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Jueneman "fragment" RSS Feed (Newark, CA) (REAL NAME) Show: [Most recent reviews.] Go Page: 1 pixel Lost Star of Myth and Time Lost Star of Myth and Time by Walter Cruttenden Edition: Paperback Price: $15.93 18 used & new from $13.50 30 of 42 people found the following review helpful 4.0 out of 5 stars Lost Star--Dark Star?, September 7, 2006 This review is from: Lost Star of Myth and Time (Paperback) Walter Cruttenden, Lost Star of Myth and Time (St. Lynn's Press, Pittsburgh) 2005 Paperback, xxii+340 pages ISBN 0-9767631-1-7 Andy Lloyd The Dark Star (Timeless Voyager, Santa Barbara) 2005 Paperback, xiv+304 pages ISBN 1-892264-18-8 Critiqued by Frederic Jueneman Here is a pair of scenarios, very old ones in many respects, to be sure, but motifs that take the reader on multidisciplinary journeys through space and time, of history and cosmology, and of culture and tradition. Regular readers of such literature will find that all of these groups plow pretty much in the same celestial fields. Notwithstanding, in a somewhat eclectic exposition one author (Cruttenden) come uncomfortably close to what this reviewer regards as new age occultism. But then, don't we all take a lot of things on faith and hope. Cruttenden himself is a nonprofessional archeo-astronomer who builds and relies on earlier authors, both contemporary and historical, as well as assembling his own cache of mythic material to fortify his case that our Sun is part of a double-star system which orbits one another in approximately the same period as the Precession of the Equinox--a polar retrograde wobble of Earth currently figured at 25,770 years. Moreover, as the most original concept in the book, the author argues that the binary motions and gravitational influence of the two-star system cause the precession itself. In like manner, science writer Andy Lloyd takes inspiration from Zecharia Sitchin's ancient Babylonian interpretations although with marked reservations, while also delving into myth and alternative science. Yet he generally tends to follow es¬tablishment guidelines in giving credence to his argument for a solar binary system. His major theme is based on the cliff-like Edgeworth-Kuiper Belt of asteroidal objects and comets that drops off rather precipitously beyond some 45 astronomical units (AU) from the Sun--one AU being the Earth-Sun distance--a gap that ostensibly extends several hundred AU to the inner boundary of the the¬oretical comet-filled Oort Cloud beyond. The Edgeworth-Kuiper Belt was initially proposed in 1943 by the British researcher Kenneth Edgeworth and later resurrected by American as¬tronomer Gerard Kuiper in 1951. This gap is argumentatively considered by Lloyd to be swept out by what might eventually be found to be a so-called brown dwarf star and its retinue of planetesimals, which have yet to be observed. Such brown dwarfs were first theoretically described by radioastronomer Jill Tartar in 1975 as small, very dense and dim planet-like stars, which are radiating mainly in the infrared. They were called "brown" to differentiate them from the already designated black, red, and white dwarfs, although brown dwarfs were ultimately found to glow magenta to reddish. Cruttenden's book, on the one hand, despite being replete with physical phenomena and apocalyptic mythology, also attempts to reinforce his earlier mercantile DVD exposé with additional detail from mythic and mystic lore by enumerating and expanding on the four stages of the Yuga ages: The primeval Kali Yuga, typifying the dark age of iron from which we have just emerged in the endless Hindu cycles of time, and our now having recently entered into the Dwapara Yuga, or bronze age, with the increasingly enlightening Treta and Satya Yugas, of the respective silver and golden ages, still some thousands of years ahead in the distant future. Our increased enlighten¬ment is apparently predicated on this approaching Lost Star, which endows mankind with field-induced expanded mental capacity. There are ascending and descending phases of these ages, the divya or half-yugas that comprise something over 12,000 years each, delineating the half-cycles of the equinoctial precession: The rise and fall of mankind's intellectual proclivities. The Lost Star spends an inordinate number of pages on the significance of these ages on human culture, where a high point in human capacity and competence was reached some 11,500 years ago, and has gone downhill ever since, or at least until the end of the medieval period just a few centuries ago. According to Cruttenden, the lowest point--the Kali Yuga--was from about 700 BCE to around 500 CE; however, no allowance was made for the global renaissance of the 6th century BCE, where religious, philosophical, and intelletual thought burgeoned throughout the civilized world; a flourishing which gave rise to the received wisdom of India. Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Greece. This may have been an aberration according to his scenario, but the excep¬tion does test the rule. This is where the two authors differ, in that Lloyd is less enthusiastic than Cruttenden about the mysticism surrounding recorded events in human history. However, both authors do pay tribute to Giorgio de Santillana and Hertha von Dechend, who themselves had furrowed their pioneering groundwork of mythic lore by highlighting the Precession of the Equinoxes, and who also complained, "It goes without saying that the still more modern habit of replacing `culture' with `society' has blocked the last narrow path to understanding history. Our ignorance not only remained vast, but became pretentious as well." Both of our authors under review bemoan the fact that astronomical ardor doesn't include many who, either through ignorance or hubris, even bother to consider an otherwise "unknown" or "unseen" massive companion to our solar system in the light of mounting evidence, other than minuscule icy worlds such as the recently discovered Quaoar, Sedna and Varuna, inter alia. But, as we all know, tradition is a very viscous medium. Late 19th and early 20th century cosmologists, who had studied the perturbations on Uranus and relatively newly discovered Neptune (1846), determined that beyond these planets there was another massive body disturbing their motions; but, the discovery of tiny Pluto in 1930 by Clyde Tombaugh didn't account for the expected discrepancy, although Voyager 2 in 1969 supposedly settled the cosmological question by assigning Neptune a greater mass than was previously reported. Only Lloyd referred to the earlier research of the late Hughes Aircraft mathematician John P. Bagby, assisted by his wife Loretta L. Bagby, who were intrigued by planetary perturbations that seemed to indicate what they termed a Massive Solar Companion (MSC), situated out of the plane of the ecliptic in the direction of Sagittarius. Bagby, who was well known to this reviewer, initially and tentatively proposed this MSC back in 1972 but only formally and obliquely published his results some years later in a study related to earthquake periodicity. However, his investigation seemed to indicate that such an MSC, or perhaps a distributed mass in Lagrangian orbits, might be also located in the direction of Sirius. Bagby postulated Lagrange distributions for several of the orbital parameters, which much like the Trojans in Jupiter's orbit may either lead or lag the gas giant by 60°. Sagittarius, however, would turn out to be a "star-crossed" option since it is well within our most abundant view of the Milky Way galaxy, which leaves astronomers looking into the headlights of millions of stars that would make finding a dim body among such stellar traffic toilsome at best. The latest IRAS (InfraRed Astronomical Survey) satellite exploration of the heavens showed an excess of 200,000 dim suns within relatively short telescopic range that are available for study. So, where do those who want to look decide to seek such a candidate star? In the other direction, of course, where there isn't quite so much glare. The comparatively open celestial sectors of Orion or Canis Major will do nicely. Interestingly, one of Bagby's major postulated orbits had a period of 1467.6 years, which is uncannily close to the so-called Egyptian Sothic period of some 1460 years, which makes an enticingly roundabout connection with Sirius. This reviewer had corresponded at length with Bagby over this observation, and subsequently copies of his summary were distributed to his colleagues. Sirius, in Canis Major, visible in winter months just to the left (east) of Orion in the celestial sphere, turns out to be a candidate "lost" star for Cruttenden's argument, despite its 8.6 lightyear distance and -1.43 magnitude brilliance, making it the brightest nighttime star in the heavens. It is Cruttenden's nominee for a root cause of Earth's precession, because of some residual resonant effect, as well as Sirius' own unique proper motion. It is this singular proper motion, which remarkably is in the direction of our own locale in the galaxy that keeps it almost stationary over the centuries in its annual heliacal rising despite its gradual transit across the constellations. Sirius has risen heliacally on almost the same Julian date for the past 4000 years, and is currently moving out of Canis Major. Here, however, Cruttenden makes an oblique reference to the calendar reform of Julius Caesar, whereas the Julian calendar used in the astronomical community was devised by Joseph Justus Scaliger (1540-1609), whose own calendar reform was published in 1583, one year after the Gregorian amendment devised by the Jesuit astronomer Christopher Clavius was instituted by Pope Gregory XIII. Scaliger's formula, however, using days instead of years, is called the Julian Day Count--a practice still in use by astronomers today and named after his father, Julius Caesar Scaliger. Both authors had scrutinized ancient literature, which claimed that in ancient times this star was red in color, which Sirius currently is definitely not. However, up until about 500 AD, observers did record Sirius as reddish in color. If, in counter-argument, it had been something akin to Betelgeuse, which is a bloated bright red-orange star of 0.7 magnitude in Orion, north and somewhat west of Sirius, then sometime in the distant future we may be treated to a shedding of its reddish envelope, exposing a bright white star within. As an aside, an intriguing point was made by Cruttenden that Sirius' own incredibly dense white dwarf companion, Sirius B, orbits in front of its parent star every 50 years, which it did in 1989 as observed and recorded by Canadians Karl-Heinz and Uwe Homann, and as it did so Earth's daily rotation slowed down by a full second over the course of this transit, returning to normal after the event. If this is found to be verified, then it also appears to suggest that gravitational waves travel at light velocity as well. However, we won't have this particular opportunity again until around 2039. The Dogon peoples in West Africa had their legend about a massive diminutive and unseen companion of Sirius that had a 50-year relationship with the parent star, supposedly well before it was known to astronomers, according to historian Robert Temple. In the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh, our hero has a dream in which he is drawn to a heavy star that cannot be lifted--an indirect reference to Sirius B. One might also speculate that, by the mechanism of "accretion disk accumulation," the massive gravity of the dwarf Sirius B may have stripped its parent of a conjectured red envelope within own our historical past, fomenting a nova, and revealing the brilliant star we see today. This, moreover, is in contrast and contradiction to what Cruttenden described. We might not expect this of the red giant Betelgeuse, since it doesn't seem to have such a dense companion. But since Sirius does, it leaves open the question: Could Sirius actually have under¬one such a nova event within our own recorded historical past? Say, prior to 500 AD? Cruttenden also makes the point that the Sun's angular momentum is almost entirely tied up in its planetary family, and argues that this runs counter to known physical laws for a solitary stellar body, but bodes favorably for a binary system where such momentum is focused and normalized with another gravitational source. The period of revolution for our binary is considered equivalent to the Precession of the Equinox, based on the resonant effect due to the angular curvature of the mutually orbiting systems, and which is the crux of Cruttenden's hypothesis. Others, as UC Berkeley physicist Richard A. Muller, who also opt for a binary star system of our very own, prefer a 26-million-year orbit, because over Earth's geological history there have been periodic upheavals and extinctions coincident with this cycle. This is the "Nemesis" star of media note, although Muller thought that it might be a red or brown dwarf. Lloyd is more modest in his reasoning for a 3600-year orbit, more in keeping with Zecheria Sitchin's scenario, thereby keeping it within the confines of the Oort cloud within our own outer solar system, and sweeping out the void beyond the Edgeworth-Kuiper Belt. (This reviewer may have to rescan some of Sitchin's endless writings to see if something critically important was inadvertently missed.) Evidence for high-culture ancient civilizations abound in both the Old World and Asia. This is in addition to ley lines, stonehenges of various sorts, earthenwork mounds and pyramids scattered around the globe, and foundations of cities with no apparent prior historic past, such as found in Sumer. And, since the discoveries of Cornell geologist Charles F. Hartt in 1871, such evidence also surfaced in South America. The extremely rich, renewable soil of myriads of scattered pockets of what is termed Terre Preta do Indio (Indian Black Earth) throughout Amazonia, from Bolivia to Venezuela, has made archeologists sit up and take notice. While most of the Amazon basin is infertile "green desert," known as Oxisol, some ten percent comprises this extremely valuable and sought-after productive loam, which is also characterized by the multi-stratigraphic inclusion of abundant ceramic shards that indicate a sophisticated fire-savvy culture as early as 9000 BCE. This is in contrast, for example, to ancient abattoirs found by archeologists around the world, who indiscriminately consider them to be ritual sacrificial sites by primitive peoples who were overly concerned with religious practices. If ancient Old and New World civilizations had been decimated by some periodic global cataclysms, it doesn't augur happily for Cruttenden's prognostication of the upcoming ages of enlightenment coinciding with the pending approach of another stellar body nearer to our solar system. But notwithstanding, if Cruttenden and Lloyd, and Muller as well, are all justified in their estimations, perhaps we are not merely a member of a binary star system, but conceivably part of a ternary or even a multiple star complex. The Sumero-Babylonian astronomers and scribes, who had meticulously recorded disasters as they were observed, aren't given much credence by today's know-it-alls, who relegate most all such "myths" to the dustbins of legendary history. The Jesuit scholar Francis X. Kugler, who pioneered the study of ancient "star wars" (sternkampf) did give these ancients some credit, but seems to be ignored except for a few researchers outside the pale of academic science and history. Kugler's two-volume opus, Sternkunde und Sterndienst in Babel ("Astrography and Astralatry in Babylon"--literally, star-mapping and star-worship), did nevertheless question the competence of Mesopotamian astronomers before the reign of Nabonassar in the mid-8th century BCE because of anomalies in their calculations, but before he died left the door open for further investigation. And, Zecheria Sitchin evidently was also influenced by and receptive to these anomalies mentioned by Kugler, resulting in his aggregation of books on the subject, which ideas were later taken up by Lloyd with alternative explanations. Cruttenden is otherwise occupied with Great Cycles over the ages. Nibiru, of Sumerian myth, is the name of the red star that entered the ancient Mesopotamian night sky, and was equated with Marduk, the god supreme of Sumer. Was this red star the Surya of Sanskrit texts, the Sothis of the Greeks, the Sopdet of the Egyptians, the Al Shi'ra of the Arab world, the Lost Star of Cruttenden, the Dark Star of Lloyd, the Venus of Velikovsky? There are many more such mysteries to be solved, both here on Earth and in our night skies. And, both Cruttenden and Lloyd have given us something of an awareness of the interdisciplinary aspects of approaching some of these mythic enigmas from widely differing, sometimes opposing, and of course puzzling perspectives. Accordingly, this overlapping critique is basically in consideration of both of these interesting if not persuasive books. However, although each is recommended for their individual merits, this reviewer suggests that each potential reader make up his or her own mind as to which author comes closest to one's own personal inclination. Comment Comment | Permalink _________________________________________________________________ The Transits of Venus The Transits of Venus by William Sheehan Edition: Hardcover Price: $25.58 60 used & new from $1.02 6 of 8 people found the following review helpful 4.0 out of 5 stars The Transits of Venus, August 7, 2006 This review is from: The Transits of Venus (Hardcover) William Sheehan & John Westfall The Transits of Venus (Prometheus Books, Amherst, NY) 2004 407 pages ISBN 1-59102-175-8 Reviewed by Frederic Jueneman It may be much too late for readers of this review to observe the rare transit of Venus across the disk of the Sun, which took place on June 8, 2004, unless they already had been aware of the phenomenon and made prior arrangements to view the spectacle. As it so happens, the entire transit would only be visible in much of Europe and Asia, with some of the best viewing being in--of all places--Iraq. The eastern seaboards of Asia and Australia would only see the ingress of the transit, while eastern North and South America would only see the egress. The last time this transit occurred was December 6, 1882. But, fret not my friends, for this rare celestial alignment will occur one more time in this century on June 5-6, 2012, as the entire transit passes across the International Dateline in the mid-Pacific. It's next two appearances then won't be until December 11, 2117 and December 8, 2125. Curiously, these transits of Venus come in doublets spaced eight years apart minus some two days (or approx. 2920 days, with the appropriate allowance for leap years). However, the long intervals in between each pair of transits alternate between 105 and 122 years. Moreover, astronomers have grouped these transits into series, and which themselves recur every 243 years. (The number `243' is interesting as it coincidentally is the retrograde rotation of Venus in days.) But, I digress. The story itself begins with the dilemma of parallax, an age-old problem of viewing a body from two or more positions and estimating its size and distance. The Moon was such an object that had puzzled astronomers for millennia, although in the third century BCE Aristarchus of Samos had closely estimated the Moon's size and distance based on Earth's shadow during lunar eclipses. This problem is compounded by an apparent parallax-shift of some 2° when viewed from widely separated positions on the Earth. However, it becomes even more critical when extremely small angular displacements are encountered while estimating the size and distance of other objects such as the planets and Sun, not to mention distant stars. Kepler's Third Law states that the cube of a planet's distance from the Sun is proportional to the square of its period of revolution about the Sun. Thus, it was thought that knowing the period of revolution of Venus, an estimate of its size and distance during a transit would give an indication of our own distance from the Sun. Such Cytherean transits across the Sun can take anywhere from three to six hours, depending on the specific planetary alignments and to a great extent the geographical positions of the observers, whereas a precise timing of the crossing is critical to each observer at a given latitude and longi¬tude. Such observations would be a triumph of science over the 45 known transits of Venus over recorded history since the days of Ammisaduqua,, the penultimate king of the First Dynasty of Babylon. In the fourth century BCE, Heraclides of Pontus, a pupil of Plato, suggested that a lot of problems would be resolved if planets as Mercury and Venus were thought as orbiting the Sun and that the earth itself rotated on its own axis, but this was swept aside as more important concerns took precedence. This idea was later taken up by Aristarchus, but rejected on religious grounds that epistemologically declared that the Earth is the center of the universe and that the planets orbit it in perfect circles. The Alexandrian astronomer Claudius Ptolemy in the second century CE carried this to a fine art. Indeed, for the sake of convenience, today's astronomers often refer to a body's deferent--average orbital figure--as circular, and we ourselves speak of the Sun's literally rising and setting, although it does no such thing. However, by the time of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo, it was clearly apparent to the intelligentsia that "saving the phenomena" wasn't cutting the mustard, as traditional views and pontifical hand-waving couldn't substitute for direct observation. In 1631 French astronomer Pierre Gassendi observed the transit of Mercury and hoped to see Kepler's prediction of that of Venus later the same year, except that it was over before sunrise in Paris. The first recorded observation of a partial Venus transit was carefully but hurriedly made eight years later by the 20-year-old English as¬tronomer Jeremiah Horrocks in 1639, as the next one was not due until 1761, and in so doing was able to correct the ratio between Venus' and Earth's orbits to a value still used today, The illustrious Gassendi could also have seen it from Paris, but he was otherwise occupied and had apparently lost interest. An alternative solution to the solar parallax problem was taken up by Giovanni Cassini and the Dane Ole Rømer at the Paris observatory by way of Mars close approach to Earth in September 1672, with a second observation post manned by the Jesuit astronomer Jean Richer in Cayenne, French Guiana, on the South American coast, finding a value of some 25 arc-seconds of displacement of the planet's image against the background of stars. From this measurement the solar parallax implied a distance from the Earth to the Sun within about eight percent of to¬day's figure. This all occurred during a period of almost global scientific revolution in the late 17th century, when it was thought that measurements of Venus transits would underscore Isaac Newton's clockwork universe and define the absolute values of the scale of our solar system--the solar parallax itself. Edmund Halley proposed that widely separated observers time the interval between transits from ingress to egress, so that the angles of observation could more accurately define the parallax. It was a suggestion that he himself would not see in his lifetime, nor that of his prediction of the comet of 1682 now bearing his name returning in 1758. The French astronomer Joseph-Nicholas Delisle proposed an alternative method of observing the transit of 1761 over four essential moments, by noting first contact of Venus with the Sun's limb, then when it was just within the solar disk, when it was about to leave the disk again, and when it finally separated from the Sun proper. The main difficulty with this procedure was knowing one's precise longitude, a problem alleviated by the invention of the marine chronometer by John Harrison and independently by the lesser known Pierre Le Roy and Ferdinand Berthoud. With Europe finally settling down after a series of conflicts and other political upheavals, dozens of astronomers and their retinues scattered across the globe to witness the event, most using Delisle's methodology. However, bad weather conditions, accidents, and of course politics--the Seven Years War just broke out--daunted many observers, but there were a few preciously good sightings that made the effort seem worthwhile. Moreover, the Russian astronomer Mikhail Lomonosov was the first to discover and recognize that the haze appearing around Venus as it crossed the Sun's limb was its atmospheric envelope. It was this selfsame haziness that hampered the accurate observations of the transit, making the exact moment of crossing indistinct and error-prone, a phenomenon which cast serious doubt on the precision of parallax determination, and by inference the uncertain masses of the other planets. Further, a dark blob appeared to attach itself to the Sun's edge as the image of Venus dissociated itself during ingress and again when leaving during egress, exacerbating the difficulty of timing the transit. Ah well, there would be the upcoming transit of 1769 when they would be better prepared to adapt and mitigate such problems with improved techniques. It didn't happen. Preparations for the 1874 crossing by interested countries were lackadaisical in coming, despite otherwise serious planning by the astronomers, most only a few years before the event. However, new instru¬ments and techniques were involved in the mix, such as the heliometer, spectroscope, improved chronometers, telegraphy, and the advent of photography, notably collodion film and daguerreotype. And yet, with all the technological advances, the selfsame problems of clarity and sharpness remained. The photographs upon enlargement were even fuzzier than before. The uncertainties, if anything, were compounded by the advances. According to authors, Sheehan and Westfall, the December 1882 was "the last hurrah" for the Halley and Delisle methods. Nevertheless, it was the first time that the Americas were in the spotlight since 1639, when Harvard was merely a fledgling university, having been founded just three years prior. The disappointments of 1874 left most previous contributors to the safari-like excursions less than enthusiastic, But then again, the next transit would skip the 20th century entirely, so some forty-odd voyages were dispatched to the western hemisphere for that last hurrah. As is normally the case, newer and more revolutionary techniques were even then being forwarded that didn't rely on transit observations to ascertain solar parallax, and hence distances to the various planetary bodies, and subsequent determination of planetary masses, including that of Earth. Celestial mechanics was in its infancy, but was making such rapid inroads in these determinations to the point where transit observations would no longer be necessary or even desirable, except perhaps as recreational exercises. One touching story from out of the 1882 event involved David Peck Todd, his wife Mabel, and Austin Dickinson, a town administrator of Amherst, Mass. It concerned an interesting ménage à trois in a so-called May-December romance between Mabel and Austin (the brother of poet Emily Dickinson). David Todd was the first to identify Phobos, the inner satellite of Mars during its opposition in 1877 (Asaph Hall is otherwise credited with the discovery of the outer moon Deimos), but Todd was actually more interested in studying Jupiter. However, he accepted the invitation to use the James Lick Observatory on Mount Hamilton in California when the American doyen Simon Newcomb declined. This site, just over the line in the transit egress zone, wasn't considered by the Washington, DC, Transit Committee because of generally poor winter weather conditions, besides it wasn't on their list for funding anyway. So, private subsidy, at least in this case, succeeded where public funding came up deficient. The facility had procured the latest photoheliostat, and Todd managed to get 125 photos good enough for micrometric analysis out of 147 plates. They were discovered in Lick's vault just a couple of years ago still "in mint condition," and enough to make a short motion picture of the series accompanied by John Philip Sousa's Transit of Venus March. Mabel Todd herself single-handedly collected and collated the poems and letters of Emily Dickinson, rescuing them from oblivion, who in turn wrote: "What are stars but Asterisks. To point a human life!" The transits of Venus in 2004 and 2012 will no doubt be irregular but enticing prey for the computer and camera-toting eclipse hunters, who will themselves be joined by tens of millions of onlookers from all walks of life. The problems of parallax won't perturb the scientific community as once they did, and so these events will now bring to a close another interesting chapter in the history of astronomy. It's been fun. 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