan, will make its closest pass near Earth on 24
February. At that time, it will come within 61 million kilometres, or
40% the Sun-Earth distance, from our planet.

Amateur astronomers have been watching the approaching comet, which is
bright enough to be visible with the naked eye from dark sites (see this
image
<http://www.newscientist.com/data/images/ns/cms/dn16645/dn16645-3_500.jpg>
taken by Jack Newton).

Now, NASA's Swift space telescope, designed to study cosmic explosions
called gamma-ray bursts
</article/dn6606-space-telescopes-fast-reflexes-to-record-explosions.html>,
has released an image of the comet.


      'Quite active'

The icy body is shedding gas and dust as it nears the Sun, whose
ultraviolet light breaks apart the comet's water molecules into hydrogen
atoms and hydroxyl (OH) molecules. Swift's Ultraviolet/Optical Telescope
(UVOT), which can detect the hydroxyl molecules, found that they fill a
cloud more than 400,000 km across.

"The comet is quite active," team member Dennis Bodewits of NASA's
Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland said in a statement. "The UVOT
data show that Lulin was shedding nearly 800 gallons of water each
second" - enough to fill an Olympic-size swimming pool in less than 15
minutes.

Farther from the comet, solar ultraviolet radiation also breaks up
hydroxyl molecules - into oxygen and hydrogen atoms.

"The UV will [teach] us about the composition of the comet," Bodewits
told *New Scientist*, adding that such studies are interesting because
comets might have brought water to Earth
</article/mg18024162.900-water-came-early-to-earth.html> several billion
years ago.


      Glowing wind

Studying the comet in X-rays reveals how it interacts with the solar
wind, a stream of charged particles from the Sun. That's because
positive ions in the solar wind steal electrons from neutral gases, such
as hydroxyl, that they hit.

Since the stolen electrons are in an excited state, "this makes the
solar wind glow when it interacts with a comet", says Bodewits.

The observations could lend insight into why Mars has such a thin
atmosphere. "The Earth is lucky because we have a magnetic field that
protects us from most of the solar wind," he continues. "But Mars,
lacking such a shield, might have lost its atmosphere because of the
interaction with the solar wind."

Jenny Carter of the University of Leicester in the UK, who is leading
Swift's studies of the comet, says the team plans to continue its
observations. "We are looking forward to future observations of Comet
Lulin, when we hope to get better X-ray data to help us determine its
makeup," she said. "They will allow us to build up a more complete 3D
picture of the comet during its flight through the solar system."

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      They Aren't Melting Snowballs

Fri Feb 20 19:33:54 GMT 2009 by *Michael S*

To quote NASA:

"Since the visible images have a higher spatial resolution, we use those
images to calculate the extent of ice on Tempel 1's surface. That turns
out to be a small fraction of the surface, only 0.5%. "

"What is significant is that the extent of this ice on Tempel 1's
surface is not sufficient to produce the observed abundance of water and
its by-products in the comet's coma. "

That is to say, the water comets release in their coma does not come
from ice sublimating off the comet.

More information on the electrical nature of comets can be found here:

(long URL - click here)
<http://sites.google.com/site/cosmologyquest/the-editor-s-musings/comets>

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      They Aren't Melting Snowballs

Sat Feb 21 15:46:47 GMT 2009 by *W. M.*

I was hoping to see someone posting info on the electric universe. Thanks.

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      They Aren't Melting Snowballs

Sun Feb 22 00:45:44 GMT 2009 by *mike*

i hate to be to critical on things like this, but i have seen a great
deal of emphasis going to electrical nature of things and yet rarely see
much evidence.

I'm a biologist by trade, but physics is not exempt from critical
appraisal based on evidence.

I find the emphasis on electrical natures quite reductionist, and claims
that weak electrical forces can counter gravity seems quite unfounded
and a bit generalistic.

However if you have located research papers i would be interested in
reading them, i gladly open my own theories and opinions for critcal
appraisal.

I

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      They Aren't Melting Snowballs

Sun Feb 22 14:31:41 GMT 2009 by *IVAN3MAN*

Yet another example of quote-mining and quoting out-of-context by
"Electric Universe" proponents.

The full paragraph and conclusion reads thus:

"Given that the spectrometer has a two dimensional detector, it is
possible to make a map of Tempel 1 at the wavelength of the ice
absorption bands. That map shows that the bright regions in the UV are
correlated with dark regions in the near-IR where water ice absorbs
light. Since the visible images have a higher spatial resolution, we use
those images to calculate the extent of ice on Tempel 1's surface. That
turns out to be a small fraction of the surface, only 0.5%. Next, the
temperature map is combined with the color map, showing that two of the
three regions are colder regions of the nucleus. Stereo images show the
largest area of ice to be a depression 80 meters below surrounding
areas. Never the less, the temperatures in this region are 285 -295 K,
significantly above the ~200K at which ice would sublimate in space at
the location of Tempel 1.

"What is significant is that the extent of this ice on Tempel 1's
surface is not sufficient to produce the observed abundance of water and
its by-products in the comet's coma. The team thus concludes that there
are sources of water from beneath the comet's surface that supply the
cometary coma as well."

The full article can be read here:

(long URL - click here)
<http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/deepimpact/mission/update-200602.cfm#lmcfadden>

Mission results here:

http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/deepimpact/results/index.cfm

Deep Impact Home Page:

http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/deepimpact/index.cfm

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      They Aren't Melting Snowballs

Sun Feb 22 16:37:22 GMT 2009 by *Michael S*

Quoting the full paragraph does not change the findings.

Observational findings:

"ice on Tempel 1s surface is not sufficient to produce the observed
abundance of water and its by-products in the comets coma. "

Pure speculation on the part of the deep impact team with absolutely no
observational data to support it:

"The team thus concludes that there are sources of water from beneath
the comets surface that supply the cometary coma as well."

Dont confuse observational findings with unsupported speculation.

The lack of water ice on the nucleus is just one of about 20 things that
fly in the face of the dirty snowball model.

You can read more about it here:

(long URL - click here)
<http://sites.google.com/site/cosmologyquest/the-editor-s-musings/comets>

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      They Aren't Melting Snowballs

Sun Feb 22 16:52:59 GMT 2009 by *Michael S*

And speaking of selectively quoting, I noticed you left this part of her
response out:

"Past efforts with the near-IR spectrometer on Deep Space 1 mission
flying past comet Borrelly and from the ground of comets far from the
sun and not enshrouded with coma, have yielded no evidence of water ice
on their surface."

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      They Aren't Melting Snowballs

Tue Feb 24 00:21:36 GMT 2009 by *IVAN3MAN*

RE: "... ice on Tempel 1's surface is not sufficient to produce the
observed abundance of water and its by-products in the comet's coma."

That does NOT mean that Tempel 1 does not have any ice; there IS plenty
of ice visible in Tempel 1's coma. Furthermore, Deep Impact found that
there is a good reason that no ice is visible on the surface. Using an
infrared camera, Deep Impact mapped the temperature of the visible
surface: http://deepimpact.umd.edu/gallery/Temperature_Map.html

http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/deepimpact/results/excavating.cfm

The temperature was up to 329 Kelvin (56 deg. Celsius) on the sunlit
side, and was as cold as 260 Kelvin (-13 deg. Celsius) on the night-time
side.

So, everywhere that Deep Impact could see, the comet was hotter than the
temperature at which ices of water, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide
would sublimate. In other words, any ice present at Tempel 1's surface
would quickly turn into a gas. It's only at some depth BELOW the surface
that temperatures stay cold enough all the time that the Sun can't heat
the comet enough to evaporate the ice.

The main point of the Deep Impact mission was to excavate material from
the interior of the comet -- material that could possibly represent
pristine components left over from the formation of the solar system.
Deep Impact did succeed in making a spectacular impact and throwing
material from the surface, as well as some material from the inside:

http://deepimpact.umd.edu/gallery/spectrometer2.html

http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/deepimpact/results/spectrometer.cfm

However, figuring out which material is from the surface, which is from
the inside, and what it's all made of is a puzzle that could take years
to solve.

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      Its Wonderfull To Have People Like You

Sat Feb 21 00:57:12 GMT 2009 by *Kevin Heitman*

thank you for the delitfull info on the comet. have you any info on the
comet Nebrue??? is it a mith??

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      The Comet

Sat Feb 21 08:04:26 GMT 2009 by *paula*

is it trust that their will be a comet in 2012

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This image of Comet Lulin, taken on 28 January, merges data from Swift's
Ultraviolet/Optical Telescope (blue and green) and X-Ray Telescope
(red). The comet's tail extends off to the right, while a cloud of
oxygen and hydrogen atoms extends far Sun-ward of the comet. At the time
of the observation, the comet was 160 million km from Earth and 185
million km from the Sun (Image: NASA/Swift/U of Leicester/DSS/STScI/
AURUA/Bodewits et al.) </data/images/ns/cms/dn16645/dn16645-2_700.jpg>

This image of Comet Lulin, taken on 28 January, merges data from Swift's
Ultraviolet/Optical Telescope (blue and green) and X-Ray Telescope
(red). The comet's tail extends off to the right, while a cloud of
oxygen and hydrogen atoms extends far Sun-ward of the comet. At the time
of the observation, the comet was 160 million km from Earth and 185
million km from the Sun (Image: NASA/Swift/U of Leicester/DSS/STScI/
AURUA/Bodewits et al.)

Enlarge image </data/images/ns/cms/dn16645/dn16645-2_700.jpg>

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