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Grazian Archive: 

_THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF QUANTAVOLUTION AND CATASTROPHISM_

_age determination__ to Ahaggar Mountains_

[1]Encyclopedia of Q & C page_ | [2]Home_

_age determination__ a way of telling the place of an object or event
on an absolute scale of time. Rough and exceedingly fine methods have
been devised from human beginnings to determine when an event has
happened in relation to the present. Telling when a human passed by a
footprint in the sand is a test; a stone age man could perform this
test validly and to increase reliability call upon his companions to
confirm or modify his conclusion. Years of formal instruction and
immense machines are employed to pierce the skies and measure
radioactivity on the atomic level to solve larger issues of time. The
fascination with timetelling is discussed in other articles. Here one
is concerned with gauging times past, almost entirely prehistoric and
back to beginnings; the various means of telling time are inventoried
and surveyed; and for each method a (c) and (q) point of view
expressed._

_The quantavolutionary is likely to favor assigning short time to pre­
history and geologic events such as the birth of Earth and Moon, while
the conventional scientist and evolutionist is likely to insist upon
everlonger periods to achieve what lies before the eye as the universe
of things and life. The age of the Earth has been determined by (c)
radiometric dating of meteoritic leads to be about 4.5G (Patterson),
assuming the meteorites and Earth rocks to have appeared in the solar
system at the same time. On the Arctic Circle, near Yellowknife and
Great Bear Lake, a rock has been assayed by the uraniumlead method
(the radioactive decay of uranium into lead) to 3.96 by. The oldest
life (c) is now considered to exceed 1G. The solar system has to be
older: the formation of a solartype star and planets form a cloud of
gas and cosmic dust would occupy 400M±, then 12G for the Earth to
solidify, and presumably all of the remaining time up to 15G to get to
where it is from the hypothetical "Big Bang." At the same time some
(q) have managed to redress the ages to accomplish the whole of the
solar system as it is today, life forms and all, in a million years.
It might seem impossible to reconcile the 5000times greater age span
of (c) over (q). Actually it is not impossible. For instance, the
processes reflected in the Grand Canyon profile could be temporally
collapsed by a factor of 5000, making out of every five million years
a thousand years, without scrambling ordinary explanations; mainly
this occurs by substituting deep fractures and abrupt sedimentation
from tides and heavy fallouts for slow uplift and erosion. The
accompanying chart allows one to see at a glance how many tests are at
issue in assigning absolute dates to all the matters of concern to
this Encyclopedia. Minor and branching tests that largely favor (c)
are not included in the table. At the moment, the only one of
potential value seems to be the "ice core measurement." Employed in
Greenland and Antarctic, the ice is drilled and the climate and
pollution of the atmosphere is seen to affect the ice of each year.
Seasonal deviations are detectable by the thickness of annual bands
and the ratio of Oxygen18. The Greenland tests, though they do not
disclose large disturbances known to have occurred at certain times,
are not interpreted to show the much larger effect of catastrophes,
implying that they have not happened. Much breakage of the extracted
cores might belie this conclusion. A record limit of 100ky has been
achieved. Doubt has been expressed over the visibility of the bands
and the melt of the ice sheet probably caused by the heat of
catastrophe. There should have appeared, furthermore, signs of at
least one shift of the Earth's axis during the period supposedly
covered._

_They do not include some of the tests that are usually cited to favor
(q) because these are largely deprived of quantification and must be
thought of as judgements. (q) tests often lack tubes, needles, gauges,
and ask instead for judicial temperament operating with slippery data
bodies; they often mix human evidence with natural conditions in
estimating long ages, and they join legend or human calendars with
proposed events of prehistory, such as changes in lunar or Earth
orbit. To the evolutionist, (q) appears fuzzyminded, gullible, and
fanciful; but to the (q), the (c) seems narrowminded, technocratic and
historically untutored._

_The (c) offers his tests of time; when applied, they show time as
exceedingly long and change as most gradual. He grants more and more,
however, that the largest changes striking the Earth have come about
in catastrophes; but even here, he would allow slow, rather than
abrupt, speedup of the changes._

_(q) asks consideration of all natural forces operating today,
including volcanic outbursts and earthquakes and hurricanes to be but
minute in character and effects from the world catastrophes of old.
Extrapolate the modern forces and their effects: then state what must
have been the conditions of the skies, Earth and life under
catastrophe. Repeat a number of times: that is true Earth history._

_Some of the "soft tests" that (q) are often confined (recall, besides
other problems, that any (q) seeking to develop tests must face
budgetary problems perhaps a hundred times as great as (c)
researchers) to offering are t he following:_

_a. Crosscultural similarities, as when ancient Japanese artifacts
appear in ancient Ecuador._

_b. Abrupt changes in species in the fossil record._

_c. Close similarities of "old" species occurring across great
stretches of water or climate barriers._

_d. Natural highspeed replication of longterm processes, as when
lightning fossilizes a tree._

_e. Demonstrations of the abruptness of geological change as of Mt.
St. Helens._

_f. Crosscultural mnemoses, that is, the theory that enormous
collective traumas (cosmic lightning storms or cataclysms, e.g.) will
cause on the part of various or all people a forgetting, memory loss,
memory transformations, sublimations, blocking out or transforming the
events._

_g. Apparent incredible recency of geological and fossil phenomena,
such as frozen whole mammoths, or the appearance of the Sierra Nevadas
of California, the Himalayas and other mountains._

_h. Apparent incredible rapidity of sedimentation, as with the White
Cliffs of Dover or the results of a heavy flood._

_i. Wasting phenomena, such as hot springs, dried recent lakes, ice
caves._

_j. Incredible deposits of debris or fossils that have to be assigned
widely varying ages, sometimes quite across the phanerozoic scale._

_k. The suspicious absence of change in extremely old species; also
the extreme persistence of species._

_l. The obvious occurrence of exoterrestrial intrusions despite the
obsessive denial of such history._

_m. The logical extension of minor to major and major to catastrophic,
as when an undersea volcano springs into the air and builds an island
in a few weeks or when the Himalayas spring up and, if they, why not
all other mountain ranges around the world, and if that, why not a
world catastrophe to bring it all about. _

_n. Reflection upon what must have happened to explain the million
volcano forms, trillion earthquake faults, and millions of wet and dry
stream beds and hundred submarine canyons, and the supreme feature of
the world  its global fracture, running continuously as a girdle
around the world, all of these suggesting shorttime events that would
have happened in groups with successive catastrophes, leaving all
measures of time vain exercises if they presumed a uniformity of the
development of any feature of the Universe. The chart displays the
given tests, an indication of its unique quality, and the main
contrast between (q) and (c) positions regarding it. Further
descriptions and analyses of the individual items are to be found
under their alphabetic heading elsewhere in this E. General comments
follow here. The First Category deals with tests regarding surface
features. The (q) position generally is that high heat and pressures,
great electrical discharges (sudden and slow or both), superhurricanes
and tornadoes, glitches in the Earth's motions, and exoterrestrial
crashes, fallouts or near passbys can cause them all in short order.
The main (q) objection to the biological measures of (c) is that the
very same phenomena can occur in quantum jumps, by saltation, under
high energy impulsion. Once granted that mass extinctions and the
arrival of abundant new species occur in connection with catastrophes,
then it is strongly arguable that the large number of mutations needed
to produce successful and significant biological change are available
only at these times and by these means. The third category,
radiochronometry, is heavily dependent upon the elements involved such
as uranium238 decaying at a constant rate over hundreds of millions of
years. The general formula employed in these radiometric tests of time
is: N = No exp(t/t). N is the number of atoms of a radioactive element
present in a sample of ore of a specified quantity. No is the initial
or original number of atoms present in the same ore. t is the time
elapsed since the initiation of the decay. e is the exponential number
2.71838. And lambda is the constant decay rate expressed as the
fraction of radioactive nuclei decaying per second). However, (q)
would argue: apart from all other interferences with the performance
of proper testing (machinery, care, number of repetitions of the test,
registration of results, contamination by other means), the
radiometric test is flawed and probably invalidated by the ignorance
of the quantity of uranium in the original rock and the ignorance of
vitiating experiences of the rock. The amazing capacity of machines to
count atoms in a gas container should not overawe logic. Leakage of
radioactivity from the host rock is apparent in some cases. Examples
sometimes become public, at other times they are discarded; in 1984,
N. Vasilyev, the leader of a Soviet expedition to Tunguska, site of an
exoterrestrial disaster in Siberia in 1908, announced that lead bits
in the vicinity showed ages of 11 billion y, twice the (c) age of the
Earth; if radiometry were correct and welladministered, there had to
be an alien spacecraft explosion there (so he said), or else the
dating system was exhibiting its inherent weaknesses or was badly
operated. Of astronomical motions, the fourth category, it can be said
that proof of constancy of motion is available actually for only a
short time; the fact that there are stable laws of motion (Newton,
Kepler, La Place) does not demand that the historical motions
themselves have been stable. There are various mysterious motions that
may be fossil twitches from radically different ancient motions. The
very rotation of the Earth may have once been a circular orbit of much
greater radius around an electric current, as a part of its magnetic
tube. Generally (c) declines to take into consideration electrical
factors in regard to astronomical bodies and forces. In the fifth
category, (c) may be claimed to have consistently ignored or scorned
the multitude of ancient legends and even written materials on time
sequences. Whereas social scientists and humanists, including
psychologists, accord increasingly elements of truths to legend and
myth, astronomers and geologists refuse to take them into account and
have discouraged archaeologists and mythologists from taking them
seriously; in some cases, as in the careful plotting of levels of
destruction in excavations of ancient sites, archaeologists have been
remiss, ignoring or refusing to admit the possibility of ancient
catastrophes. With respect to the several categories considered
together, the doctrine of uniformitarianism (c) has had pronounced
effects by assuming that the skies, waters, air, rocks, and biosphere
have changed always at the same rate. But (q) it would appear that
inconstancy affects practically all measures of time and must be fed
in systematically as a variable to the equations, even if only on the
basis of intangible, vague, and imponderable events that are foes of
neat equations. The planet Jupiter, for instance, was credited by the
ancients to have behaved, as Jupiter the god, in catastrophic ways;
very recently, from being a cold, lifeless planet, Jupiter has been
shown by exploration to be a hot explosive second tiny Sun.
(Velikovsky predicted the radio noises of Jupiter in 1950 on the basis
of ancient claims and the hypothesis of an eclectically active solar
system. Too, in the fierce competition to succeed in creating new
science, (c), like (q), have concealed anomalies, allowed or even
encouraged the contamination of experimental samples, exaggerated the
degree of reliability of their observations, generalized from
insufficient data, pleaded premises as proofs, selected specially
favorable evidence, used special cases instead of representative
sample of all cases as proof, and have been theoretically inept (owing
to the culture and to the intense specialization fostered by the job
market as well as the needs of scientific investigation. Revisions in
the tests are occurring continuously, reluctantly or with alacrity,
usually depending upon whether a theory is helped or hurt.
Carbondating, for instance, has been changing its measures
continuously since its invention a generation ago; it may end up
actually as a foe rather than a friend of (c). M.Cook has shown that
the accepted rates of increase in carbon14 in the atmosphere, if
retrojected would give an atmosphere purged completely of C14 10,000
years ago; other gases would certainly be affected by such changes,
and there is good evidence that uranium, given its cycle through the
air, seas, rocks, and space, cannot be accounted for on a regular
basis. Two series of tests, anxiously watched by geologists and
archaeologists, on wood and seeds of TheraSantorini give dates of the
explosion as much as 1000 years apart in each series. By measuring the
extent to which the lefthanded molecules have become righthanded in
bone tissue aminoacid (such as aspartic acid) of animals long dead and
fossilized, it is believed (c) that time can be measured in years back
to over 100,000, bridging the gap between carbondating and potassium­
argon dating. The process is called aminoacid racemization dating. The
test is temperaturesensitive and depends for its calibration upon
carbondating. Granted the lopsided allocation of resources between (c)
and (q), still there has been a dearth of initiative in the
development of quantitative tests or at least objectively and publicly
verifiable systematic observations by (q). Fields especially adapted
to this end and not too costly to explore would be sedimentation
rates, the contamination of radioactive constancies by electromagnetic
currents, the systematic inventorying of fossil sites to show their
catastrophic causes, the piecing together of Pangaea on the theory of
its having been split asunder by a single great brief event complex, a
systematic search of space satellite maps for astroblemes, including
soft landings with peculiar deformations not conforming to the
Berringer crater profile, etc. Just as forensic medicine has hardly
disturbed the role of the clever detective, technical dating systems
have not affected - should not affect, would be better  the value of
holistic analysis of a situation to be dated; the date is the criminal
and all means must be brought to bear upon discovering its identity.
Thus, when the Bushmen of the Kalahari Desert employ a delicate bow
and arrow with a poisoned wood or bone arrowhead, and practically this
same arrowhead head is found in multiple examples in the African site
of Gwisho, the dating of Gwisho at 6000bp raises questions of whether
such a technique can have preserved itself so perfectly for so long a
time (there are a great many of these incredibly long hiatuses of
cultures in (c) anthropology), and if so how many thousands of years
must these Africans been cultured before that time, knowing both
ballistics and chemistry. What kind of comparative logic, qualitative
to be sure, can be devised to evaluate such problems? The side effects
of dating techniques may be valuable. For instance, the study of
Aegean prehistory was given a boost by the attention aroused when
geologists flocked to investigate the ancient volcanism of Thera­
Santorini Island. The investigation of hydrocarbons under the sea has
located ash from huge fires of prehistoric times off the U.S. Atlantic
seaboard and in normal soils. In all testing, the datacollecting is
difficult. Whole ages given (c) many millions of years are missing
from the surface of much of the Earth; increasingly,(q) comes into
play, asserting catastrophes may have wiped out these layers; the
possibility must then occur that whole vast civilizations may have
been wiped out by catastrophes, as most peoples say happened with a
great flood, or other cases, by a great fire from the sky, or by a
great wind, reducing the survivors to the primitive stage where they
were to begin with. It is unlikely but not impossible, that the
exceeding slowness of humans developing a high civilization was owing
to repeated total catastrophe. Only the historicity of a few scholars
and elite members in a couple of nations were basically responsible
for the uncovering of ancient civilizations, that today appear so
obviously important and impressive, yet there has been no worldwide
catastrophe for 2700 years. In age determination often more than one
test may be applied, and a conforming result may signify greater
validity and reliability to the test, as when both dendrochronology
and carbondating agree within a decade or two on the age of an item.
Even vast time differences are excused in the very longterm
radiometric tests, such that 100my of discrepancy will be accepted as
not vitiating a twin test by fission and UTh technique, or some
millions in comparing a thermoluminescence test with a PotassiumArgon
test result. Complaints against bristlecone pine and radiocarbon
dating are legion, for the two rarely agree and are being recalibrated
constantly. _

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