http://SaturnianCosmology.Org/ mirrored file For complete access to all the files of this collection see http://SaturnianCosmology.org/search.php ========================================================== logo Chronology: the prehistory of mankind * Main source: "De la préhistoire à l'Atlantide des megalithes", J. Deruelle 1990 * All dates are estimated and calibrated <#cal> years B.C.E. * Sea levels: compared with present levels. * The numbers refer to other sources (watch a small literature list <#li> below) * Scheme of animal domestication <#dom> * A detailed chronology about the history of the Netherlands is also available (in Dutch) * The Central and North European Neolithic/Copper Age Chronology . ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 15.000: 5.Egypt: first cultivated cereals 10.000: Palestine settlements: first grain gatherers 9000: 1.Israël: bone / flint sickle 1.Jericho (=Tell-es-Sultan) founded 3.Mesopotamia: agriculure 12.Mesopotamia and E-Mediterranian: copper beads, also smelted copper (on a small scale) <8500: The Paleolithic (ice ages) ends Jericho: stone tower 8350 - 7350: 8.Jericho, the first settlement of the world with a surrounding wall (4 acres) and a tower 8000 - 4000: 8.Copper centers: Northern Greece, Turkey, Northern Iran, Northern Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, East-Israël (Beidha) 5.Jericho: cultivated wheat 1.Mesopotamia: domesticated <#dom> sheep 7500 - 7000: Palestine (Jericho 7800), Syria, Iraq: agriculture and pottery Sea level: - 45 m From the U.K. to Siberia / Alaska: Maglemose culture 7000: Magdalen Sea level: - 15 m Sahara: Neolithic culture 8.Early experiments with copper ores in Central Turkey 1.Mesopotamia: domesticated <#dom> goats 6700 / 6500: Turkey: urban civilisation: Çatal Hüyük (cereals, vegetables, fruits, wine, beer) 6500: Western Mediterranian: Neolithic culture (sheep, pottery) Start of "Middle Danube" cultures: Lepenski Vir 6000: Netherlands: first canoo (Pesse) 1.Mesopotamia: domesticated cattle, pigs, goose, cereals (2- rowed hulled barley) 5800: End of Çatal Hüyük, founding of Byblos From Croatia to the Ukrain: Danube Neolithic Sea level: 0 m 5500: From Denmark to Siberia: Mesolithic culture "Ertebölle" 1.Mesopotamia: "Ubaid" pottery 5500 - 5300: Sea level: + 2 m Neolithic cultures spread all over the European continent: Vinça, linear pottery Neolithic farm Egypt: first farmers (8.: 5000) 5000: 8.Israël and Lebanon: copper ores are melted 1.Mesopotamia: first use of irrigation, first casting of copper 12.Mesopotamia (5^th millenium): casting of copper (first time in history) in open moulds: axes and long blades 18.Serbia: mining of copper ores in 20 deep pits (5^th millenium, see graphic) 20.Belgium (Darion): first fortified settlement 4800: Serbia: copper mining and metallurgy 4700: Copper cultures develope: Vinça "C, D", Tripolije Bretagne: first megaliths (Barnenez 4600 - 4300) 4600: Northeuropean Ertebölle continues, developes into a Neolithic culture: the Funnel Beakers 4500: Spreading of the megalithic culture over Southwest Europe The Netherlands: second Neolithic culture "Swifterband"; in the winter they hunt near the sea, in the summer they return to their farmland. 1.Plough tracks in the southern part of Mesopotamia 12.Serbia (Vinca) / S-Bulgaria: mining of large amounts of copper ores, axes with cast holes (first time in history) 12.Italy and S-Spain: use of copper 4400: Mesopotamia: El Obeid ("I") U.K.: Neolithic culture 4200: West-Germany: Rössen / Michelsberg Wolga region: Kurgan ("I") culture <4000: 12.Egypt: copper work (chisels) 4000: Sea level: + 5 m Mesopotamia: El Obeid ("II") U.K., West-Germany, Denmark, South Sweden (Funnel Beaker), Portugal: spreading of the megalithic culture 8.9.Israël and Lebanon: start of casting bronzes, first use of a plough 1.Egypt and Mesopotamia: first use of the pottery wheel ("tournette") 4.Middle-East, 4^th millenium: the use of the lost-wax process (bronze moulds), gold, silver and lead are known 3800 - 3700: Indo-European cultures: combat axes (see photo right), corded ware Kurgan ("II") Photo right: top: flint axe, the other is a typical N-W European battle axe with a drilled hole. This drilling can be practised in the Drents Museum in Assen, Netherlands 3500: Sea level: + 3 m Languedoc and Provence: more megaliths Near the Black Sea: the horse is domesticated The Netherlands: the third neolitic / megalithic culture (Funnel Beaker) builds "hunebeds" The Austrian Alps: Otzi , the Ötztaler glacier man dies 5.Egypt: first bronze, first sailing boats 5.Israël and Lebanon: first bronze 9.Jericho: ±1000 inhabitants 5.Iran, Sumer: casting of copper 6.Iran, Sumer: first cities (Uruk: 100 acres, 10.000 inhabitants!) 8.N-E Mesopotamia: 6 tin mines (3500 - 1600) ±3200: 5.Egypt: 365 days calendar 3300: Kurgan ("III") 1.Mesopotamia: domesticated donkey 3100: Sea level: + 1 m First hieroglyphes 8.Egypt: copper melting 3000 - 2900: Mesopotamia: first writing 8.Mesopotamia: first "icon-writing" / hieroglyphes (3000) 3000 - 1200: 8.Mesopotamia: trade in copper 'ingots' (currency bars) 2700: First graves near Stonehenge ("I") Avebury stones Stonehenge ("II") The Bell Beaker culture spreads all over the Nort African and European Atlantic coast. This culture might have experimented with copper- working 5.Mesopotamia: Gilgamesh king of Uruk, fortifications around the cities ±2660 - 2600: 5.Egypt: first stone pyramids 2660 - 2180: 5.Sinaï: copper mines, copper trade with Egypt 2600: 1.Egypt: first plough, trade route along the coast with Phoenicia (Lebanon) 2500: 22.The virus "influenza A" jumps from wild to domesticated ducks 17.Portugal (Zambujal): copper age tools: axes, saw blades, chisels, piercers. copper trade in ingots and finished products 4.Assyria: bronze weights shaped like ducks / lions: spherical or barrel-shaped 4.Syria (Ur): in 2 pieces cast dagger (26 cm): blade and handle together rivetet 2400: Czechia: Unetiçe Bronze Age culture ? Netherlands: first wheel, Vlaardingen culture 4.Syria (Ur): cast, half-moon shaped axe 14 cm x 7,3 cm ±2300: 3.Sumerian / Semitic non-iconic writing, "hour", "60 minutes", algebra, medicines 19.Bronneger (NL): first copper beads in "hunebed" (megalith barrow) 21.Egypt: a grave of the pharao Pepi contained a bronze statue which contained tin from Cornwall 2250 - 1875: 11.Palestine: only nomads 2200: Stonehenge completed 2000 - 1700: Hot climate Nordic Bronze Age U.K.: Wessex F: Armorican Bronze Age 9.Greece: sailing ships can sail the seas 4.Sumeria: first iron and steel 11.Sumeria / N-Israël: (in writing) "caravans bring the tin to Hazor" (city in N-Israël) 1800: Sea level: + 3 m around 1600: 22. The Chinese start to domesticate ducks, chickens and pigs, close to eachother in farms. Pig- and bird-type influenza virusses 'cross' with eachother which lead to virusses that are contageous for humans. 1600 - 1100: 9.Cyprus: trade in copper 'ingots' (currency bars) 16^th century: 3.8.Iran: Kassites have iron war chariots 1550: 11.Jericho is destroyed 1500: 9.Sumeria / Israël: first alphabets 1445: Greek writing: Linear B 1400: 11.Syria (Ugarit): iron battle axe 1370: Georgia and Turkey: start of Iron Age 1240: Central and West Europe: Celts, Iron Age, Hallstatt >1200: 11.Near East: long dry periods, cities are abandoned, people move into the hills 1200: 8.Egypt / Palestine: Jews emigrate from Egypt to Palestine (11.: 1260) 1100: Sea level: + 1 m The Netherlands, West-Germany: Urnfield culture 800: The Netherlands: start Iron Age ±700: 8.Egypt: first iron 4.Assyria: first brass (zinc and copper), 17 bronze 'lion' weights: 2 - 30 cm, 50 - 2000 g 650: 8.Turkey: first coins 600: 8.Greece: first coins 521: 8.Middle East: Darius I, stable weights / measures, written laws, stable currency system, efficiënt mailing system 412: 22.Hippocrates describes an epidemic that is similar with influenza 4^th century: 4.Middle East: gold coins: 'Darics' 390: Rome sacked by the Gauls, led by Brennus: "Vae victii!" (See graphic right) 375: 5.Phoenicia: coins with ships depicted 334 - 323: 6.Middle East: Alexander the Great 278: 6.7.8.The Gauls settle in Central Turkey ("Galatia <#gal>") 100: 16.Jeruzalem: first glass 'blowing' techniques ------------------------------------------------------------------------ *Scheme of animal domestication (4.)* * Animal:* * name in the wild:* * domesticated (estimated years B.C.E.):* * place (Middle-East, unless specified):* dog woolf 11.000 goat bezoar goat 8500 sheep moufflon 8000 pig boar 7500 cattle 7000 cat wild cat 7000 chicken fowl 6000 China donkey wild ass 4000 horse tarpan 4000 Near the Black Sea, Russia camel wild camel 3000 Saudi-Arabia, India rabbitt wild rabbitt 1000 Spain ------------------------------------------------------------------------ * * *Calibrated* The radiocarbon (C14) method of dating an archaeologic place proved to be insecure with dates that were thousands of years B.C.E. By examining the tree rings (dendrochronology) and comparing them with C14 results, better results were achieved. There are various methods to calibrate C14 results. More information about these methods . *Literature list*: 1. C. Renfrew, Past Worlds: Atlas of archaeology, 1988 2. R. McNally, Atlas of world history, 1992 3. Dr. Vermel, Geïllustreerde bosatlas van de wereldgeschiedenis, 1984 4. M. Roaf, Cultural atlas of Mesopotamia, 1990 5. P.V. Naquet, The Harper Atlas of world history, 1992 6. T. Cussans, Atlas of European history, 1994 7. C. Anker, De Kelten: Europa in de ijzertijd, 1995 8. N. Stone, (Times) Atlas of world history, 1989 9. G. Parker, (Times) Atlas of world history, 1993 10. K. Ploetz, Wereldgeschiedenis in jaartallen, 1980 11. Drs. Van der Land, Van Abraham tot David, 1993 12. J. Hawkes, Archeologisch panorama, 1976 13. G. Mandel / P. Eisele, Koning Samolo, 1980 14. P. Albenda, The palace of Sargon (Assyria), 1986 15. A. v. Iterson, Armenzorg bij Joden in Palestina 100 v.C. - 200 n.C., 1911 16. H. Blok, De onderste steen boven, 1991 17. Antike Welt Tl 8, 1977 18. Time-Life, Het vroege Europa, raadsels in steen, 1995 19. L.P. Louwe Kooijmans, prehistorie en vroegste geschiedenis van ons land, 1974 20. D. Cahen, J.P. Caspar, F. Gosselin, A. Hauzeur, La village Rubané fortifié de Darion - Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt 17, 1987 21. I. Wilkins, Where Troy once stood, 1990 22. http://www.degrotegriepmeting.nl / The Scientist 23. De oude geschiedenis in jaartallen (just in Dutch, 2600 B.C.E. - 293 C.E., mainly focused on the Roman Empire) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ *Galatia:* King Nicomedes invited the tribes of the Tolostibogii, Tectosagii, Trocmii. They served in his army and were known for their agression. After their service they build oppidas (fortifications in the hills). ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Writer / editor ------------------------------------------------------------------------ March 26^th , 1998