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1:15 Bruce Lipton: Biology of the Cell

BRUCE LIPTON is a cytologist (cell biologist) whose talk is on the
paradigm breaking "biology of the cell". His first question, is
where is the cell's "brain". According to Darwin, traits are
inherited; Watson and Crick discovered the structure of the
"blueprint of life" (DNA). The human genome project aims to map
all the genes in human DNA which was estimated at 50-90,000 to
account for the complexity in humans. But the project found only
35,000.

As David Baltimore said in Nature: "The number of coding genes in
the human sequence compares with 6,000 for a yeast cell, 13,000
for a fly, 18,000 for a worm and 26,000 for a plant. None of the
numbers for the multicellular organisms is highly accurate because
of the limitations of gene-finding programs. But unless the human
genome contains a lot of genes that are opaque to our computers,
it is clear that we do not gain our undoubted complexity over
worms and plants by using many more genes. Understanding what does
give us our complexity - our enormous behavioural repertoire,
ability to produce conscious action, remarkable physical
coordination(shared with other vertebrates), precisely tuned
alterations in response to external variations of the environment,
learning, memory. . . need I go on? remains a challenge for the
future." David Baltimore, "Our Genome Unveiled", Nature vol. 409,
no. 6822, pp. 814 - 816 (February 15, 2001). [In full at
http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v
409/n6822/full/409814a0_fs.html]

And Dr. William Haseltine, the CEO of Human Genome Sciences, says
he wants a recount! [see
http://www.arn.org/docs/news/mapmissinggenome.htm]

Conventionally, the cell nucleus is its "control center". But
cells survive without a nucleus. Hence the nucleus is not its
"brain".

A cell is like a machine, but made out of proteins with some
70,000 parts! And proteins are chains of amino acids. The shape of
a protein is changed by an external signal, and this cause the
protein to change to a different 'conformation' (e.g. a muscle
contracts). Hence a protein + signal = behaviour.

T.Y. Tsong discovered that a cell can respond to an
electromagnetic field (see "Deciphering the language of cells"
Trends Biochem. Sci. 14: 89, 1989). [See also Biological Effects
of Electromagnetic Fields at
http://chimclin.univr.it/omc/138(E-M-1).htm]

Bruce reminded us the third leading cause of death in the US is
medicine.

Magnetic fields can affect DNA synthesis [e.g. see
http://magmac1.ec.t.kanazawa-u.ac.jp/magcap/research/dnas.html].

Cells can "read" their environment. The membrane is like a bread
and butter sandwich, where lipid "sticks" make up the middle
butter layer. Built into the membrane are proteins that look like
olives in the bread and butter sandwich. There are two kinds of
these proteins: RECEPTORS and EFFECTORS. Receptors are the cell's
"sense" organs, (equivalents of eyes, ears, nose, etc.) When a
receptor recognizes a signal, it responds by changing its
conformation. Conventional biology says that the receptors only
respond to other molecules (a reductionist approach).

When the receptor protein changes its conformation, it is able to
react with a specific effector protein, and it is these that carry
out cell behaviors. Effector proteins may be enzymes, cytoskeletal
elements(cellular equivalents of muscle and bone ) or transporters
(proteins that carry electrons, protons, ions, and other specific
molecules across the "bread and butter" barrier). This is how an
environmental signal activates a cell's behavior. And if specific
proteins are not present in the cell, effector proteins send a
signal to the nucleus to request that it is generated.

A definition of the cell membrane is as follows: the membrane is
like a liquid crystal semiconductor with gates (receptor proteins)
and channels (effector proteins). This definition is the same as
that used to define a computer chip. Simply stated, the cell IS an
organic computer:  the "CPU" is the cell membrane, the keyboard
(data entry) are the membrane receptors, the disk (memory) is the
nucleus, the screen (data output) is the physical state of the
cell. Receptor/effector proteins, (the units of "perception)
are equivalent to computational BITS.

Cells can also "rewrite" gene programs to overcome a stressful
condition. These DNA changes are mutations. All mutations were
thought to be "random", and could not be directed. It is now
recognized that environmental stimuli can induce "adaptive"
mutations which enable a cell to specifically alter its genes.
Furthermore, such mutations may be mediated by an organism's
perception of its environment. For example, if an organism
"perceives a stress that is actually not there, the misperception
can actually change the genes to accommodate the "belief". (See
"The Origin of Mutants", John. Cairns, J. Overbaugh and S. Miller
Nature 1988, 335:142-145)

receptor=sensation=perception. Increasing awareness increases
membrane area (for which fractals must be used).  Hence we are NOT
genetically controlled, but controlled by our energetic
environment.