http://SaturnianCosmology.Org/ mirrored file For complete access to all the files of this collection see http://SaturnianCosmology.org/search.php ========================================================== Funnelbeaker culture From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to:navigation , search Europe in ca. 4000-3500 BC ^[/dubious – discuss /] Ca. 3500 BC map of Europe showing an approximation of the Funnelbeaker culture in green, and a number of important contemporary cultures, see Vinca , Yamna , Rössen culture (as *LBK*), Lengyel and Tripolie for details The *Funnelbeaker culture*, short *TRB* from (German) *Trichterrandbecherkultur* (ca 4000 BC–2700 BC) is the principal north central European megalithic culture of late Neolithic Europe . Contents [hide ] * 1 Placement o 1.1 Predecessor and successor cultures o 1.2 Range * 2 Settlements * 3 Religion and graves * 4 Objects * 5 Ethnicity and language * 6 Genetics * 7 Footnotes * 8 Sources * 9 External links [edit ] Placement [edit ] Predecessor and successor cultures The Funnelbeaker culture is preceded by the Ertebølle culture which is named after a Danish village. This predecessor culture was partly Neolithic but still primarily hunter-gatherer . The successor culture was the Corded Ware culture and the overlapping Globular Amphora culture . [edit ] Range The TRB ranges from the Elbe catchment in Germany and Bohemia with a western extension into the Netherlands , to southern Scandinavia (Denmark up to Uppland in Sweden and the Oslofjord in Norway ) to the Vistula catchment in Poland . Variants of the Funnelbeaker culture in or near the Elbe catchment area include the Tiefstich pottery group in northern Germany as well as the cultures of the Baalberge group (TRB-MES II and III; MES = Mittelelbe-Saale ), the Salzmünde and Walternienburg and Bernburg (all TRB-MES IV) whose centres were in Saxony-Anhalt . /tunnackig yxa/ (thin-neck axe), from Skåne [edit ] Settlements With the exception of some inland settlements such as Alvastra pile-dwelling , the settlements are located near those of the previous Ertebølle culture on the coast. It was characterised by single-family daubed houses ca 12 m x 6 m. It was dominated by animal husbandry of sheep , cattle , pigs and goats , but there was also hunting and fishing. Primitive wheat and barley was grown on small patches that were fast depleted, due to which the population frequently moved small distances. There was also mining (e.g. in the Malmö region) and collection of flintstone , which was traded into regions lacking the stone, such as the Scandinavian hinterland. The culture imported copper from Central Europe, especially daggers and axes . Pottery from a dolmen in Västergötland , Sweden [edit ] Religion and graves The houses were centered around a monumental grave, a symbol of social cohesion. Burial practices were varied, depending on region and changed over time. Inhumation seems to have been the rule. The oldest graves consisted of wooden chambered cairns inside long barrows, but were later made in the form of passage graves and dolmens . Originally, the structures were probably covered with a heap of dirt and the entrance was blocked by a stone. The Funnelbeaker culture marks the appearance of megalithic tombs at the coasts of the Baltic and of the North sea, an example of which are the Sieben Steinhäuser in northern Germany . The megalithic structures of Ireland, France and Portugal are somewhat older and have been connected to earlier archeological cultures of those areas. /tjocknackig yxa/ (thick-neck axe), from Närke , a flintstone axe characteristic of both the Funnelbeaker and the Pitted Ware cultures The graves were probably not intended for every member of the settlement but only for an elite. At graves the people sacrificed ceramic vessels that probably contained food, and axes and other flint objects. Axes and vessels were also deposed in streams and lakes near the farmlands, and virtually all Sweden's 10,000 flint axes that have been found from this culture were probably sacrificed in water. They also constructed large cult centres surrounded by pales, earthworks and moats. The largest one is found at Sarup on Fyn . It comprises 85,000 m^2 and is estimated to have taken 8000 workdays. Another cult centre at Stävie near Lund comprises 30,000 m^2 . [edit ] Objects The culture is named for its characteristic ceramics, beakers and amphorae with funnel-shaped tops, which were probably used for drinking. One find assigned to the Funnelbeaker culture is the Bronocice pot , which shows the oldest known depiction of a wheeled vehicle (here, a 2-axled, 4-wheeled wagon). The pot dates to approximately 3500 BC. Polygonal battle axe, from Dalarna The technology was flint -based, of which the deposits found in Belgium and on the island of Rügen as well as deposits in the Kraków area were important. The culture used Battle Axes which were stone versions of Central Europe's copper axes. The early versions were multi-angled, and the later are called /double-edged/, although one of the edges is more rounded. Double-edged battle axe from Skåne [edit ] Ethnicity and language Little can be said about its ethnic or linguistic roots. In the context of the Kurgan hypothesis , the culture is seen as non-Indo-European, representing the culture of what Marija Gimbutas termed Old Europe (see Yamna culture ). On the other hand, Dutch publications mention mixed burials and propose a quick and smooth internal change to Corded Ware within two generations occurring about 2900 BC in Dutch and Danish TRB territory, probably precluded by economic, cultural and religious changes in East Germany , and call the migrationist view of steppe intrusions introducing Indo-European languages obsolete^[1] (at least in this part of the world). This would make a case to an Indo-European identity of TRB. [edit ] Genetics The Funnelbeaker culture is believed to be the origin of the gene allowing adults of Northern European descent to digest lactose . In the area formerly inhabited by this culture, prevalence of the gene is virtually universal.^[2] Ancient DNA extracted from individuals ascribed to the TRB horizon were found to possess mtDNA haplogroups H, J, and T.^[3] [edit ] Footnotes 1. *^ * Pre- & protohistorie van de lage landen, onder redactie van J.H.F. Bloemers & T. van Dorp 1991. De Haan/Open Universiteit. ISBN 90 269 4448 9 , NUGI 644 2. *^ * Milk allergy "caused by Stone Age gene" - Telegraph Media Group Limited, 27/02/2007 [1] 3. *^ * Malmstrom, H. et al. 2009. Ancient DNA Reveals Lack of Continuity between Neolithic Hunter-Gatherers and Contemporary Scandinavians. Current Biology 19:1–5 [edit ] Sources * J. P. Mallory , "TRB Culture", /Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture /, Fitzroy Dearborn, 1997. * Nationalencyklopedin * Wade, Nicholas, "The Twists and Turns of History, and DNA", /The New York Times/ March 12, 2006. * Pedersen, Hilthart , "Die jüngere Steinzeit auf Bornholm", München & Ravensburg 2008.