mirrored file at http://SaturnianCosmology.Org/ 
For complete access to all the files of this collection
	see http://SaturnianCosmology.org/search.php 
==========================================================
_A Radiometric Dating Resource List_

_updated & links checked, 18 February 2000_
_________________________________________________________________

The real heart of the age-of-the-earth debate (if "debate" is the
right word) is always radiometric dating. There are lots of ways to
guesstimate ages, and geologists knew the earth was _old_ a long time
ago (and I might add that they were mostly Christian creationist
geologists). But they didn't know _how old_. Radiometric dating
actually allows the measurement of absolute ages, and so it is deadly
to the argument that the earth cannot be more than 10,000 years old.

Radiometric methods measure the time elapsed since the particular
radiometric clock was reset. Radiocarbon dating, which is probably
best known in the general public, works only on things that were once
alive and are now dead. It measures the time elapsed since death, but
is limited in scale to no more than about 50,000 years ago. Other
methods, such as Uranium/Lead, Potassium/Argon, Argon/Argon and
others, are able to measure much longer time periods, and are not
restricted to things that were once alive. Generally applied to
igneous rocks (those of volcanic origin), they measure the time since
the molten rock solidified. If that happens to be longer than 10,000
years, then the idea of a young-Earth is called into question. If that
happens to be billions of years, then the young-Earth is in big
trouble.

As of January, 1999, The oldest rocks found on earth are 4.031 ± 0.003
billion years old (meaning it has been that long since the molten
rocks solidified and thus reset their internal clocks). This is
reported in the paper _Priscoan (4.00-4.03 Ga) orthogneisses from
northwestern Canada_ by [1]Samuel A. Bowring & Ian S. Williams;
[2]Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 134(1): 3-16, January
1999. The previous record was 3.96 billion years, set in 1989.

The putative age of the Earth, about 4,500,000,000 years is based on
the radiometrically measured age of meteorites, and is also about
500,000,000 years older than the oldest rocks. But regardless of the
accuracy of this age for the earth, the existence of rocks circa
4,000,000,000 years old puts the squeeze on a 10,000 year old Earth.

So the natural response from a young-Earth perspective is to claim
that radiometric dating is inaccurate or untrustworthy. Unfortunately,
while the young-Earthers are long on criticism, they are short on
support. It's easy to _assert_ that radiometric methods don't work,
but it's quite another thing to _prove_ it. This the young-Earth
creationist regularly fails to do.

I am not going to try to write a web-treatise on radiometric dating
myself, simply because much better qualified writers have already done
a much better job than I could. This is a list of resources, some on
the web, some not, which can be consulted by anyone interested in
learning more about how radiometric dating is done, or in responding
to arguments criticising radiometric dating. My purpose is to show,
through these resources that young-Earth creationist criticisms of
radiometric dating are inadequate at best. So long as radiometric
dating stands as scientifically valid, then the assertion of a
young-Earth is falsified by direct observation. The argument from
radiometriic dating is the strongest scientific argument that can be
brought to bear on this issue, in my opinion.

There may be some sense of repetition, as there are a number of
one-page, introductory type entries. But I put them all in anyway,
figuring some readers would understand one more easily than the other.

[3]Direct responses to specific creationist sources
[4]Responses to general creationist arguments
[5]Reliability of radiometric dating
[6]Introductory articles
[7]Advanced articles
[8]Radiocarbon dating
[9]Other resources
[10]Books
_________________________________________________________________

_Responding to Creationists - Part 1_
Direct responses to specific creationist sources
_________________________________________________________________

* [11]Comments on "The Radiometric Dating Game" - Part 1
* [12]Comments on "The Radiometric Dating Game" - Part 2
* [13]Comments on "The Radiometric Dating Game" - Part 3
Parts 1 & 2 By Dr. Kevin R Henke, Part 3 by Dr. David Plaisted
Dr. Henke is currently a post doctoral fellow in the
[14]Department of Chemistry at the [15]University of Kentucky.
[16]Dr. David Plaisted earned his PhD in computer science from
[17]Stanford University in 1976, and is currently Professor of
[18]Computer Science at the [19]University of North Carolina,
Chapel Hill.
[20]A Creation Perspective is the title of Dr. Plaisted's creation
page. It is an extensive collection of pro-creationist material
that extends well beyond radiometric dating. So far as I know all
of the material was written by Dr. Plaisted. One of those
articles, "[21]The Radiometric Dating Game", which also appears
[22]in the True Origins Archive, was the focus of Dr. Henke's
Criticism. [23]Part 1 is a critique posted by Dr. Henke on the
talk.origins newsgroup in early December 1998. [24]Part 2 and
[25]Part 3 constitute the text of a discussion between Henke &
Plaisted, that followed the posting of Henke's original critique;
they date from late December 1998. Part 2 was provided by Henke;
it is Plaisted's response to the critique with Henke's posted
comments. Part 3 was provided by Plaisted, and are his remarks in
further response to Henke.
[26]A Reply to Dr. Henke and Others is a new page by David
Plaisted, in direct response to Henke's criticism's posted here,
and in response to this Radiometric Dating Resource List as well.
Look for this page to change, or for new responses to appear, as
Dr. Plaisted continues his own research.

* [27]Geochronology Kata John Woodmorappe
* [28]Schimmrich Responds to John Woodmorappe's rebuttal
By [29]Steven H. Schimmrich
Schimmrich is working on his [30]PhD in [31]Structural Geology at
the [32]University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. He is currently
on the faculty in the Department of Math & Physical Sciences at
[33]Ulster Community College, Stone Ridge, New York. He is also a
member of the [34]Affiliation of Christian Geologists
[35]John Woodmorappe is a pseudonymous pro young Earth
creationist, and allegedly a scientist. He is the author of
several books and papers; one of those papers, _Radiometric Dating
Reappraised_ is the target of Schimmrich's original critique.
Woodmorappe responded to that critique, hence Schimmrich's
additional response.
Since Woodmorappe is a popular source for pro young-Earth
creationists, this detailed discussion of his work by a qualified
Christian geologist is a good reference source. If the links above
don't work, try Schimmrich's [36]collection of Christian Essays,
where they can also be found.

* [37]Carbon-14 and Radiometric Dating
* [38]Woodmorappe's Collection of Bad Dates
By [39]David Matson
Part of Dave Matson's "[40] How Good Are Those Young Earth
Arguments", an extensive collection of material in response to
young-Earth creationist Kent Hovind. "_Carbon-14 and Radiometric
dating_" is a collection of six articles in response to Hovind's
"_Several Faulty Assumptions are used in Radiometric Dating_".
"_Woodmorappe's Collection of Bad Dates_" is a critique of John
Woodmorappe's collection of about 350 allegedly "anomalous" bad
radiometric dates, which Woodmorappe intends as evidence that
radiometric dating does not work.
Dave Matson is a mathematician and editor of his own Oak Hill Free
Press.
_________________________________________________________________

_Responding to Creationists - Part 2_
Responses to general creationst arguments
_________________________________________________________________

* [41]Common Creationist Criticism's of Mainstream Dating Methods
By [42]Chris Stassen
Part of Stassen's FAQ file [43]The Age of the Earth, which also
deals with many other young-Earth assertions besides radiometric
dating.

* [44]Radiometric Dating and the Geological Time Scale - Circular
Reasoning or Reliable Tools
By [45]Andrew MacRae
MacRae received his PhD in Geology from the [46]University of
Calgary in 1996. This is a well illustrated article that brings
together stratigraphy, relative time scales, and the absolute
chronometry provided by radiometric dating. It is a common
assertion from young-Earthers that dating techniques are circular;
that fossils are dated according to their strata and that the
strata are dated according to their fossils. The assertion is
flatly false.

* [47]Age of the Earth
by Robert Williams
This is a general response to several young-Earth arguments. The
majority of material is on radiometric dating, although some other
faulty young-Earth age arguments are addressed as well. Data,
results, and faulty methodologies are all addressed. Of particular
interest is some tabulated data from Dalrymple's _Age of the Earth_
(see below). These data well illustrate the internal consistencies
of radiometric dating methods. A well written article worth
reading.

* [48]Fresh Lava Dated As 22 Million Years Old
By Computer Scientist [49]Don Lindsay
A common creationist argument is that radiometric dating must be
unreliable, because fresh Hawaiian lava was dated to be millions
of years old. But this is an _urban legend_, as Lindsay points
out.

* [50]Were Adam & Eve Toast?
By Geophysicist [51]Joe Meert
A common creationist argument is that radiometric dating must be
unreliable, because decay rates are variable, and were higher in
the past. In the reliability section below, there is a discussion
of how rates might be made to vary. But here Joe Meert explains
the consequences we would expect today, if in fact decay rates
were variable in the past. The consequent very high rate of energy
release brings to mind the title question, _Were Adam & Eve Toast?_
_________________________________________________________________

_Reliability of Radiometric Dating_
_________________________________________________________________

* [52]Are radioactive dating methods really as accurate as they
appear to be?
Response by [53]Dr. John Christie, [54]Department of Chemistry,
[55]La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.
A Q&A submitted to the [56]Mad Scientists Network. An Australian
high school student asks the question, which was routed to Dr.
Christie for response. A good, brief explanation of how reliable
radiometric dating really is.

* [57]Consistent Radiometric Dates
By [58]Joe Meert, Associate Professor, [59]Department of
Geography, Geology and Anthropology, at [60]Indiana State
University.
Meert shows where different radiometric methods return concordant
dates for a given sample or region. If radiometric dating really
does not work, one would not expect different methods to return
concordant ages. One more example of consistency, that leads to
confidence that radiometric dating is valid both in principle & in
practice.

* [61]The Formation of the Hawaiian Islands
Hosted by [62]The Hawaii Center for Volcanology. The page inculdes
a chart of radiometric ages of the volcanoes in the Hawaiian
chain. But the plot of age versus distance from [63]Kilauea is
significant. It shows a clear linear slope, a strong, direct
correlation between the tectonic motion of the Pacific Plate over
the [64]Hawaiian hotspot, and the age of the Hawaiian Island
chain. Once more, a clear correlation between radiometric dates,
and independent date indicators.

* [65]Are Radioactive Dates Consistent with the Deeper-is-Older
Rule?
* [66]Are Radioactive Dating Methods Consistent with Each Other?
By Computer Scientist [67]Don Lindsay
Two more items that address the question of reliability. In these
two short items, Lindsay shows that absolute radiometric dates are
consistent with relative geological dates, and that the various
radiometric methods are consistent with each other.

* [68]Breakthrough Made in Dating of the Geological Record
By F.J. Hilgen et al.
From [69]EOS 78(28): 285,288-289 (July 15, 1997), a weekly
newspaper of geophysics from the [70]American Geophysical Union.
The "breakthrough" documented in this report is an intercomparison
between sedimentary, radiometric and [71]astrochronological dates.
This evidence of strong agreement between disparate dating methods
is another example of the consistency between radiometric dating
and nature, and another demonstration of reliability.
Hilgen is a professor in the [72]faculty of Earth Sciences at
[73]Utrecht University, Netherlands.

* [74]Comparing Luminescence Dating and Radiometric Dating
By Tim Thompson
I wrote this originally as a discussion board post, and decided to
add it to this collection. The Hilgen et al. paper above shows a
convincing comparison between radiometric dating and astronomical
dating. Here, I reference a paper that is a good example of
concordance between radiometric dating and _luminescence dating_,
a technique that takes advantage of electrons trapped in crystal
lattice defects. The continued concordance between radiometric and
other dating schemes just makes things bleaker and bleaker for the
concept of a "young" Earth.

* [75]How to Change Nuclear Decay Rates
By Bill Johnson, updated by Scott Chase.
It is a common creationist ploy to argue that radioactive decay
rates either are, or can be, variable; since radiometric dating
always assumes a constant decay rate, it is therefore unreliable.
But in this item from the [76]usenet physics FAQ, we see how and
why decay rates can and do vary. We also see that the variable
decay rate argument is a dead argument. Not only does the
variability not apply at all to most radiometric isotopes, but
even in those cases where it does apply, the affect is at the less
than one percent level, under conditions that are unrealistically
extreme for any practical application to radiometric dating.
_________________________________________________________________

_Introductory General Articles on Radiometric Dating_
_________________________________________________________________

* [77]Radiometric Dating - A Christian Perspective
By [78]Dr. Roger C. Wiens
from 1990-1997 Wiens was a staff scientist in the [79]Division of
Geological and Planetary Sciences, at the [80]California Institute
of Technology (Caltech). Today he is a member of the [81]Space
Physics Team at the [82]Los Alamos National Laboratory in New
Mexico. His article is hosted by the [83]American Scientific
Affiliation (ASA). The ASA describes itself as a "_fellowship of
men and women of science and disciplines that can relate to
science who share a common fidelity to the Word of God and a
commitment to integrity in the practice of science_". Young-Earth
creationists would have you believe that there is only one
"Christian" position on the age of the Earth, and that the
young-Earth position is it. But Wiens and the ASA exemplify the
fact that, even amongst Christians, the young-Earth is a minority
position.

* [84]Radioactive Dating and the Age of the Solar System
By [85]Mike Skrutskie
This is a very brief outline. It is a "handout" for the
[86]Astronomy 100 course taught by Skrutskie at the [87]University
of Massachusetts, Amherst.

* [88]Radioactive Dating
A short, one-page example of a basic date calculation. This page
was written by a [89]group of high school students and their
advisors; it is one of the many sections of [90]Nuclear Physics -
Past, Present and Future, a high school learning project, part of
the [91]ThinkQuest Library.

* [92]An Essay on radiometric Dating
By [93]Jonathan Woolf
An essay on the basic principles. Woolf describes himself as an
_enthusiastic amateur_. But if you are looking for _radiometric
dating for dummies_, or some such explanation, aimed at the
general reader, this may be the one that does it for you.

* [94]Radiometric Dating
By Dr. Pamela J.W. Gore
Hosted by [95]Georgia Geoscience Online and [96]Georgia Perimeter
College; Dr. Gore is on the faculty of Georgia Perimeter College.
This is a brief tutorial introduction to the basic principles of
radiometric dating, designed for community college students of
geology.

* [97]Geologic Time
By [98]Dr. Ethan L. Grossman
A brief outline of the fundamental principles, including
radiometric dating. These are course notes for Dr. Grossman's
Geology 101 course, Department of Geology & Geophysics, Texas A&M
University.

* [99]Geologic Time: Age of the Earth
* [100]Geologic Time: The Radiometric Time Scale
Hosted by the [101]U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). These pages are
part of [102]Geologic Time, a USGS [103]Geologic Information -
General Interest Publication. There is a little about how
radiometric dating is done, but really not much. The main value
here is that the results of radiometric dating are well presented.
Find out how radiometric dating is done from one of the other
sites, and find out what it all means here.
_________________________________________________________________

_Advanced General Articles on Radiometric Dating_
These items presume some advanced understanding of physics &
mathematics
_________________________________________________________________

* [104]Isochron Dating
By [105]Chris Stassen
The article is well illustrated and well written. There is an
introduction to the generic problem of radiometric dating, but
this article concentrates on one well established method called
the "isochron method". Isochron dating is a robust application of
the radiometric principles which has the advantage of being
insensitive to the initial concentration of daughter product. This
is really an intermediate level article, designed for general
readers, but it is not something to read lightly.
Chris Stassen describes himself as a "computer hack with the
bizarre hobby of studying isotope geology". He is the owner of
[106]Stassen.Com.

* [107]Isotope Geochemistry Lecture Notes
Extensive graduate course lecture notes downloadable in PDF
format. Introduction to radioactive decay and nucleosynthesis.
Extensive notes on dating systems, radiogenic & stable isotope
geochemistry. Includes applications to palaeoclimatology. The
entire set of notes for 37 lectures will give you a 273 page book
on isotope geochemistry, free.
Hosted by the [108]Wm. Keck Foundation Isotope Laboratory, in the
[109]Department of Geological Sciences at [110]Cornell University,
Ithica, New York.

* [111]Isotope Geochemistry: Introduction
A series of online course modules, well written & illustrated.
Covers the basics of radioactivity and dating, and application of
specific isotopes. Includes a module specifically for
disequilibrium dating (where parent and daughter isotopes are
chemically separated).
Hosted by the [112]Department of Earth Sciences at the
[113]University of Bristol, England.

* [114]Radiogenic Isotopes in Geological Sciences
Illustrated course notes from the [115]UK Earth Science Courseware
Consortium, hosted by the [116]Department of Earth Sciences at the
[117]University of Manchester, England. Minimal explanatory text,
but good illustrations. Evidently a demonstration module for a
larger courseware package that can be purchased through the
consortium.
_________________________________________________________________

_Radiocarbon Dating_
_________________________________________________________________

* [118]Radiocarbon Web
Established jointly by the radiocarbon laboratories at the
[119]University of Waikato in New Zealand, and [120]Oxford
University in England, the Radiocarbon Web is a storehouse of
information on radiocarbon dating. Here you will find a complete
description of the basic principles, the applied techniques, and
how dates are corrected for the known variations in atmospheric
carbon abundances (the use of tree ring calibration is important).

* [121]Radiocarbon
The homepage for the technical journal _Radiocarbon_. Includes
[122]14C Information and Links to various radiocarbon
laboratories, and downloadable software.

* [123]What about carbon-14 dating?
An entry in the [124]Sci.Skeptic FAQ. Authorship is unattributed.

* [125]Absolute Chronology for Early Civilizations in Central Europe
using 14C Dating and Accelerator Mass Spectrometry
By [126]Herwig Friesinger et al.
_This proposal is an interdisciplinary initiative of
archaeologists and nuclear physicists to substantially improve the
absolute chronology of archaeologically interesting cultures in
Austria and Central Europe by using 14C dating with Accelerator
Mass Spectrometry (AMS). An improved absolute chronology based on
precise 14C dating would lead to a better understanding of the
interactions between early cultures and would help to deepen our
insight into the rich diversity of pre-historic life in Austria
and adjacent countries. The 14C dating will be performed at the
[127]Vienna Environmental Research Accelerator (VERA), a new
centre for AMS at the [128]Institut for Radiumforschung und
Kernphysik of the [129]University of Vienna, which came into
operation in 1996._
The project description is in English and in considerable detail.
This is a good example for those who want to see a detailed
account of how it is all really done. Includes 14C dating general
principles & methodology, absolute calibration, mass spectrometry,
and archaeological methods such as sample selection and
preperation.

* [130]Carbon Dating
By Computer Scientist [131]Don Lindsay
A brief introduction to carbon dating for general readers.
_________________________________________________________________

_Other Resources_
Indirectly related to radiometric dating
_________________________________________________________________

* [132]Webelements - periodic table of the elements
_Webelements_, hosted by the University of Sheffield, England, is
the most complete online periodic table I know of. Complete
physical, chemical, thermodynamic, and even historic information
on elements and isotopes. Not as much nuclear specific information
as the table of nuclides listed below, but lots of additional
stuff.

* [133]Table of the Nuclides - [Home Site] [134]Nuclear Data
Evaluation Lab at the [135]Korean Atomic Energy Research Institute
(KAERI), Korea
* [136]Table of the Nuclides - [Mirror] [137]Department of Advanced
Technology at [138]Brookhaven National Laboratory, USA
* [139]Table of the Nuclides - [Mirror] [140]ISIS, [141]Rutherford
Appleton Laboratory, England
* [142]Table of the Nuclides - [Mirror] Ruhr University, Bochum,
Germany
These all mirror the same functionality, so pick the closest site.
The Table of Nuclides is searchable graphically and by text input.
It returns the nuclear properties of all known isotopes; mass,
binding energy, decay mode, half-life, branching ratios, whatever.
You can move your way through an entire decay chain.

* [143]Table of Isotopes
Not as detailed as the KAERI tables, but has a more user-friendly
interface. Part of the [144]ABC's of Nuclear Science, hosted by
the [145]Lawrence-Berkeley National Laboratory.
_________________________________________________________________

_Books_
You remember - what we used to read before computers

I have included here only such books as I know of, or are recommended.
Some I am aware of I have left off because they are out of print and I
don't know much about them. There are no "young-Earth" books here,
because of course there are no young-Earth radiometric dating methods
established (no big surprise there). Books included are both advanced
and general, but all bear either directly or indirectly on the
radiometric dating problem. For each book, the title is linked to an
[146]Amazon.Com entry if there is one (so far we are batting 100%).
Authors are linked to their own homepages, or the functional
equivalent, wherever I could find one.
_________________________________________________________________

* [147]The Age of the Earth
By [148]G. Brent Dalrymple
Dalrymple earned his PhD in Geology from the [149]University of
California, Berkeley in 1963. A long time veteran of the [150]U.S.
Geological Survey, he is now Dean of the [151]College of Oceanic
and Atmospheric Sciences at [152]Oregan State University. He is a
well recognized authority in the field of radiometric dating. His
book, published by the [153]Stanford University Press in 1991, is
the only book I know of which deals directly and in detail with
the age of the Earth. It is written for non-technical readers, but
it is not lacking in content. 474 Pages long, the book covers all
aspects of dating the Earth, talks about the radiometric methods,
and talks about the history of attempts to determine the age of
the Earth, including Biblical chronologies. This book is a
must-read for anyone interested in knowing how we know the age of
the Earth. It presents perhaps the strongest case against the idea
of a 10,000 year old Earth.
_________________________________________________________________

* [154]Principles of Isotope Geology
By [155]Gunter Faure
Faure was and still is a Professor in the [156]Department of
Geological Sciences at [157]Ohio State University; he earned his
PhD at [158]M.I.T. in 1961. This book is not for general
audiences, it is a technical book aimed at students of physics and
geophysics. The book goes beyond an explication of the basic
principles, and delves into the applications of radiometric
dating. This is _the_ detailed reference for how radiometric
dating is actually done.
_________________________________________________________________

* [159]Radiogenic Isotope Geology
By [160]Alan P. Dickin
Dickin is a professor in the [161]School of Geography and Geology
at [162]Mc Master University in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. The
link goes to the 1997 reprint; the original appeared in 1995.
Dickin's home page includes a [163]listing of the appendix to the
1997 reprint which includes corrections and updates applied from
the 1995 edition (this is worth reading even if you don't buy the
book). Like Faure's book, this is a physicists text, not intended
for general audiences. Detailed explications of dating methods, as
well as isotope geochemistry. Includes fission track dating, which
was not covered in my 1977 edition of Faure.
_________________________________________________________________

* [164]Radioactive and Stable Isotope Geology
By Hans-Gunter Attendorn & R.N.C Bowen
Amazon.com says it was published by Chapman & Hall, but they were
bought out by [165]Kluwer. This is the [166]1997 second edition of
the 1988 "_Isotopes in the Earth Sciences_". Besides radiometric
dating methods and isotope geochemistry, this book also deals with
isotopic analysis and climate.
Both authors are formerly from the
[167]Geologisch-Paläontologisches Institut, affiliated with
[168]Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany.
_________________________________________________________________

* [169]Geochronology and Thermochronology by the 40Ar/39Ar Method
By Ian MacDougall & T. Mark Harrison
Oxford Monographs on Geology and Geophysics #9, 1988; [170]Oxford
University Press. This book comes recommended by Geophysicist
[171]Joe Meert as the "Bible of Ar/Ar dating".
Publication of a new second edition, again by the [172]Oxford
University Press, is scheduled for June 1999.
_________________________________________________________________

* [173]Geochronology, Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic
Correlation
By William A. Berggren, editor
December, 1995; Special Publication #54 of the [174]Society for
Sedimentary Geology. Also see the Society's [175]Publication's
Price List.
_________________________________________________________________

* [176]Nuclear Methods of Dating
By Etienne Roth _et al.,_ editors
Graham & Trotman, July 1990
Review - [177]Booknews, Inc., May 1, 1990
Describes all the methods of dating terrestrial events using
direct or indirect measurements of natural nuclear
disintegrations. The work doesn't treat the matter of isotopic
geochemistry in general, but rather concentrates on a more
complete and practical guide to dating methods. The first chapter
collates general data and principles common to all methods. The
following chapters present the possibilities and limitations of
the different dating methods, along with the relevant analytical
techniques and the preferred range of application. Includes two
glossaries, isotope tables, a scale of geological times, and a
chapter on radioactivity. _Annotation copyright Book News, Inc.
Portland, Or._
_________________________________________________________________

[178]Tim Thompson's Home Page
[179]Tim Thompson's Collected Writings

1

References

1. http://www-eaps.mit.edu/faculty/bowring.htm
2. http://link.springer.de/link/service/journals/00410/index.htm
3. file://localhost/www/sat/files/radiometric.htm#resp1
4. file://localhost/www/sat/files/radiometric.htm#resp2
5. file://localhost/www/sat/files/radiometric.htm#reliability
6. file://localhost/www/sat/files/radiometric.htm#intro
7. file://localhost/www/sat/files/radiometric.htm#advanced
8. file://localhost/www/sat/files/radiometric.htm#carbon
9. file://localhost/www/sat/files/radiometric.htm#other
10. file://localhost/www/sat/files/radiometric.htm#books
11. http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/8851/plaisted-review.html
12. http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/8851/plaisted-review2.html
13. http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/8851/plaisted-review3.html
14. http://www.chem.uky.edu/
15. http://www.uky.edu/
16. http://www.cs.unc.edu/~plaisted/
17. http://www.stanford.edu/
18. http://www.cs.unc.edu/
19. http://www.unc.edu/
20. http://www.cs.unc.edu/~plaisted/ce/
21. http://www.cs.unc.edu/~plaisted/ce/dating.html
22. http://www.firinn.org/trueorigin/dating.htm
23. http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/8851/plaisted-review.html
24. http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/8851/plaisted-review2.html
25. http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/8851/plaisted-review3.html
26. http://www.cs.unc.edu/~plaisted/ce/henke.html
27. http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/woodmorappe-geochronology.html
28. http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/woodgeo/schimm1.html
29. http://ulster.eduprise.com/people.nsf/Faculty/4C3E1DC7086A255A852567FC0073C993?OpenDocument
30. http://www.geology.uiuc.edu/HTML/grad-prog.html#anchor115807
31. http://www.geology.uiuc.edu/~marshak/research.html
32. http://www.uiuc.edu/
33. http://www.sunyulster.edu/
34. http://www.wheaton.edu/acg/
35. http://www.users.bigpond.com/webfx/cyber/johnw.htm
36. http://www.shawangunk.com/steve/essays/essays.html
37. http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/dave_matson/young-earth/carbon-14/
38. http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/dave_matson/young-earth/additional_topics/bad_dates.html
39. mailto:103515.3640 at compuserve.com
40. http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/dave_matson/young-earth/
41. http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/faq-age-of-earth.html#creacrit
42. http://www.stassen.com/chris/
43. http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/faq-age-of-earth.html
44. http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/dating.html
45. http://www.geo.ucalgary.ca/~macrae/current_projects.html
46. http://www.ucalgary.ca/
47. http://www.gate.net/~rwms/AgeEarth.html
48. http://www.best.com/~dlindsay/creation/hawaii.html
49. http://www.best.com/~dlindsay/index.html
50. http://www.indstate.edu/gga/pmag/adam.htm
51. http://www.indstate.edu/gga/pmag/
52. http://madsci.wustl.edu/posts/archives/dec96/851508824.Ch.q.html
53. http://www.latrobe.edu.au/www/chemistry/staff/jrc.html
54. http://www.latrobe.edu.au/www/chemistry/
55. http://www.latrobe.edu.au/
56. http://www.madsci.org/
57. http://www.indstate.edu/gga/pmag/radiomet.htm
58. http://www.indstate.edu/gga/pmag/
59. http://baby.indstate.edu/geo/
60. http://web.indstate.edu/
61. http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/GG/HCV/haw_formation.html
62. http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/GG/hcv.html
63. http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/GG/HCV/kilauea.html
64. http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/GG/HCV/hawaiispot.html
65. http://www.cs.colorado.edu/~lindsay/creation/confirm.html
66. http://www.cs.colorado.edu/~lindsay/creation/crater_chain.html
67. http://www.best.com/~dlindsay/index.html
68. http://www.agu.org/sci_soc/eos96336.html
69. http://www.agu.org/pubs/eos.html
70. http://www.agu.org/
71. http://www.agu.org/revgeophys/channe00/node5.html
72. http://www.geo.uu.nl/
73. http://www.uu.nl/index_eng.html
74. http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/8851/luminescence.html
75. http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/decay_rates.html
76. http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/faq.html
77. http://asa.calvin.edu/ASA/resources/Wiens.html
78. http://nis-www.lanl.gov/~rwiens/
79. http://www.gps.caltech.edu/
80. http://www.caltech.edu/
81. http://nis-www.lanl.gov/groups/nis-1/html/sp.html
82. http://www.lanl.gov/
83. http://asa.calvin.edu/index.html
84. http://pegasus.phast.umass.edu/a100/handouts/raddat/raddat.html
85. http://scruffy.phast.umass.edu/GradProg/skrutskie.html
86. http://pegasus.phast.umass.edu/a100/
87. http://www.umass.edu/
88. http://tqd.advanced.org/3471/radioactive_dating.html
89. http://tqd.advanced.org/3471/authors.html
90. http://tqd.advanced.org/3471/
91. http://library.advanced.org/library/index.html
92. http://www.erinet.com/jwoolf/rad_dat.html
93. http://www.erinet.com/jwoolf/index.html
94. http://www.dc.peachnet.edu/~pgore/geology/geo102/radio.htm
95. http://www.gpc.peachnet.edu/~pgore/gore.htm
96. http://www.gpc.peachnet.edu/
97. http://t-rex.tamu.edu/courses/geol101/grossman/Absolute.time.pp.html
98. http://t-rex.tamu.edu/courses/geol101/grossman/
99. http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/geotime/age.html
100. http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/geotime/radiometric.html
101. http://www.usgs.gov/
102. http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/geotime/
103. http://geology.usgs.gov/gip.html
104. http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/isochron-dating.html
105. http://www.stassen.com/chris/
106. http://www.stassen.com/
107. http://www.geo.cornell.edu/geology/classes/Geo656/656notes98.html
108. http://www.geo.cornell.edu/geology/white/IsotopeLab.HTML
109. http://www.geo.cornell.edu/
110. http://www.cornell.edu/
111. http://www.gly.bris.ac.uk/www/teach/Level2Iso/Level2Iso.html
112. http://www.gly.bris.ac.uk/
113. http://www.bris.ac.uk/
114. http://www.man.ac.uk/Geology/CAL/isotopes/isotopes.html
115. http://www.man.ac.uk/Geology/CAL/index.html
116. http://www.man.ac.uk/Geology/
117. http://www.man.ac.uk/
118. http://c14.sci.waikato.ac.nz/webinfo/index.html
119. http://www.waikato.ac.nz/
120. http://www.ox.ac.uk/
121. http://www.radiocarbon.org/
122. http://www.radiocarbon.org/Info/index.html
123. http://www.xnet.com/~blatura/skep_5.html#5.3
124. http://www.xnet.com/~blatura/skeptic.shtml
125. http://www.nhm-wien.ac.at/NHM/Prehist/Stadler/14C_Project/
126. http://www.univie.ac.at/urgeschichte/pers/friesinger.htm
127. http://www.univie.ac.at/Kernphysik/VERA/welcome.htm
128. http://www.univie.ac.at/Kernphysik/irk_engl.htm
129. http://www.univie.ac.at/Ausseninstitut/unigb1.htm
130. http://www.best.com/~dlindsay/creation/carbon.html
131. http://www.best.com/~dlindsay/index.html
132. http://www.shef.ac.uk/~chem/web-elements/
133. http://hpngp01.kaeri.re.kr/CoN/index.html
134. http://hpngp01.kaeri.re.kr/
135. http://www.kaeri.re.kr/index_e.html
136. http://www.dne.bnl.gov/CoN/index.html
137. http://www.dne.bnl.gov/
138. http://www.bnl.gov/
139. http://sutekh.nd.rl.ac.uk/CoN/
140. http://www.isis.rl.ac.uk/
141. http://www.cclrc.ac.uk/
142. http://www.nes.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/CoN/
143. http://ie.lbl.gov/education/isotopes.htm
144. http://user88.lbl.gov/NSD_docs/abc/home.html
145. http://www.lbl.gov/
146. http://www.amazon.com/
147. http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ISBN%3D0804723311/002-0193986-2501474
148. http://www.oce.orst.edu/faculty/dalrymple.html
149. http://www.berkeley.edu/
150. http://www.usgs.gov/
151. http://www.oce.orst.edu/
152. http://www.orst.edu/
153. http://www.sup.org/
154. http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471864129/qid=921376176/sr=1-2/002-0193986-2501474
155. http://www.geology.ohio-state.edu/people/faculty/qpeople.phtml?faure
156. http://www.geology.ohio-state.edu/home.html
157. http://www.osu.edu/
158. http://web.mit.edu/
159. http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0521598915/qid=921628422/sr=1-4/002-2095317-5483438
160. http://www.science.mcmaster.ca/Geology/dickin.html
161. http://www.science.mcmaster.ca/geo/geomain.html
162. http://www.mcmaster.ca/
163. http://www.science.mcmaster.ca/Geology/updates.html
164. http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0412752808/qid=921628422/sr=1-3/002-2095317-5483438
165. http://www.wkap.nl/
166. http://www.wkap.nl/book.htm/0-412-75280-8
167. http://www.uni-muenster.de/GeoPalaeontologie/Welcome-e.html
168. http://www.uni-muenster.de/Welcome-e.html
169. http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0195109201/qid=927848026/sr=1-5/002-7751993-7941049
170. http://www.oup.co.uk/
171. http://www.indstate.edu/gga/pmag/
172. http://www.oup.co.uk/
173. http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1565760247/o/qid=927848026/sr=2-1/002-7751993-7941049
174. http://www.sepm.org/
175. http://www.sepm.org/pubs/priclist.html
176. http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0792301889/qid=927849284/sr=1-2/002-7751993-7941049
177. http://www.booknews.com/
178. http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/8851/index.html
179. http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/8851/faqs.html