From: Book Reviews, J. Sci. Explor. 1996; 10(4): 561-9.
Book Reviews 561
[deleted text]
ABA - The Glory and the Torment: The Life of Dr. Immanuel Velikovsky by
Ruth Velikovsky Sharon. Dubuque (IA): Times Mirror Higher Education Group,
1995, pp. viii + 295, $50.00 (p).
Editorial Prologue by Henry Bauer:
Justification for this lengthy review-essay is that the Velikovsky Affair
has been a classic case for historians of science and for people
interested in scientific unorthodoxies, much written about and argued
over. (Neo)-Velikovskian conferences continue to be held and
neo-Velikovskian journals are being published. The book under review, a
memoir of Velikovsky by one of his daughters, therefore provokes
considerable interest; and this review of it serves as well as an updated
bibliography of the continuing Velikovsky saga. The reviewer, Leroy
Ellenberger, was a confidant to Velikovsky, a frequent visitor (often with
camera) from April 1978 to his death in November 1979, and a Senior Editor
of the Velikovskian journal Kronos, until the evidence forced him to
conclude that Velikovsky's scientific claims were baseless. Velikovsky
inscribed his copy of Ramses II and His Time "To Leroy who is consumed by
the sacred flame of search for truth", 20 May 1978, and gave him
permission to sell "Velikovsky's right!" T-shirts. Alfred De Grazia,
impetus for The Velikovsky Affair (1966), appointed him chronicler of the
continuing Velikovsky controversy in 1980. Ellenberger's last contact with
Velikovsky was a phone call from him two days before he died.
562 Book Reviews
Introduction and Background
This book attempts to be the complete Velikovsky (1895-1979): family
history, photo album, biography of Velikovsky and his wife Elisheva;
synopsis of the furor surrounding Worlds in Collision; defense of
Velikovsky's ideas. It is a hodgepodge, more dictated than written, marked
by duplicated passages (pp. 181,122-121, 135-136) and misspelled names
(including Becquerel, Bleuler, Eichhorn, Engels, Ferenczi, Ferte, Howorth,
Planck, Shapley, Trefil, and Weizmann). One questions its propriety when
Velikovsky's autobiography, which is in Mrs. Sharon's possession, awaits
publication. The lecture transcription is not faithful to the audio-tape
supplied with the book: inaccurate renderings, two phrases missing, one
sentence inserted.
Readers should be aware that this reviewer is a parti pris to the contents
of this book (see Editor's Note preceding review). While I have strong
affection and admiration for Velikovsky the man, I no longer defend, as I
did from 1977 to 1983 and as others continue to do, his ideas on planets
as agents of catastrophe (Ellenberger, 1995). I understand now, as
Einstein undoubtedly understood in July 1946 when he read the Venus part
of Worlds in Collision (ABA, p. 149; Vorhees, 1993c, p. 44), why Venus
cannot have had -- as Velikovsky proposed -- an earth-crossing orbit
3,500 years ago. All the evidence adduced by Velikovsky for recent, global
cataclysms must, when valid, have other explanations (e.g., Clube &
Napier, 1990).
When I first met Velikovsky on Palm Sunday 1978, at his invitation, he
said that, as an attempt to solve a great puzzle, his conclusions were not
infallible. Despite a strong conviction that he was correct, he admitted
a possibility he might be wrong. Then, pausing to collect his thoughts, he
smiled and said softly and slowly with a glint in his eye, "However, if I
will be shown to be wrong, I will have consolation in having been greatly
wrong" (Ellenberger, 1980; cf. ABA, p. 173; Gould, 1975 & 1987). This is
consistent with an earlier remark admitting fallibility, welcoming
criticism, and accepting "the verdict of facts" (Anon., 1972; cf. Anon.,
1974); but subsequent experience showed such equanimity was not his usual
behavior (De Grazia, 1984; Bauer, 1985), contrary to Lynn Rose's
testimonial (Portland OR, 26 November 1994).
A Personal Account
Ruth Sharon, Velikovsky's younger daughter, is a psychoanalyst who lives
in Princeton NJ, and practices in Manhattan. Her patients include Marilu
Henner and Loni Anderson whose sessions are conducted by long-distance
telephone when they are on the West Coast (LaBan, 1994; Prospero, 1995).
Mrs. Sharon tells us that ABA is "a personal account of my father's life"
(p. 202). Indeed, throughout the book Velikovsky and his wife are
referred to as Aba (Hebrew for father) and Ima (mother), names that were
practically taboo around outsiders. I did not hear Mrs. Velikovsky refer
to her husband as "Aba" until I had been a steady visitor for a year and
then, seeing I was present, she reacted as though she should not have
said it. In all but family matters, Velikovsky was "Velikovsky."
In 1974 after the AAAS debate with Carl Sagan (and others), David Wolper,
later producer of "Roots" for television, wanted to do a television
special on Worlds in Collision. Negotiations foundered because of
Velikovsky's intransigence on two issues: royalties and exclusivity with
the title (Ellenberger, 1994). When I asked him later why he insisted on
rerun royalties equal to first-run royalties, contrary to industry
practice, he replied firmly, "Because I'm Velikovsky". From my vantage
point the Wolper episode counts as part of the "Glory", certainly not part
of the "Torment". But like so many other notewothy events in Velikovsky's
life, it is not in Mrs. Sharon's account.
The intimacy connoted by using familial names and detailing the deaths of
Aba and Ima belies the fact that ABA is very much on-stage behavior; for
example there is no hint of the sibling rivalry between Velikovsky's
daughters (Velikovsky, 1973; Sammer, 1993). Some intimate moments are so
private as to be uncomfortable to outsiders while other accounts are
contrastingly lifeless.
The Photo Story
The 141 photos dispersed throughout the volume have Aba in 37, Ima in 18
and the two together in 16. The only non-family members shown with Aba,
besides audiences, are Wilhelm Stekel (Velikovsky's analyst), Gordon
Atwater (an early supporter), Lynn Rose (literary co-executor), Lewis
Greenberg (co-founder of the Velikovsky journal Kronos), Jan Sammer
(Velikovsky's assistant, July 1976 to Dec. 1978), and a "psychoanalytic
colleague" (p. 80). The only people whose pictures are shown by themselves
are Einstein, Rose, Ralph Juergens (an early supporter), and an "Anorexic
Patient" (p. 73). One of several photographic anomalies sure to pique
the curiosity of those familiar with Velikovsky's inner circle is that the
original of the photo "Aba, Jan and Lewis" (p. 176) shows on the right
Warner Sizemore, co-founder of Kronos, Velikovsky's right-hand man for
many years, road manager for many lecture tours in the 1960s and 1970s (De
Grazia, 1984 & 1992). Those lectures at Brown, Yale, Harvard, Princeton
and many others were certainly part of the "Glory", but they are barely
acknowledged and Sizemore's name is not in the text.
Alfred de Grazia, whose efforts in the 1960s arguably are responsible for
Velikovsky remaining so long a public figure (Bauer, 1985), merits
citation only as co-editor of The Velikovsky Affair (p. 124). This snub
may be pay-back for his recent candor (De Grazia, 1984 & 1992; cf., Bauer,
1985). Similarly, neither of the brothers Talbott, Stephen and David,
whose reconsidering Velikovsky in Pensee led to the AAAS Symposium in
1974, nor Robert Stephanos, a key figure in the 1960s (De Grazia, 1984;
Stephanos, 1994), share any glory. Surely the efforts of student research
assistants and authors William Mullen and Eddie Schorr deserve special
mention in such a book as ABA, yet only Lorraine [Spiess], Velikovsky's
gofer at the AAAS meeting, is mentioned (p. 174).
The Untold Story
ABA could have served a useful purpose if it filled gaps in Velikovsky's
side of the story. Many key incidents are missing from his Stargazers and
Gravediggers (1983) because they did not fit the image Velikovsky
cultivated. For example, Macmillan was favorably disposed towards Worlds
in Collision when Velikovsky approached them in November 1946, not because
the book was scholarly but because he had the endorsement of Gordon
Atwater, director of the Hayden Planetarium (Vorhees, 1993c; Ellenberger,
1994). Actually, the most comprehensive biographical information is
contained in the dissertation of Duane Vorhees (1990) being serialized in
Aeon (Vorhees, 1992a,b; 1993a,b,c; 1994).
Apologists for Velikovsky, including Mrs. Sharon (pp. 120-121), never tire
of waxing indignant over astronomers rejecting Worlds in Collision in 1950
when Eric Larrabee's summary appeared in the January Harper's (Larrabee,
1950). These apologists fail to disclose two important facts that explain
why astronomers were justified in rejecting, on the basis of Larrabee's
summary, a book they had not read: first, the vocal astronomers and other
scientists had seen Velikovsky's 1946 monograph Cosmos without Gravitation
(Ellenberger, 1994) and thereby knew Velikovsky did not understand physics
(Bauer, 1984; Schadewald, 1981); second, Larrabee's article mentioned
material trading on Cosmos without Gravitation that Velikovsky deleted
from Worlds in Collision after Larrabee had written his article. In other
words Larrabee accurately reported Velikovsky's beliefs albeit his summary
did not reflect the book as published. These facts do not, of course,
excuse the unethical behavior of scientists in 1950 and afterwards
(Velikovsky, 1983; De Grazia et al., 1966; Bauer, 1984). But ABA is silent
on Cosmos without Gravitation.
Accuracy
Mrs. Sharon's account contains many patently erroneous statements, casting
suspicion on the book's overall veracity. Macmillan's three last-minute
evaluators for Worlds in Collision voted unanimously for publication
(Velikovsky, 1983, p. 87n; Ellenberger, 1984a), not two-to-one in favor
(p. 119). Velikovsky became acquainted with Lloyd Motz in 1950 (Motz,
1992), not 1952 (p. 130). In surveying the evidence supporting Worlds in
Collision, Mrs. Sharon repeats the Babylonian four-planet system -- Mars,
Mercury, Jupiter and Saturn -- with Venus added later (p. 147), which
Abraham Sachs refuted in his famous encounter with Velikovsky at Brown
(Sachs, 1965), another lacuna in the narrative.
Mrs. Sharon states flatly that Mankind in Amnesia (p. 195) and Stargazers
(p. 2) both "went unreviewed". This is easily refuted (see Book Review
Index for 1982 and 1983), but the falsehood obviates having to deal among
other things with a reviewer's comment that "His first meeting with
Shapley shows that Velikovsky was very naive about how science is done: as
I read Velikovsky's own account, it seemed obvious to me that Shapley
would think he had been accosted by a crank; equally obviously, Velikovsky
never understood that" (Bauer, 1983). The reviews actually provoked letter
campaigns by Kronos staff to Discover and Science Digest, which resulted
in Science Digest devoting its May 1983 letters column to Velikovsky. The
Discover campaign had begun when Mrs. Velikovsky phoned Ellenberger
pleading for him to "do something" about the hatchet job in the March 1982
issue (Hoff, 1983). Not only were these books reviewed; they were
advertised. Had there been a commercially viable market for these books,
they would have not been remaindered as quickly as they were, contrary to
the spin Mrs. Sharon puts on the story.
The Authentic Velikovsky
As a parallel inversion of "the agony and the ecstasy", "the glory and the
torment" invites interpretation as the glory in Velikovsky's ideas
contrasted with the torment of the episodic depressions that interfered
with the full realization of those ideas. He was "eternally optimistic,
except during bouts with depression" (p. 1).
Besides reporting that her father "secretly hope[d] for the Nobel Prize"
(p. 2) and believed in God (p. 170) (cf. De Grazia, 1984 & 1992), while
being silent on his lack of a Bar Mitzvah and reliance on the Shema
Yisrael prayer (Velikovsky, 1973), Mrs. Sharon can be very revealing: "On
his death bed... [Velikovsky's father] asked my father to save the world"
(p. 20) and "[His mother's] ambitions for her son together with her
narcissistic relationship with him brought about his triumph and his
vulnerability" (p. 27). These revelations suggest strong parallels with
the parental influences on Freud (Swales, 1995). In a mid-1930s letter
home from Switzerland, Aba wrote Ima: "I can think independently and do
not swear by the words of the teacher.... I had a few interesting ideas
concerning my work... (Psych Energy). At the moment, I believe there is
something there; in any case I have reinvented the ideas of Ostwald (and
others) independently and that must strengthen me in my belief" (p. 88).
Thus Velikovsky's experience with Donnelly's Ragnarok in 1940 was not the
first time he "independently reinvented" prior work (Ellenberger, 1994).
Velikovsky Versus Clube
Velikovsky's is not the only hypothesis connecting cosmic catastrophes to
racial, or collective, amnesia. The formerly active, annual fireball
storms with low-altitude detonations provided by the then-young Taurid
meteor-stream, radiating from near the Pleiades in November (and peaking
every 52 years), which stars in Clube's model of coherent catastrophism,
would serve just as well to scare the bejeebers out of out ancestors
(Clube & Napier, 1990; Clube, 1992 &1994; Asher & Clube, 1993; Asheretal.,
1994; Bailey, 1995). Since an armageddon did not accompany every return of
the Taurids' progenitor, now defunct, it was an intermittent reinforcer,
which behaviorists hold is as good as God (Dennett, 1994): hence, the
archetypal fear of comets. But Mrs. Sharon's only interest in Clube is to
chastise him for not giving proper credit to Velikovsky, by comparing the
similar conclusions reached by both (pp. 140-44). She is oblivious to the
facts that (a) Clube was inspired initially by Hoerbiger's interpreter
Bellamy; (b) Velikovsky denied his work owed anything to Hoerbiger
(Velikovsky, 1950b); and (c) Clube read Velikovsky only after his own
ideas had coalesced.
Mrs. Sharon also refuses to confront the crucial difference between Worlds
in Collision, with errant planets as the agents, and all the recent
interest in "catastrophism" by Ager, Clube, Gould, Sagan and others where
the hazard to Earth is from ordinary comets and asteroids. In what must be
a cosmic irony, Mrs. Sharon seems not to realize that the only physical
evidence cited by Velikovsky for real collisions in the Solar System in
historical times happened in the Taurid meteor stream (Velikovsky, 1955,
p. 289; 1983, p. l l9). Mrs. Sharon also does not understand that this
recent interest in catastrophism stems not from Velikovsky's writing
(which is why it is not cited; e.g., pp. 142, 147 & 249), but from
physical evidence (Gehrels et al., 1995; Steel, 1995) and, per- haps, the
attempt to find a new mission for Strategic Defense Initiative assets.
The crash of Shoemaker-Levy-9 into Jupiter in 1994 did more for serious
interest in catastrophism than a thousand myths about death and
destruction raining from heaven. As an aside, Mrs. Sharon seems to think
the nickname Star Wars for the Strategic Defense Initiative program was
inspired by her fa- ther's book rather than the Star Wars movie trilogy.
The Ginenthal Factor
Charles Ginenthal's essay, "Velikovsky's Solar System", about one-third of
the book's text, intends to show how Space-Age discoveries on Moon, Venus,
Mars, and Earth support Velikovsky. His ideas having already been twice
rebutted (Ellenberger, 1988 & 1990), eventually he founded his own
journal, The Velikovskian. When David Morrison wrote that the "cruel
truth" is that the pro-Velikovsky literature is written "largely by those
who are not competent to set themselves up as judges of these
unfortunately rather technical fields" (1979), I was so offended that I
wrote a long rebuttal (1979), inspired by the knowledge that both
Morrison's and Sagan's critiques of Worlds in Collision contained
scientific arguments that were wrong (Ellenberger, 1979). Having since
discovered that even a physicist with a Ph.D. in celestial mechanics can
publish seriously flawed material in his own field (Ellenberger, 1984b &
1985b), I now understand how my own advocacy of Velikovsky's ideas was
just polemic permeated by fallacies and error (Ellenberger, 1992). But Mr.
Ginenthal's cocksure faith in his own whims is unshaken by any counter
evidence as he gives hypothesis priority over evidence (Leveson, 1971).
Two examples will serve to illustrate Mr. Ginenthal's methodology: the
thermal balance on Venus and the survival of its craters. To
Velikovskians, the enhanced greenhouse effect that accounts for Venus's
750 K surface temperature is a delusion: Venus gives off substantially
more heat than it receives from the Sun owing to massive, on-going
volcanism since it was so recently molten, despite the fact that the
atmosphere below the clouds is stable against convection (Seiff, 1983).
Early reports from the Pioneer Venus mission in 1980 indicated upward heat
fluxes greater than downward below the clouds. For Mr. Ginenthal, this is
the final word. Venus gives off heat, as Velikovsky said. What he ignores
is that even in 1980 it was known that above the clouds the atmos- phere
is in thermal balance (lngersoll & Pechmann, 1980). Eventually, it was
determined that all four infrared radiometers had malfunctioned below the
clouds (Revercomb et al., 1985; Sromovsky et al., 1985).
Venus is so hot, according to Mr. Ginenthal, that viscous relaxation of
the crust would prevent craters from lasting millions of years. Magellan
showed the craters to be pristine with only four percent embayed with
lava. Since the craters cannot be so old, they must have formed within the
past 5,000 years, as Velikovsky said. Unfortunately for Mr. Ginenthal, the
crust on Venus is so dry that it is far less viscous than wet terrestrial
rocks would be at the same high temperatures (Mackwell et al., 1994;
Kaula, 1995; Willett, 1995). Thus, the craters on Venus can be a few
hundred million years old; the conditions and processes on Earth that
erase craters over geologic time are for the most part absent on Venus. If
the approximately 900 large craters on Venus were less than 5,000 years
old, then Earth would be expected to have far more than the fewer than
twenty comparable craters that it actually has.
Conclusion
Mrs. Sharon's ABA may be acceptable at the family level, but not as a
defense of Velikovsky's intellectual legacy. She fails to acknowledge
important collaborators of Velikovsky. Her portrait of him during his
celebrity is nowhere near as vivid as De Grazia's (1984). Her heavy
reliance on standard published sources means that she adds little if
anything to the public knowledge of her father's career in America.
Including Mr. Ginenthal's naive exercise does ill service to Velikovsky's
memory. For all his shortcomings, Velikovsky's standards of scholarship
were higher than Mr. Ginenthal's. Much superior intellects can be found
among Velikovsky's epigoni, and one wonders why they were not engaged for
such an important mission: Lewis Greenberg, Lynn Rose, and George Talbott
immediately come to mind.
Velikovsky died before Clube and Napier had published their alternative
cometary model so we cannot know what his reaction to it might have been.
But Mrs. Sharon's and Mr. Ginenthal's rejections are every bit as dogmatic
as the critics of Velikovsky were ever accused of being. The pity is that
neither of them is capable of entertaining, if only for a moment, the
realization that even the Master could conceptualize, that Velikovsky may
have, indeed, been "greatly wrong".
Leroy Ellenberger
3929 Utah St.
St. Louis, MO 63116
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