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Phoenicia Coat of Arms

A BEQUEST UNEARTHED, PHOENICIA

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_This site receives about 17,000 hits per day _

_This site contains about 202,000 words or the equivalent of 420 pages_

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History Channel[9] Recommended

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_Preface
_These pages are a compilation and repository of studies about the
origin, history, geography, religion, arts & crafts, trade, industry,
climate, mythology, language, literature, music, politics, wars,
archaeology and contribution to world culture of an ancient Canaanite
people of the Middle East called the Phoenicians. They are centrally
weblished (© copyright 2001, Salim Khalaf) here for easy access.

_Note:_ Phoenicians, Canaanites and Punic/Carthaginians are the same
people. Canaanites of the Eastern Mediterranean were called
Phoenicians by the Greeks and Canaanites of the Western Mediterranean
were called Punic by the Romans.

_(_) SEARCH Phoenicia __
_____________ Search _
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To surf these pages please select a subject (left) or other browsing
preference from [12]Frames or [13]No-Frames.

My personal web page is here: [14]autobiographical yet fun page.

_You are visitor
__to ancient Phoenicia._

_Engravers' Rock (Guest book)_- [15]Sign -- [16]View

Note: to view photographs of the author, his hometown (_Souk
El-Gharb/Bmakine_), and other photographs from Phoenicia Maritima
(Lebanon), click on _Author_.
Select subject:

[17]INTRODUCTION_
[18]Alphabet
[19]America
[20]Amrit
[21]Anthropology
[22]Arab
[23]Art
[24]Archaeology
[25]Architecture
_[26]Augustine_
[27]Australia
[28]Brazil
[29]Britain
[30]Cadmus
[31]Celts
[32]Christian
_[33]Chrysippus_
[34]Cities
[35]Colonies
[36]Creation
[37]Dentistry
[38]Dictionary
[39]Dress
_[40]Egyptcrafts_
[41]Ethiopia[42]
Europa
[43]Exterminate
[44]Famous
[45]Genetics
[46]Genoa
[47]Geography
[48]Gibraltar
[49]Gold
[50]Government
[51]Greek
[52]Crafts
[53]Hanno
[54]Himilco
[55]History
[56]Homer
[57]Iamblichus
[58]Immigrants
[59]Imperial
[60]Industry
[61]Inscriptions
[62]Jerusalem
[63]Knowledge
[64]Language
[65]Law
[66]Letters
[67]Linguistics
[68]Literature
[69]Martyrs
[70]Melkites
[71]Mining
[72]Minorities
[73]Money
[74]Music
[75]Names
[76]New World
[77]Origin
[78]Olympics
[79]Pagan
[80]Pillage
[81]Poetry
[82]Politics
_[83]Popes_
_[84]Porphyry_
[85]Present
[86]Pythagoras
[87]Religion 
[88]Science
[89]Ships
[90]Sports
[91]Stealing
[92]Temple
[93]Thales/M
[94]TimelineCarth
[95]Torah
[96]Trade
[97]Treasures
[98]Trees
[99]Tunisia
[100]Voyages
[101]Wars
[102]Wreck
[103]Y-Chromosome 
[104]Zeno/C
[105]Zeno/S
[106]Zimbabwe
-- [107]Bibliography,
Sources and
References--_

_[108]Author[109]
Patriarches _

_[110]Related links_

[111]Patriarchs
and
Matriarchs
Online 

_Letters to the Editor_
If you are interested in expressing your opinion about Phoenician
materials, please e-mail [112]me your thoughts. Letters are
_selectively_ published as is. Click on the "[113]Letters" link to
view letters already published.

_What's New?_
* _Chrysippus of Soli, Phoenician cofounder of Stoicism__ _(Read
about it under the [114]Chrysippus link)
* _Saints Perpetua and Felicity, Phoenician/ Punic Christian Martyrs
from Carthage _(Read about it under the [115]Martyrs link)
* _Iamblichus, Phoenician Neapolitan Philosopher_ (Read about it
under the "[116]Iamblichus" link left).
* _Phoenician craftsworkers in Egypt_ (Read about it under the
"[117]Egyptcrafts" link left).
* _Roman Emperors of Phoenician blood_ (Read about it under the
"[118]Imperial" link left).
* _Byzantines of the East, the Melkites_ (Read about it under the
"[119]Melkites" link left).
* _Phoenician Popes _(Read about it under the "[120]Popes" link
left).
* _Phoenician Saint Augustine of Hippo_ (Read about it under the
"[121]Augustine" link left).
* _Shattered Christian Minorities of the Middle East _(Read about it
under the "[122]Minorities" link left).
* _Porphyry Malchus of Tyre_, the mathematician (Read about it under
the "[123]Porphyry" link left).
* _Pythagoras, Phoenician/Greek mathematician _(Read about it under
the "[124]Pythagoras" link left).
* _St. Frumentius, Phoenician Apostle of Ethiopia _(Read about it
under the "[125]Ethiopia" link left).
* _Carthaginians in the New World_ (Read about it under the
"[126]New World" link left).
* _Phoenician discoveries shed new light on the Origin of the
Olympic Games_ and the ancient Amrit Stadium by Dr. Labib Boutros
(Read about it under the "[127]Olympics" link left).
* _Timeline of Carthaginian History_ (Read about it under the
"[128]TimelineCarth" link left).
* _Archaeology and Sports History_ or History of Sport Science by
Dr. Labib Boutros (Read about it under the "[129]Sports" link
left).
* _Famous Phoenician Punic of Carthage _or famous Carthaginian (Read
about it under the "[130]Famous" link left).
* _Phoenicians Founded Genoa _jointly with ancient ancestors of
Celtic tribes (Read about it under the "[131]Genoa" link left).
* _Phoenician Creation Story, _another attempt by another religion
to answer this age old question (Read about it under the
"[132]Creation" link left).
* _Phoenician influence on Greek Religion, _physical signs of this
influence -- killer study (Read about it under the "[133]Greek"
link left).
* _Himilco's voyage to Northeastern shore of Europe_ and updated
information on Hanno the voyager (Read about it under the
"[134]Himilico" and "[135]Hanno" links left).
* _How Greek Science Passed to the Arabs through Phoenician
Christians and Other Eastern Christians. _(Read about it under the
"[136]Science" link left).
* _Phoenician Jerusalem, Urushalem, _the City Founded by Shalem,
Phoenician God of Dusk (Read about it under the "[137]Jerusalem"
link left).
* _Phoenician Gold Mines of Zimbabwe-Rhodesia _and interesting
information about Phoenician presence in Southeast Africa (Read
about it under the "[138]Zimbabwe" link left).
* _Phoenicians in Australia _update with recent material. (Read
about it under the "[139]Australia" link left).
* _Phoenician Money _including a number of coins. (Read about it
under the "[140]Money" link left).
* _Genetic & Anthropologic study of the Lebanese, _including the
famous_ Y-chromosome study. _(Read about it under the
"[141]Genetics" link left). En español -- in Spanish.

Tell friends about this site: __________________________
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_My Approach to This History_
While putting together the subject material of this Web site, I have
tried to be open to all new and sometimes controversial materials.
This is why some sections may contradict others. Also, I have tried to
be non-dogmatic in my approach, except when faced with blatantly
outrageous claims; and I was always (am always) willing and ready to
shift paradigm.

_The Bible and/or Tanach and History_
Though there are hints of history in the Bible, Torah, Tanach and
Apocryphal writings, using any of these books of faith for historical
research and discussions is unacceptable. Having said this, I must
confess that I am a Christian and do respect the Bible as a didactic
source of faith. The said ancient scriptures and their mythological
stories are not reliable sources, in my view; however, some general
outlines from the same books may be used in _very_ general terms.
Correspondence from visitors to this site who wish to provide me with
so-called proofs of historical significance based on these books will
be respectfully rejected.

_The Semites_
Bible fanatics continue to send me their e-mail drivel about the
Semites being the descendents of Shem using the Bible as supporting
evidence. The term Semites is applied to a group of people closely
related in language but not necessarily of the same ethnic origin --
Arabs, Israelis, Phoenicians, Aramaeans, Syriac...etc. They inhabited
parts of the Levant. Though the expression is derived from the
Biblical "table" of nations and the people are supposed to be
descendants of Noah's son Sem (Shem), the term does not have any
historical origin. It came into use at the end of the 18th century*
and thereafter became a standard technical term. Like many other
common mistakes, such as lumping all the people of the Middle East
into one pan-Arab group, the term was adopted and used without
denoting true ethnicity._
________________
_* The term Semite was proposed at first for the languages related to
the Hebrew by Ludwig Schlözer, in Eichhorn's "Repertorium", vol. VIII
(Leipzig, 1781), p. 161. Through Eichhorn the name then came into
general usage (cf. his "Einleitung in das Alte Testament" (Leipzig,
1787), I, p. 45. In his "Gesch. der neuen Sprachenkunde", pt. I
(Göttingen, 1807) it had already become a fixed technical term. _The
Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume XIII_

_For Stifling Phoenician History, I Accuse:
__Eurocentrism, Judeocentrism, Arabists and Fundamentalist Christians_
It became evident to me during my research that various forces
impacted almost all Phoenician/Canaanite subjects. In short, I found
that historians and archaeologists were predominantly inclined to
Eurocentrism or Judeocentrism. Specifically, Phoenician
mathematicians, philosophers, astronomers or other thinkers were
ignored and their work credited to the Greeks or the Jews. This
happened while the Sidonian school specially affected astronomy and
arithmetic, in which the Phoenicians made so much progress that the
Greeks acknowledged themselves their debtors in those branches of
knowledge. Nevertheless, credit to the Greeks in various fields of
thought cannot be denied by anyone.

On the other hand, _Minimalists_ dismiss the 5 books of Moses and with
them the exile in Egypt of Israelites, Exodus...etc as nothing but
fiction written later than 1000 BC. With that they dismiss the
existence of Kings David and Solomon. They claim that the origin of
the Jews comes from Canaanites and confuse Phoenician Canaanite
history with Israeli history. (see the page entitled "Stealing").

Eurocentrism may have its roots in the colonial past while
Judeocentrism in Israeli accomplishments in the field of archaeology,
in addition to Jewish mysticism, and the_ Fundamentalist Christians'
_obsession with the literal truths of the Bible.

Another problem which plagued Phoenician/Canaanite history is the
confusion caused by _some_ fundamentalist Christian's claim that the
Phoenicians and the Jews were the same people. These groups strangely
are on the same side with with the Minimalists who reject fundamental
Biblical broad teachings of the Torah. They further insisted and
continue to insist that the Phoenicians had reached America as Jewish
tribes or as one of the Lost Tribes of Israel and not as Phoenician
Canaanites. They confuse the Phoenicians with the Israelis too. This
is also expressed in the ridiculous claims of British Israelism
groups.

_The claim that the Jews were Phoenician Canaanites was/is an
unfounded heresy. The Phoenicians and the Jews were NEVER the same
people._

_Roman Bad Press and Bible Writers_
Also, anti-Phoenician sentiments were the result of bad press by Roman
historians, particularly after the Punic wars, and Jewish zealotism
and hate of Phoenician religion by Bible writers. This was
particularly so because of the infestation of pagan worship in the
religion of the Jews such as that caused by Queen Jezebel of Israel (a
Phoenician Princess).

_Arabists and Arab nationalists' antagonism of Phoeniciology and their
"Phoenician Complex_"
Many individuals of various religious backgrounds from Arab countries,
especially from Lebanon, as well as Arabists of the Eastern
Mediterranean simply cannot tolerate the mention of the Phoenicians or
their descendent in the modern world. They assume such a mention has
political and religious overtones. However, Phoenician blood runs in
veins of people of all religions in the area. Further, there is no
reason for those Lebanese who suffer from this _Phoenician Complex_ to
deny their heritage. Such people have no shame because they want to be
blind and not see their great heritage. Many people of the Western
Mediterranean including European and North African_ Arab/Muslim
countries proudly claim Phoenician as their heritage and ancestry._
(see the page on Tunisia)

_The claim that the Phoenician Canaanites are Arabs is an heresy. The
Canaanite Phoenicians pre-date the Arabs and are/were NEVER the same
people._

_Afrocentrism_
Afrocentrism was/is not without blame in smothering Phoenician
contribution to the ancient world. Many historians and archaeologists
of that persuasion claimed that the Phoenicians themselves where
sub-Saharan African based on unscientific Biblical myths. They,
therefore, denied the Canaanites their proper place in
history._Semitic Phoenicians of the Eastern Mediterranean or the
Western Mediterranean _(such as famous Hannibal or the Phoenicians of
Carthage, Spain, Portugal, Sicily...etc.),_ the Punic, were NEVER
black Africans.*_

* This statement does not negate the fact that all humans first
evolved in Africa and thereafter populated the world, according to
modern theories.

Click to select preferred language, if other than English:
_[142]Spanish_
Temperature and time in
Chapel Hill, NC, USA[143] Weather & Time Temperature and time in
Phoenicia Maritima[144] [LINK]     _© Copyright, 2003. All rights
reserved by holders of original referenced materials and compiler on
all pages linked to this main page of:
http://phoenicia.org
_[145]
Bmakine IRC Timer

Salim Khalaf in Greek, Russian, Arabic, Phoenician, Hebrew, Latin and
Heiroglyphics The material on this site was researched,
compiled, and designed by Salim George Khalaf, NC, USA

_Note: Left is my name written in Egyptian Hieroglyphics, Greek,
Cyrillic (Bulgarian & Russian), Arabic, Phoenician, Hebrew and Latin._
Comments are welcome at [146]slim at phoenicia.org

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