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  Isaiah

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation <#mw-head>, search <#p-search>
For other uses, see Isaiah (disambiguation) </wiki/Isaiah_(disambiguation)>.
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Please help improve this article
<http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isaiah&action=edit> by adding
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Unsourced material may be challenged </wiki/Template:Citation_needed>
and removed </wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence>. /(June
2008)/

</wiki/File:Isaiah%27s_Lips_Anointed_with_Fire.jpg>
</wiki/File:Isaiah%27s_Lips_Anointed_with_Fire.jpg>
/Isaiah's Lips Anointed with Fire/ by Benjamin West
</wiki/Benjamin_West> (1782, Bob Jones University
</wiki/Bob_Jones_University> Museum and Gallery).

*Isaiah* (Hebrew </wiki/Hebrew_language>: יְשַׁעְיָהוּ, Modern
</wiki/Hebrew_language#Modern_Hebrew> /Yeshayahu/ Tiberian
</wiki/Tiberian_vocalization> /Yəšạʻyā́hû/ ; Greek
</wiki/Greek_language>: *Ἠσαΐας*, /Ēsaïās/ ; Aramaic
</wiki/Aramaic_language>/Syriac </wiki/Syriac_language>/Assyrian
</wiki/Assyrian_Neo-Aramaic>: ܐܫܥܝܐ , /Isha`ya/ ; Arabic
</wiki/Arabic_language>: *أشعیاء*‎, /Ašʿiyāʾ/ ; "Yahweh </wiki/Yahweh>
is salvation";^[1] <#cite_note-0> pronounced /aɪˈzeɪ.ə/
</wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English> (US), /aɪˈzaɪ.ə/ (UK))^[2]
<#cite_note-1> lived approximately 2700 years ago and was a prophet
</wiki/Prophet> in the 8th-century BC Kingdom of Judah
</wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah>.^[3] <#cite_note-2> Part of his message was:
"The land will be completely laid waste and totally plundered. The LORD
has spoken this word." (Isaiah 24:3). Isaiah therefore warns the people
of Israel to turn back to Yahweh </wiki/Yahweh>. Isaiah was sensitive to
the common people's problems and was very outspoken regarding their
treatment by the aristocracy.

Jews </wiki/Jews> and Christians </wiki/Christian> consider the Book of
Isaiah </wiki/Book_of_Isaiah> a part of their Biblical canon
</wiki/Biblical_canon>; he is the first listed (although not the
earliest) of the /neviim akharonim/, the later prophets.^[4]
<#cite_note-3> The Catholic Church </wiki/Catholic_Church> regards
Isaiah as a saint </wiki/Saint>,^[5] <#cite_note-4> and Christians
</wiki/Christian> believe that Isaiah prophesied the virgin birth
</wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus> of Jesus Christ </wiki/Jesus_Christ>
(Isaiah 7:14 </wiki/Isaiah_7:14>, King James version
</wiki/King_James_version>):

    "Behold, a virgin shall conceive, and bear a son, and shall call his
    name Immanuel."

Many of the New Testament </wiki/New_Testament> teachings of Jesus refer
to the book of Isaiah.

Saint Gregory of Nyssa </wiki/Saint_Gregory_of_Nyssa> (c. 335–395),
believes that the Prophet Esaias (Isaiah) "knew more perfectly than all
others the mystery of the religion of the Gospel." Saint Jerome
</wiki/Jerome> (c. 342–420) also lauds the Prophet Esias, saying, "He
was more of an Evangelist than a Prophet, because he described all of
the Mysteries of the Church of Christ so vividly that you would assume
he was not prophesying about the future, but rather was composing a
history of past events."^[6] <#cite_note-5>

Islam </wiki/Islam> usually regards Isaiah as a Prophet (although he is
not mentioned by name in the Qur'an). Muslims believe that he was one of
the many prophets to have prophesied to the Jews after the reign of King
David. He is said to have prophesied about the coming of prophet
Muhammad </wiki/Muhammad>.


    Contents

[hide <#>]

    * 1 Biography <#Biography>
    * 2 Isaiah in Islamic belief <#Isaiah_in_Islamic_belief>
    * 3 Rabbinic literature <#Rabbinic_literature>
    * 4 See also <#See_also>
    * 5 References <#References>
    * 6 External links <#External_links>


    [edit </w/index.php?title=Isaiah&action=edit&section=1>] Biography

</wiki/File:Full_Book_of_Isaiah_2006-06-06.jpg>
</wiki/File:Full_Book_of_Isaiah_2006-06-06.jpg>
The Book of Isaiah </wiki/Book_of_Isaiah>.

Isaiah prophesied during the reigns of Uzziah </wiki/Uzziah> (or
Azariah), Jotham </wiki/Jotham_of_Judah>, Ahaz </wiki/Ahaz>, and
Hezekiah </wiki/Hezekiah> (Isaiah 1:1
<http://bibref.hebtools.com/?book=%20Isaiah&verse=1:1&src=HE>), the
kings of Judah </wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah>. Uzziah reigned fifty-two years
in the middle of the 8th century BC, and Isaiah must have begun his
career a few years before Uzziah's death, probably in the 740s BC
</wiki/740s_BC>. Isaiah lived till the fourteenth year of Hezekiah (who
died 698 BC </wiki/690s_BC>), and may have been contemporary for some
years with Manasseh </wiki/Manasseh_of_Judah>. Thus Isaiah may have
prophesied for the long period of at least sixty-four years.

Isaiah's wife was called "the prophetess" (Isaiah 8:3
<http://bibref.hebtools.com/?book=%20Isaiah&verse=8:3&src=HE>), either
because she was endowed with the prophetic gift, like Deborah (Judges
4:4 <http://bibref.hebtools.com/?book=%20Judges&verse=4:4&src=HE>) and
Huldah (2 Kings 22:14-20
<http://bibref.hebtools.com/?book=2%20Kings&verse=22:14-20&src=HE>), or
simply because she was the wife of "the prophet" (Isaiah 38:1
<http://bibref.hebtools.com/?book=%20Isaiah&verse=38:1&src=HE>). The
second interpretation, that it was simply an honorary title, "Mrs.
Prophet" as it were, is likely.^[7] <#cite_note-6> They had two sons,
naming one Jasub, meaning "A remnant shall return"Isaiah 7:3
<http://bibref.hebtools.com/?book=%20Isaiah&verse=7:3&src=HE> and the
younger, Maher-Shalal-Hash-Baz, meaning, "Spoil quickly, plunder
speedily."Isaiah 8:3
<http://bibref.hebtools.com/?book=%20Isaiah&verse=8:3&src=HE>

In early youth, Isaiah may have been moved by the invasion of Israel
</wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)> by the Assyrian </wiki/Assyria>
monarch Tiglath-Pileser III </wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_III> (2 Kings 15:19
<http://bibref.hebtools.com/?book=2%20Kings&verse=15:19&src=HE>); and
again, twenty years later, when he had already entered on his office, by
the invasion of Tiglath-Pileser and his career of conquest. Ahaz, king
of Judah, at this crisis refused to co-operate with the kings of Israel
and Syria </wiki/Syria> in opposition to the Assyrians, and was on that
account attacked and defeated by Rezin </wiki/Rezin> of Damascus
</wiki/Damascus> and Pekah </wiki/Pekah> of Israel (2 Kings 16:5
<http://bibref.hebtools.com/?book=2%20Kings&verse=16:5&src=HE>;
2 Chronicles 28:5–6
<http://bibref.hebtools.com/?book=2%20Chronicles&verse=28:5–6&src=HE>).
Ahaz, thus humbled, sided with Assyria, and sought the aid of
Tiglath-Pileser against Israel and Syria. The consequence was that Rezin
and Pekah were conquered and many of the people carried captive to
Assyria (2 Kings 15:29
<http://bibref.hebtools.com/?book=2%20Kings&verse=15:29&src=HE>, 16:9
<http://bibref.hebtools.com?book=2%20Kings&verse=16:9&src=HE>;
1 Chronicles 5:26
<http://bibref.hebtools.com/?book=1%20Chronicles&verse=5:26&src=HE>).

</wiki/File:Ugolino_di_Nerio_001.jpg>
</wiki/File:Ugolino_di_Nerio_001.jpg>
/The Prophet Isaiah/, by Ugolino di Nerio </wiki/Ugolino_di_Nerio>, (c.
1317–1327, National Gallery, London </wiki/National_Gallery,_London>).

Soon after this Shalmaneser V </wiki/Shalmaneser_V> determined wholly to
subdue the kingdom of Israel, Samaria </wiki/Samaria> was taken and
destroyed (722 BC </wiki/720s_BC>). So long as Ahaz reigned, the kingdom
of Judah was unmolested by the Assyrian power; but on his accession to
the throne, Hezekiah, who was encouraged to rebel "against the king of
Assyria" (2 Kings 18:7
<http://bibref.hebtools.com/?book=2%20Kings&verse=18:7&src=HE>), entered
into an alliance with the king of Egypt </wiki/Egypt> (Isaiah 30:2–4
<http://bibref.hebtools.com/?book=%20Isaiah&verse=30:2–4&src=HE>). This
led the king of Assyria to threaten the king of Judah, and at length to
invade the land. Sennacherib </wiki/Sennacherib> (701 BC
</wiki/700s_BC>) led a powerful army into Judah. Hezekiah was reduced to
despair, and submitted to the Assyrians (2 Kings 18:14–16
<http://bibref.hebtools.com/?book=2%20Kings&verse=18:14–16&src=HE>). But
after a brief interval war broke out again, and again Sennacherib led an
army into Judah, one detachment of which threatened Jerusalem (Isaiah
36:2–22
<http://bibref.hebtools.com/?book=%20Isaiah&verse=36:2–22&src=HE>; 37:8
<http://bibref.hebtools.com?book=%20Isaiah&verse=37:8&src=HE>). Isaiah
on that occasion encouraged Hezekiah to resist the Assyrians (37:1–7
<http://bibref.hebtools.com?book=%20Isaiah&verse=37:1–7&src=HE>),
whereupon Sennacherib sent a threatening letter to Hezekiah, which he
"spread before the LORD" (37:14
<http://bibref.hebtools.com?book=%20Isaiah&verse=37:14&src=HE>).

</wiki/File:Isaiah.jpg>
</wiki/File:Isaiah.jpg>
Russian </wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church> icon </wiki/Icon> of the Prophet
Isaiah, 18th century (iconostasis </wiki/Iconostasis> of Transfiguration
</wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus> Church, Kizhi </wiki/Kizhi> monastery,
Karelia </wiki/Karelia>, Russia </wiki/Russia>).
“ 	Then Isaiah son of Amoz sent a message to Hezekiah: This is what the
Lord, the God of Israel, says: Because you have prayed to me concerning
Sennacherib king of Assyria,

this is the word the Lord has spoken against him: The Virgin Daughter of
Zion despises and mocks you. The Daughter of Jerusalem tosses her head
as you flee.

Who is it you have insulted and blasphemed? Against whom have you raised
your voice and lifted your eyes in pride? Against the Holy One of Israel!

	”

According to the account in Kings (and its derivative account in
Chronicles) the judgment of God now fell on the Assyrian army and wiped
out 180,000 of its men. "Like Xerxes </wiki/Xerxes_I> in Greece,
Sennacherib never recovered from the shock of the disaster in Judah. He
made no more expeditions against either southern Palestine or
Egypt."^[8] <#cite_note-7>

The remaining years of Hezekiah's reign were peaceful (2 Chr 32:23–29
<http://bibref.hebtools.com/?book=2%20Chr&verse=32:23–29&src=HE>).
Isaiah probably lived to its close, and possibly into the reign of
Manasseh, but the time and manner of his death are not specified in
either the Bible </wiki/Bible> or recorded history. There is a tradition
(reported in both the Martyrdom of Isaiah </wiki/Martyrdom_of_Isaiah>
and the Lives of the Prophets </wiki/Lives_of_the_Prophets>) that he
suffered martyrdom by Manasseh </wiki/Manasseh_of_Judah> due to pagan
reaction.


    [edit </w/index.php?title=Isaiah&action=edit&section=2>] Isaiah in
    Islamic belief

Most Muslim scholars, both classical (Ibn Ishaq </wiki/Ibn_Ishaq>, Ibn
Kathir </wiki/Ibn_Kathir>)^[9] <#cite_note-8> and modern (Muhammad Asad
</wiki/Muhammad_Asad>, Abdullah Yusuf Ali
</wiki/Abdullah_Yusuf_Ali>)^[10] <#cite_note-9> accept *Isaiah* as a
true Hebrew </wiki/Hebrew> prophet </wiki/Prophet>, who preached to the
Israelites following the death of King David </wiki/David>. The Qur'an
</wiki/Qur%27an> states:

“ 	We did aforetime send messengers before thee: of them there are some
whose story We have related to thee, and some whose story We have not
related to thee. It was not (possible) for any messenger to bring a sign
except by the leave of God: but when the Command of God issued, the
matter was decided in truth and justice, and there perished, there and
then those who stood on Falsehoods.^[11] <#cite_note-10> 	”

Thus, in accordance with belief, Muslims generally accept Isaiah as a
Hebrew prophet of the 8th Century B.C., some of whose writings and
incidents were later recorded in the Book of Isaiah
</wiki/Book_of_Isaiah>. The Book of Isaiah </wiki/Book_of_Isaiah>, in
Muslim </wiki/Muslim> belief, essentially represents the /hadith
</wiki/Hadith>/ of Isaiah, as it contains portions of his sayings and
teachings. However, Muslims feel that, like the rest of the Hebrew Bible
</wiki/Hebrew_Bible>, the words of the Book have been changed over time
and now represent a corrupted documentation of Isaiah's life.


    [edit </w/index.php?title=Isaiah&action=edit&section=3>] Rabbinic
    literature

Main article: Isaiah in Rabbinic Literature
</wiki/Isaiah_in_Rabbinic_Literature>

According to the Rabbinic literature, Isaiah was a descendant of the
imperial house of Judah </wiki/Judah_(Biblical_figure)> and Tamar
</wiki/Tamar_(Genesis)> (Sotah </wiki/Sotah> 10b). He was the son of
Amoz (/not to be confused with Prophet Amos </wiki/Amos_(prophet)>/),
who was the brother of King Amaziah </wiki/Amaziah_of_Judah> of Juda.
(Talmud </wiki/Talmud> tractate Megillah </wiki/Megillah_(Talmud)>
15a).^[12] <#cite_note-11>


    [edit </w/index.php?title=Isaiah&action=edit&section=4>] See also

    * United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
      </wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum>


    [edit </w/index.php?title=Isaiah&action=edit&section=5>] References

   1. *^ <#cite_ref-0>* New Bible Dictionary, Second Edition, Tyndale
      Press, Wheaton, IL, USA 1987.
   2. *^ <#cite_ref-1>* Wells, John C. (1990). /Longman pronunciation
      dictionary/. Harlow, England: Longman. p. 378. ISBN
      </wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number> 0582053838
      </wiki/Special:BookSources/0582053838>.  entry "Isaiah"
   3. *^ <#cite_ref-2>* The Scofield Study Bible III, NKJV, Oxford
      University Press
   4. *^ <#cite_ref-3>* JPS Hebrew English Tanakh, Jewish Publication
      Society, 2000
   5. *^ <#cite_ref-4>* Tomorrow's World – March/April 2009 – "Will the
      dead live again?" – Page 8
   6. *^ <#cite_ref-5>* The Lives of the Holy Prophets, Holy Apostles
      Convent, ISBN 0-944359-12-4
      </wiki/Special:BookSources/0944359124>, page 101.
   7. *^ <#cite_ref-6>* A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament,
      Michael D. Coogan, Oxford University Press, 2009, Page 273.
   8. *^ <#cite_ref-7>* Sayce, Archibald Henry. /The ancient empires of
      the East/. Macmillan, 1884, p. 134.
   9. *^ <#cite_ref-8>* *Isaiah* appears as a prophet in Ibn Kathir
      </wiki/Ibn_Kathir>'s /Stories of The Prophets
      </wiki/Stories_of_The_Prophets>/
  10. *^ <#cite_ref-9>* /The Holy Qur'an: Text, Translation and
      Commentary
      </wiki/The_Holy_Qur%27an:_Text,_Translation_and_Commentary>/,
      Note. *2173* to *17:4*: "The Book is the revelation given to the
      Children of Israel. Here it seems to refer to the burning words of
      Prophets like Isaiah. For example, see Isaiah, chap, 24. or Isaiah
      5:20-30, or Isaiah 3:16-26."
  11. *^ <#cite_ref-10>* Qur'an </wiki/Qur%27an> 40:78
      <http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/040.qmt.html#040.078>
  12. *^ <#cite_ref-11>* Isaiah
      <http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=261&letter=I&search=isaiah#1>
      at Jewish Encyclopedia </wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia>


    [edit </w/index.php?title=Isaiah&action=edit&section=6>] External links

	Wikiquote </wiki/Wikiquote> has a collection of quotations related to:
/*Isaiah <http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Isaiah>*/

	Wikisource </wiki/Wikisource> has original text related to this article:
/*Isaiah <http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Isaiah>*/

	Wikimedia Commons has media related to: /*Isaiah
<http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Isaiah>*/

    * Sermons on Isaiah
      <http://www.sermonsfortoday.org/browse/sermonsinseries.php?series=Series%20on%20Isaiah>
    * Isaiah (Isaias) <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08179b.htm> at
      the Catholic Encyclopedia </wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia>
    * [1] <http://www.isaiahdecoded.com> Avraham Gileadi's new
      translation and commentary on Isaiah
    * Prophet Isaiah
      <http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=101331>
      Orthodox icon </wiki/Icon> and synaxarion </wiki/Synaxarion>

[hide <#>]v </wiki/Template:Prophets_of_the_Tanakh> *·* d
</wiki/Template_talk:Prophets_of_the_Tanakh> *·* e
<http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Prophets_of_the_Tanakh&action=edit>Prophets
in the Hebrew Bible </wiki/Category:Prophets_of_the_Hebrew_Bible>
Pre-Patriarchs (Bible) 	
Adam </wiki/Adam> · /Abel </wiki/Cain_and_Abel>/ · /Kenan </wiki/Kenan>/
· /Enoch </wiki/Enoch_(ancestor_of_Noah)>/ · Noah </wiki/Noah> (rl)
</wiki/Noah_in_rabbinic_literature> · /Eber </wiki/Eber>/
Patriarchs </wiki/Patriarchs_(Bible)> and Matriarchs
</wiki/Matriarchs_(Bible)#Matriarchs> 	
Abraham </wiki/Abraham> · Isaac </wiki/Isaac> · Jacob </wiki/Jacob> ·
/Joseph </wiki/Joseph_(son_of_Jacob)>/ · /Sarah </wiki/Sarah> (rl)
</wiki/Sarah_in_rabbinic_literature>/ · /Rebecca </wiki/Rebecca>/ ·
/Rachel </wiki/Rachel>/ · /Leah </wiki/Leah>/
Israelite prophets
in the Torah </wiki/Torah> 	
Moses </wiki/Moses> (rl) </wiki/Moses_in_rabbinic_literature> · Aaron
</wiki/Aaron> · Miriam </wiki/Miriam> · Eldad & Medad
</wiki/Eldad_and_Medad> · Phinehas </wiki/Phinehas>
Prophets mentioned
in the First Prophets </wiki/Nevi%27im#First_Prophets> 	
Joshua </wiki/Joshua> · Deborah </wiki/Deborah> · /Eli
</wiki/Eli_(Bible)>/ · /Elkanah </wiki/Elkanah_(husband_of_Hannah)>/ ·
/Hannah </wiki/Hannah_(Bible)>/ · /Abigail </wiki/Abigail>/ · Samuel
</wiki/Samuel> · Gad </wiki/Gad_(Bible_prophet)> · Nathan
</wiki/Nathan_(prophet)> · David </wiki/David> · Solomon </wiki/Solomon>
· Jeduthun </wiki/Jeduthun> · Ahiyah </wiki/Ahijah_the_Shilonite> ·
Elijah </wiki/Elijah> · Elisha </wiki/Elisha> · Shemaiah
</wiki/Shemaiah_(prophet)> · Iddo </wiki/Iddo> · Azariah
</wiki/Azariah_(prophet)> · Hanani </wiki/Hanani> · Jehu
</wiki/Jehu_(Prophet)> · Micaiah </wiki/Micaiah> · Jahaziel
</wiki/Jahaziel> · Eliezer </wiki/Eliezer> · Zechariah ben Jehoiada
</wiki/Zechariah_ben_Jehoiada> · Oded </wiki/Oded> · Huldah
</wiki/Huldah> · Uriah </wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah#Prophecies_of_Jeremiah>
Major Prophets </wiki/Major_prophet> 	
*Isaiah* (rl) </wiki/Isaiah_in_rabbinic_literature> · Jeremiah
</wiki/Jeremiah> · Ezekiel </wiki/Ezekiel> · /Daniel </wiki/Daniel> (rl)
</wiki/Daniel_in_rabbinic_literature>/
Minor Prophets </wiki/Minor_prophet> 	
Hosea </wiki/Hosea> · Joel </wiki/Joel_(prophet)> · Amos
</wiki/Amos_(prophet)> · Obadiah </wiki/Obadiah> · Jonah </wiki/Jonah>
(rl) </wiki/Jonah_in_rabbinic_literature> · Micah
</wiki/Micah_(prophet)> · Nahum </wiki/Nahum> · Habakkuk
</wiki/Habakkuk> · Zephaniah </wiki/Zephaniah> · Haggai </wiki/Haggai> ·
Zechariah </wiki/Zechariah_(Hebrew_prophet)> · Malachi </wiki/Malachi>
Noahide </wiki/Noahide> prophets 	
/Beor </wiki/Beor_(Bible)>/ · Balaam </wiki/Balaam> · Job
</wiki/Job_(Biblical_figure)> (rl) </wiki/Job_in_rabbinic_literature> ·
/Eliphaz </wiki/Eliphaz_(Job)>/ · /Bildad </wiki/Bildad>/ · /Zophar
</wiki/Zophar>/ · /Elihu </wiki/Elihu_(Job)>/
Other prophets 	
/Amoz </wiki/Amoz>/ · /Beeri </wiki/Beeri>/ · /Baruch
</wiki/Baruch_ben_Neriah>/ · /Buzi </wiki/Buzi>/ · /Mordecai
</wiki/Mordecai>/ · /Esther </wiki/Esther> (rl)
</wiki/Esther_in_rabbinic_literature>/
/Italics denote that the status as a prophet is not universally
accepted./ · /rl/ are articles dealing with the prophet within Rabbinic
Literature </wiki/Rabbinic_Literature>.

/This article incorporates text from/ Easton's Bible Dictionary
</wiki/Easton%27s_Bible_Dictionary> /(1897), a publication now in the
public domain </wiki/Public_domain>./

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah"
Categories </wiki/Special:Categories>: Prophets of the Hebrew Bible
</wiki/Category:Prophets_of_the_Hebrew_Bible> | 8th-century BC people
</wiki/Category:8th-century_BC_people> | Isaiah </wiki/Category:Isaiah>
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