mirrored file at http://SaturnianCosmology.Org/ For complete access to all the files of this collection see http://SaturnianCosmology.org/search.php ========================================================== Much of my site will be useless to you if you've got the images turned off! mail: [1]Bill Thayer [2][LINK] Français [3][LINK] Italiano [4][LINK] Help [5][LINK] Home _[6]Summary bibliography on Ptolemy: mathematician, astronomer, geographer (David Joyce) _ Ptolemy: the Geography The Author: Claudius Ptolemy was an astronomer and mathematician of the 2c AD, whose exact dates we do not know, but who must apparently have worked in Alexandria between A.D. 127 and 148 since some of his astronomical observations are consistent with those dates. (Thus the Oxford Classical Dictionary. The Geography itself also provides at least one clue, listing the Egyptian city of Antinoöpolis, founded in A.D. 130.) Ptolemy's most famous works are the Almagest, a 13-book textbook of astronomy in which among many other things, he lays the foundations of modern trigonometry; the Tetrabiblos, a compendium of astrology; and the Geography which appears on this website. He also wrote many other works centered on applied mathematics: astronomy, optics, music, etc.; a small Canon of Latitudes and Longitudes may be his as well: it is a sort of abridged version of the Geography, although the coördinates for certain places are not the same -- manuscript transmission problems, maybe. We may not have his dates, but a late 2c equivalent of the Tattler has come down to us in a not-too-damaged papyrus used as cartonnage for a collection of cat mummies found at Deir-at-Tahir in the Thebaid, giving us some presumably unreliable if spicy details of his personal life. Found in 1931, the account, couched in the form of an Alexandrian romance, was used in 1952 as the basis for "The Traveling Seer of Alexandria", a B-grade movie with would you believe it? Ava Gardner in the title rôle. No, you shouldn't believe any of that last paragraph, but I couldn't resist. It is sad that, as with so many figures of Antiquity, we know next to nothing about the man himself. Try _[7]this offsite link _for a good summary of his work, though; and _[8]this one _for a good page focusing mostly on his astrological work, even if the page refers to him as "dabbling" in geography... The Text: This is another useful text that didn't seem to be on the Web when I started getting interested in it. Details will follow, but for now the bare essentials: this is, as occasionally modified by me, a transcript of a Dover edition, first published in 1991, itself an unabridged republication of a public domain work, originally published in 1932 by The New York Public Library, N.Y. in an edition limited to 250 copies, with the title _Geography of Claudius Ptolemy _ I am compelled to add right away that the edition, in English translation with no original-language text, is hardly a scholarly one, which is sad, since I know of no other English translation. Anyway, it was clearly not proofread and introduces many errors of its own into the already unreliable manuscript tradition. Although Prof. Stevenson doesn't breathe a word, either in his introduction or anywhere else, of exactly what it was that he translated -- for very good reasons, I fear -- his English version seems to be a translation of no Greek original, but of Karl Müller's Latin translation. I'm currently collating Prof. Stevenson's edition against Karl Müller's excellent 1883 edition, and as soon as I've completely zeroed in on things, you'll hear about it on this page. Apparently I'm not alone in my disappointment. Aubrey Diller, in "Review of 'Geography of Claudius Ptolemy', translated into English and edited by Edward Luther Stevenson (1932)," ISIS 22 (1934):533-39, analyzes the entire mess point by point, and states on p538: "The translation is a complete failure." (A big thank you to Gregory McIntosh, a historian of cartography, for this information.) Anyway, the placename readings in Vat.lat.3810 are not the best, and the English translation is both inconsistent and in spots downright inane; I haven't made up my mind what to do about any of this yet, but knowing myself well, I'm throwing it online or else I'll never do anything. We can sort it all out later: in the meanwhile, advice [9]is very welcome indeed. Ptolemy's coördinates are in degrees and minutes (360 degrees to a circle, 60 minutes to a degree), just like our own. His North-South coördinates (latitudes) are measured like our own from the Equator. His East-West coördinates (longitudes) are measured eastward from a point somewhere W of the westernmost point he catalogues in the Geography, traditionally read as "east of the Blessed Isles": for that reason, in this Web edition I've indicated latitudes with the familiar degree sign (e.g., 5_ °_00N), but his longitudes with an asterisk instead (e.g., 25_ *_00). The Maps: Ptolemy's Geography was what we would now call an atlas, the core of which were of course the maps, referred to in the text and table of contents below as "Fifth Map of Europe", "Third Map of Asia", etc. The manual copying of maps is fiendish work, however, and considerably less reliable than that of text -- Ptolemy was well aware of this (Book I, Chapter 18) -- and his maps have consequently disappeared: nothing remains but the index. Recognizing that the maps would be a sticking point, Ptolemy also suggested that people replot his data, and a good section of Book I of the Geography offers advice on how to draw the maps. Various people at various times have redrawn the maps from the coördinates given in the work: the map appended to Prof. Stevenson's edition, for example, is a medieval version or copy of just such a replot, but both Planudes and Karl Müller have done it as well. Thus, in undertaking this Web edition at the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st, I find myself very moved to be, and in good company at that, following Claudius Ptolemy's instructions using instruments he would never have dreamt of: every once in a while, in the midst of some of this unspeakably tedious cartographic reproduction, this hits me for a few seconds and makes it much easier. Technical details about my maps will follow once I assemble my thoughts a bit better, but I can make two useful remarks right away: * I've found it convenient to plot a separate map for each of Ptolemy's chapters: they are usually submaps of the original maps. For example, Ptolemy's First Map of Europe covered both Ireland and Britain; but I have two separate maps, one to go with the chapter on Ireland, the other to go with the chapter on Britain -- and so forth. * The projection I've used consists of a digital mapping of both longitude and latitude at the same "scale" of so many pixels per interval of 5 minutes of arc. Like any good geographer, Ptolemy would be horrified of course, since such a mapping distorts shapes and distances the further you go from the equator. In reading my maps, you should be careful not to make assumptions about distances, please, especially between places widely separated in longitude; and to remember that the distortion of shapes, while pretty much negligible over small areas such as Pontus & Bithynia, is major over large ones such as India. Ptolemy himself used a considerably more sophisticated projection. (I believe all my maps to be portions of a single cylindrical projection of Ptolemy's globe, with the Equator as the reference latitude; but I'm still checking that.) This Web Edition: [10] Index of Places: _[11]TIPS o [12]A [13]B [14]C [15]D [16]E [17]F [18]G [19]H [20]I [21]J [22]K [23]L [24]M [25]N [26]O [27]P [28]Q [29]R [30]S [31]T [32]U [33]V [34]W [35]X _Y _[36]Z _ [37] Book 2 Chapter Status Subject _[38]P _ _text entered: complete _Prologue _[39]1 _ _text + map: complete _Hibernia island of Britannia - First Map of Europe _[40]2 _ _text + map: complete _Albion island of Britannia - First Map of Europe _[41]3 _ _text + map: complete _Hispanic Baetica - Second Map of Europe _4 _ text entered Hispanic Lusitania - Second Map of Europe _5 _ text entered Hispanic Tarraconensis - Second Map of Europe _6 _ text entered Aquitanian Gaul - Third Map of Europe _7 _ text entered Lugdunensian Gaul - Third Map of Europe _8 _ _text + map: complete _Belgic Gaul - Third Map of Europe _9 _ text entered Narbonensian Gaul - Third Map of Europe _10 _ _text + map: complete_ Karl Müller's apparatus in progress Greater Germania - Fourth Map of Europe _11 _ Raetia and Vindelica - Fifth Map of Europe _12 _ Noricum - Fifth Map of Europe _13 _ Upper Pannonia - Fifth Map of Europe _14 _ Lower Pannonia - Fifth Map of Europe _15 _ text entered Illyria or Liburnia and Dalmatia - Fifth Map of Europe 15 Provinces o 5 Maps [42] Book 3 Chapter Status Subject _1 _ text entered All Italy - Sixth Map of Europe _2 _ _text + map: complete _Corsica island - Sixth Map of Europe _3 _ _text + map: complete _Sardinia island - Seventh Map of Europe _4 _ _text + map: complete _Sicily island - Seventh Map of Europe _5 _ text entered Sarmatian Europe - Eighth Map of Europe _6 _ text entered Tauric peninsula - Eighth Map of Europe _7 _ _text + map: complete _Iazyges Metanastae - Ninth Map of Europe _8 _ Dacia - Ninth Map of Europe _9 _ Upper Moesia - Ninth Map of Europe _10 _ Lower Moesia - Ninth Map of Europe _11 _ Thracia and the Peninsula - Ninth Map of Europe _12 _ Macedonia - Tenth Map of Europe _13 _ Epirus - Tenth Map of Europe _14 _ Achaia - Tenth Map of Europe _15 _ Crete island - Tenth Map of Europe 15 Provinces o 5 Maps [43] Book 4 Chapter Status Subject _1 _ _text + map: complete _Mauritania Tingitana - First Map of Africa _2 _ _text + map: complete _Mauritania Caesariensis - First Map of Africa _3 _ text entered Numidia and Africa proper - Second Map of Africa _4 _ text entered Cyrenaica - Third Map of Africa _5 _ text entered Marmarica, which is properly called Libya, All of Egypt, both Lower and Upper - Third Map of Africa _6 _ Libya Interior - Fourth Map of Africa _7 _ text entered Ethiopia below Egypt - Fourth Map of Africa _8 _ text entered Ethiopia in the interior below this - Fourth Map of Africa 12 Provinces o 4 Maps [44] Book 5 Chapter Status Subject _1 _ _text + map: complete _Pontus and Bithynia - First Map of Asia _2 _ text entered Asia which is properly so called - First Map of Asia _3 _ _text + map: complete _Lycia - First Map of Asia _4 _ Pamphylia - First Map of Asia _5 _ Galatia - First Map of Asia _6 _ Cappadocia - First Map of Asia _7 _ Cilicia - First Map of Asia _8 _ Asiatic Sarmatia - Second Map of Asia _9 _ Colchis - Third Map of Asia _10 _ Iberia - Third Map of Asia _11 _ Albania - Third Map of Asia _12 _ Greater Armenia - Third Map of Asia _13 _ _text + map: complete _Cyprus island - Fourth Map of Asia _14 _ Syria - Fourth Map of Asia _15 _ Palestine - Fourth Map of Asia _16 _ Arabia Petraea - Fourth Map of Asia _17 _ Mesopotamia - Fourth Map of Asia _18 _ Arabia Deserta - Fourth Map of Asia _19 _ Babylonia - Fourth Map of Asia 19 Provinces o 4 Maps Proofing Contrary to what I'm doing with my online Pliny, I'm proofing each Chapter carefully as I put it up. Bearing in mind that this proofing was done against the Stevenson edition's text and not Müller, if you believe you've found an error, [45]please let me know. Original Text, Apparatus, Glosses, Links As noted above, I need advice on the text. As for identifications, it is not this straightforward text of Ptolemy that I intend (for now) to burden with all the conflicting possibilities, with the maps and references: for that, see the [46]Roman Atlas section of this site. Searching Once again, here is my index of places, which is keeping pace with pages online: _[47]TIPS o [48]A [49]B [50]C [51]D [52]E [53]F [54]G [55]H [56]I [57]J [58]K [59]L [60]M [61]N [62]O [63]P [64]Q [65]R [66]S [67]T [68]U [69]V [70]W [71]X _Y _[72]Z _ [73]For help in navigating this site, click here. UP TO: [74][LINK] Topographia Antiqua [75][LINK] LacusCurtius [76][LINK] Home OFFSITE: [77][LINK] Pomponius Mela OFFSITE: [78]Links to 20 websites related to Ptolemy's Geography [ALL the words . . ....] [... on the whole site (all languages).........] __________________________________________________ Search [79]Click here for copyright information. [80]Site Meter Site updated: 18 Feb 01 References Visible links 1. http://www.ukans.edu/history/index/europe/ancient_rome/E/HELP/contact.html 2. http://www.ukans.edu/history/index/europe/ancient_rome/F/HELP/Translation.html 3. http://www.ukans.edu/history/index/europe/ancient_rome/I/HELP/Translation.html 4. http://www.ukans.edu/history/index/europe/ancient_rome/E/HELP/First_Aid.html 5. http://www.ukans.edu/history/index/europe/ancient_rome/E/home.html 6. http://aleph0.clarku.edu/~djoyce/mathhist/ptolemy.html 7. http://seds.lpl.arizona.edu/nineplanets/psc/theman.html 8. http://touregypt.net/astro/ 9. http://www.ukans.edu/history/index/europe/ancient_rome/E/HELP/contact.html 10. http://www.ukans.edu/history/index/europe/ancient_rome/E/Gazetteer/Periods/Roman/.Texts/Ptolemy/place_index*/home.html 11. http://www.ukans.edu/history/index/europe/ancient_rome/E/Gazetteer/Periods/Roman/.Texts/Ptolemy/place_index*/home.html 12. 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