World Science Database Home Scientists Abstracts Books Events Journals Experiments Topics Index More Find Login Scientists Interests Profession Websites Notables Countries World Map Recent Memorials Memorial More *Greg Volk* the.volks@comcast.net Tel: 651-452-5827 1153 Tiffany Circle N Eagan, MN 55123 United States Map It *View count:* 2458 *Volk, Gregory D. * (*Easy Link:* http://www.worldsci.org/people/Gregory_Volk) Electrical Engineer, Investments Interests: Entropy, Radiation, Entanglement, Unification, Atomic Structure, Toroidal Ring, Iaad, Mach's Principle, Topology, Hertzian Electrodynamics Nationality: USA Member since: 2008 Age: 50 Born: Saturday, January 7, 1961 *Definitions:* *Mass:* A measure of a body's resistance to motion. The greater the amount of interaction (energy) between the elements or components of a body, the less it will be influenced by interaction from its environment, and hence, the greater its mass. (2009-11-14 16:54:18) *Interaction Energy:* Energy between the entities comprising a system. The interaction energy between A and B is not attributed to either A or B separately. It arises from the quadratic nature of interactions. Quantitatively (A + B)^2 = A^2 + B^2 + 2AB. The first two terms represent the "self energies" of A and B, while 2AB represents an interaction energy. (2010-01-19 00:02:47) *Self Energy:* Energy of entities taken as isolated from their environment. At any level in which discreet entities exist, self energies exist for those entities, each taken separately. Quantitatively (A + B)^2 = A^2 + B^2 + 2AB. The first two terms represent the "self energies" of A and B, while 2AB represents an interaction energy. (2010-01-19 00:03:21) *Energy:* In one word, interaction. An object has energy only by virtue of its relationship with other objects. Energy is the integral sum over all space of the interactions between the fields of the object (D and H) with the fields of all matter (E and B). Quantitatively energy density = D*E + B*H. (2010-01-23 09:55:22) *Matter:* Substance, that which exists. Comes from both mater (mother earth) and metre (measure). The existence of matter at a particular location is expressed by a field diverging from that location. (2009-11-14 16:55:40) *Field:* The accounting system required by Mach's Principle to track the location and movement of matter. (2009-11-12 19:24:41) *Entropy:* The entropy of any system is the ratio of "interaction energy" (between the entities comprising a system) to "self energy" (of the individual entities taken separately). Physical entropy is scaled by Boltzmann's constant k. (2009-11-12 19:33:14) *Mach's Principle:* The notion that the motion of matter is meaningful only with respect to other matter. (2009-11-12 19:21:14) *Temperature:* The temperature of any system is the average "interaction energy" (between the entities comprising a system) per structural unit (molecule), divided by Boltzmann's constant k. (2009-11-12 20:10:14) *Abstracts Online:* 2009 39 Questionable Assumptions in Modern Physics 2009 Reference-Frame Independent Dynamics, Or How to Get Off Einstein's Train 2009 The Meaning of Maxwell's Equations 2009 The Nature of Eynptor (Entropy) 2011 The Convergence of New Physics Paradigms: Unity in Diversity 2010 Pseudovectors and Pseudoscalars, or Reflections on Reflection 2010 Toroids, Vortices, Knots, Topology and Quanta 2010 The Rodin Number Map and Rodin Coil 2011 A Matter of Definition *Media Online:* 2011-03-12 Video A Matter of Definition 2010-08-21 Video The Meaning of Maxwell's Equations, Part 2: Ampere's Law 2010-06-19 Audio 17th NPA Conference in Long Beach - June 23 - 26 2010-05-01 Video The Meaning of Maxwell's Equations, Part 1: Gauss D Law 2010-04-24 Audio Natural Philosophy Alliance Conference 2010 2009-12-12 Video Reference Frame Independent Dynamics, Or How to Get Off Einstein's Train, Part 2 2009-12-04 Video Interferometry Group 2009-09-05 Video Reference-Frame Independent Dynamics, Or How to Get Off Einstein's Train, Part 1 2009-06-13 Video 39 Questionable Assumptions in Modern Physics, Part 4 2009-03-21 Video 39 Questionable Assumptions in Modern Physics, Part 2 *Event Attendence:* 2011-09-03 The Electric Force of a Current Video Conference will attend 2011-07-23 Y-Bias and Angularity: The Dynamics of Self-Organizing Criticality Video Conference will attend 2011-07-16 Motions of Observable Structures Ruled by Hierarchical Two-body Gravitation in the Universe Video Conference will attend 2011-07-11 Structural Physics Workshop Workshop will attend 2011-07-09 NPA Public Day 2 Public Day will attend 2011-07-09 3D Tessellations Demonstration will attend 2011-07-08 Sagnac Awards Banquet Awards will attend 2011-07-06 18th Natural Philosophy Alliance Conference Conference will attend 2011-06-25 The New Face of Gravity Video Conference will attend 2011-06-11 Gravitational Vortexes of Cosmic Plenum Video Conference will attend 2011-06-04 Does Faraday Allow Superposition? Video Conference 2011-05-21 Exploding Wires and the Possibility of Solid State Ion Colliders for Low Energy Lattice Assisted Nuclear Transmutations Video Conference 2011-05-14 The Rational Definitions of Time, Space, and Force Video Conference 2011-05-07 The Future of Science under an Electric Universe Paradigm Video Conference 2011-04-30 Plasma Redshift Cosmology Video Conference 2011-04-23 Experimental Results In Measuring Atmospheric Electricity Video Conference 2011-04-16 Practicism: The Unifying Body of Understanding for Everything Video Conference 2011-04-09 Experiment of the Biefield-Brown Effect using Symmetric Plate Capacitors Charged below 35kV Video Conference 2011-04-02 The Natural Philosophy of the Electric Universe Video Conference 2011-03-26 New Foundations in Mathematics: The Geometric Concept of Number Video Conference will attend 2011-03-19 Beyond Euler: Simple Geometry Unifying Vectors, Scalars and Complex Numbers Video Conference 2011-03-15 Space, Propulsion & Energy Sciences International Forum 2011 Conference 2011-03-12 A Matter of Definition Video Conference 2011-03-05 The First Principles of Aether Video Conference 2011-02-26 The Engineering Value of the Cosmological Constant Video Conference 2011-02-19 Advances in Brown's Gas Theory Video Conference 2011-02-12 Gravitational Lensing in Empty Vacuum Space Does NOT Take Place Video Conference 2011-01-29 The Quantum Mechanical Framework Behind the End Results of the General Theory of Relativity: Matter is Built on a Universal Matter Architecture Video Conference 2011-01-15 Are Space and Time of Archetypal Design?: Introduction into the Physics of Mandala Video Conference 2011-01-08 A Very Doable Experiment for NASA To Look Inside the Twin Paradox Video Conference 2011-01-02 Planetary Scarring in an Electric Universe, Part 2 Video Conference 2010-12-18 The Three Elements Theory Video Conference 2010-12-11 The Devil's Advocate of Einstein: History of Relativity Video Conference 2010-12-04 On the Frame Indifferent Formulation of the Governing Equations of the Electromagnetic Field Video Conference 2010-11-27 The Natural Philosophy of the Electric Universe Video Conference 2010-11-20 Electro-Magnetic Strong Force: String Theory without the String Video Conference 2010-11-13 Maxwell, Maxwell and Maxwell: Collapse of Relativity, Special & General Video Conference 2010-11-06 Weber's Electrodynamics Video Conference 2010-10-30 Proton, Neutron and Electron Pair Binding Energy Physics Video Conference 2010-10-23 The Alpha-Beta Model of the Atomic Nucleus Video Conference 2010-10-16 The Origin of Symmetry and Beauty in the Universe Video Conference 2010-10-09 On Thermodynamic Fields Video Conference 2010-09-25 Questioning Einstein: Is Relativity Necessary? Video Conference 2010-09-18 Dark Energy Mystery Solved? Video Conference 2010-09-11 Planetary Scarring in an Electric Universe Video Conference 2010-09-04 How God Made Atoms Video Conference 2010-08-21 The Meaning of Maxwell's Equations, Part 2: Ampere's Law Video Conference 2010-08-14 Is Metaphysics the New Frontier of the 21st Century Physics? Video Conference 2010-08-07 An Introduction to Electric Universe Theory Video Conference 2010-07-29 ExtraOrdinary Technology Conference Conference 2010-07-24 Diamagnetism and Paramagnetism Video Conference 2010-07-17 A Solution for the Dark Matter Mystery Based on Euclidean Relativity Video Conference 2010-07-10 Satellite Orbit Perturbations in a Dusty Martian Atmosphere Video Conference 2010-07-03 Proposed and Past Experiments Detecting Absolute Motion Video Conference 2010-06-26 NPA Public Day Public Day 2010-06-25 Sagnac Awards Banquet Awards 2010-06-23 17th Natural Philosophy Alliance Conference Conference 2010-06-23 NPA Officers Meeting Meeting 2010-06-19 Time, Space, Motion, Metaphysics, and Natural Philosophy Video Conference 2010-06-12 Unified Theory's New Principle of Null Action Video Conference 2010-06-05 Searching for Room Temperature Superconductors Video Conference 2010-05-22 Gravity from the Ground Up Video Conference 2010-05-15 Introduction to the Theory Of Despace Video Conference 2010-05-08 Polarization Entanglement Video Conference 2010-05-01 The Meaning of Maxwell's Equations, Part 1: Gauss D Law Video Conference 2010-04-24 Introduction and Acceptance of a Classical Charge Fiber Model (CFM) of Elementary Particles Evaluated by Means of an Online Tutorial-Based Survey Video Conference 2010-04-17 The Generalization of Mechanics and Electrodynamics Video Conference 2010-04-10 Antigravity, the Missing Force is Discovered! Video Conference 2010-04-03 The Control of the Natural Forces Video Conference 2010-03-27 Golden Ratio Phase Conjugation and the New Fractal Field Science Video Conference 2010-03-20 Nonlinear Continuum Mechanics of Space and the Unified Field Theory - Part 2 Video Conference 2010-03-13 Fundamental Problems in Electrodynamics and Gravidynamics, Part I Video Conference 2010-03-06 The Conflict Between Action at a Distance and Field Theories Video Conference 2010-02-27 The Mole Hill Effect Video Conference 2010-02-20 Realitivistic Relativity Video Conference 2010-02-13 Strategic Approaches To Facilitate Scientific Change Video Conference 2010-02-06 The Origin of the Universe and Its Subsequent Evolution Video Conference 2010-01-30 Nonlinear Continuum Mechanics of Space and the Unified Field Theory - Part 1 Video Conference 2010-01-29 Structures Group Video Conference 2010-01-23 A Reality-Based Replacement for Quantum Mechanics Video Conference 2010-01-16 The Ten Assumptions of Science, Part 2 Video Conference 2010-01-02 Unified Theory's Non-expanding Universe Replaces Big Bang & Steady State Theories of Expanding Universe Video Conference 2009-12-26 Relativity Groupoid Instead of Relativity Group Video Conference 2009-12-19 Charactering Brown's Gas Video Conference 2009-12-12 Reference Frame Independent Dynamics, Or How to Get Off Einsteins Train, Part 2 Video Conference 2009-12-05 Non-Equilibrium Systems and Irreversible Processes Video Conference 2009-11-28 Hydrogen Cloud Separation as Direct Evidence of the Dynamics of the Universe Video Conference 2009-11-27 Catastrophism Group Video Conference 2009-11-21 Expansion Tectonics Group Video Conference 2009-11-14 Walther Ritz, Emission Theory and the Real World Video Conference 2009-11-07 The Electrodynamic Origin of the Force of Inertia (F = ma) Video Conference 2009-10-31 A Critical Analysis of Einstein's Non-Conform Analogy Between Rotation And Gravitatiton Video Conference 2009-10-30 Structures Group Video Conference 2009-10-17 Instances of Relativistic Illogic (With a GPS Assist) Video Conference 2009-10-10 What's Wrong with Relativity Video Conference 2009-10-03 Physics 3.0: Understanding the Foundational Concepts and Mathematics of the Next Physics Revolution Video Conference 2009-09-26 The Birth of Elements Video Conference 2009-09-19 Unified Theory Replaces Relativity & Quantum Theories and Uncertainty & Hamilton Principles Video Conference 2009-09-13 The Electric Universe Video Conference 2009-09-12 Einstein's Unified Field Theory Video Conference 2009-09-05 Reference Frame Independent Dynamics, Or How to Get Off Einsteins Train, Part 1 Video Conference 2009-08-30 The Ten Assumptions of Science: First Steps in the Overthrow of the Big Bang Theory (Part 1) Video Conference 2009-08-22 Improved Relativity Theory and Doppler Theory of Gravity Video Conference 2009-08-15 From Aristotle to Einstein to Date: The Same Folly Rules the Paradigm of Special Relativity Video Conference 2009-08-08 Debate Einsteins Special Relativity Postulates True or False Video Conference 2009-08-06 Debate Test Video Conference 2009-07-30 ExtraOrdinary Technology Conference Conference 2009-07-25 Room Temp Superconductivity and Magnetic Monopoles Video Conference 2009-07-18 An Approach to Gravity Modification as a Propulsion Technology Video Conference 2009-07-11 The Schwarzschild Solution and its Implications for Gravitational Waves Video Conference 2009-07-04 Astrophysical Evidence Clearly Shows No Gravitation-Electromagnetism Interaction Video Conference 2009-06-27 Friendly Advice for Dissidents Video Conference 2009-06-20 Impromptu Meeting of the Minds Video Conference 2009-06-13 39 Questionable Assumptions in Modern Physics, Part 4 Video Conference 2009-06-06 The Wave Structure of Matter (WSM) Video Conference 2009-05-30 Discovering Universal Reality (DUR) Video Conference 2009-05-25 16th Natural Philosophy Alliance Conference Conference 2009-05-23 Prevent Bernoulli Abuse!: Radial Momentum Theory Video Conference 2009-05-16 The Twin Paradox: How To Win The Debate Video Conference 2009-05-09 The Universe is Otherwise, Part 2 Video Conference 2009-05-02 39 Questionable Assumptions in Modern Physics, Part 3 Video Conference 2009-04-25 Unified Theory & Molecular Homoeopathy Video Conference 2009-04-18 The Universe is Otherwise, Part 1 Video Conference 2009-04-12 Expanding Earth / We are Currently in the Middle of a Major Scientific Revolution Video Conference 2009-03-21 39 Questionable Assumptions in Modern Physics, Part 2 Video Conference 2009-03-14 Unified Theory: A Complete Paradigm Video Conference 2009-03-01 The Sagnac Effect Explained Video Conference 2009-02-24 Space, Propulsion & Energy Sciences International Forum 2009 Conference 2009-02-22 39 Questionable Assumptions in Modern Physics, Part 1 Video Conference 2009-02-15 A Structural Approach to Science Video Conference 2009-02-08 Reality and Meaning in Science Video Conference 2009-01-18 NPA Paper Submission Guidelines Video Conference 2008-12-21 NPA Expanding / Growing Earth Conference Workgroup Planning Meeting Video Conference 2008-12-14 NPA Gravity Conference Workgroup Planning Meeting Video Conference 2008-11-30 NPA 2009 Conference Planning Committee Video Conference 2008-10-26 NPA Paper Submission Guidelines Video Conference 2008-10-19 NPA Committees Video Conference 2008-08-27 Sixth International Conference on Creationism Conference 2008-04-07 15th Natural Philosophy Alliance Conference Conference *Biography* I attended Stanford from 1979 to 1984 as an electrical engineer and also took the entire core undergraduate curriculum in physics. I did not complete my masters in signal processing, but did work in optical character recognition (OCR) and CAD conversion. An entrepreneur at heart, I chose not to go into physics or engineering as a career, but have been a stock broker and investor, real estate broker, mortgage broker, landlord, music arranger, composer, business owner, and oil man. Though my formal education ended in 1984, my real education began about that time, with interests ranging from classical literature, money and banking (yes, conspiracy theories, etc.), Bible study, children's books, to, of course, physics. My introduction to Creation Science in the late 1980s transformed my worldview from one of openness to any and all ideas, religious or otherwise, to one convinced of the existence of absolutes. My decision not to pursue physics as a career was based in part on the uneasiness I felt regarding the fundamental laws. My gut told me that in coming closer to the core of things, greater and greater elegance, not messiness, ought to prevail. God's laws ought to be based on a few unifying concepts, not on ad hoc formulas. But the reverse seemed to be the case. I was deeply troubled by the implications of Heisenberg's Uncertainty, and felt something must be amiss. Nonetheless for years on my own time I dabbled with some of my own ideas about the foundations of creation. In the summer of 2007 Russ McGlenn directed me to the work of David L. Bergman and Dr. Charles William Lucas Jr. of Common Sense Science . This Godsend reawakened my passion for physics at a time in my life when I was could devote some attention to serious study. Since then I have read everything I could find relating to Bergman's ring model and the classical foundations of physics (Prof. Andre K. T. Assis , Dr. Petr Beckmann , Dr. Peter Graneau , Dr. Thomas E. Phipps Jr. , Dr. Paul Wesley , Dr. Parry H. Moon & Dr. Domina Eberle Spencer , etc.), as well as the original works of the masters (Newton, Huygens, Faraday, Boltzmann, Mach, Planck, and of course Einstein). I am convinced that the Common Sense Science approach holds the key to solving many fundamental mysteries in physics, but one piece missing from the puzzle is the connection of entropy with electrodynamics, on which I am currently working. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ * Papers by Greg Volk * *39 Questionable Assumptions in Modern Physics* (2009) *Greg Volk * 1153 Tiffany Circle N, Eagan, MN 55123, United States; the.volks@comcast.net , 651-452-5827 / Space, Propulsion & Energy Sciences International Forum (SPESIF-2009) , pp. 235-242/ /2009, Space, Propulsion & Energy Sciences International Forum 2009, Huntsville, AL, United States/ /2009, 39 Questionable Assumptions in Modern Physics, Part 1, United States/ /2009, 39 Questionable Assumptions in Modern Physics, Part 2, United States/ /2009, 39 Questionable Assumptions in Modern Physics, Part 3, United States/ /2009, 39 Questionable Assumptions in Modern Physics, Part 4, United States/ *Keywords: Paradigms, Assumptions, Relativity, Reference Frame, Mach?s Principle, Vortex, Toroidal Ring, Elementary Particles* *Lookup :* relativity (387), reference frame (5), assumptions (8), vortex (20), paradigms (5), mach?s principle (5), physics (44), particle (38), toroidal (3), ring (6), principle (57), reference (13), frame (15), elementary (23), mach?s (5) *Abstract:* The growing body of anomalies in new energy, low energy nuclear reactions, astrophysics, atomic physics, and entanglement, combined with the failure of the Standard Model and string theory to predict many of the most basic fundamental phenomena, all point to a need for major new paradigms. Not Band-Aids, but revolutionary new ways of conceptualizing physics, in the spirit of Thomas Kuhn's /The Structure of Scientific Revolutions/. This paper identifies a number of long-held, but unproven assumptions currently being challenged by an increasing number of alternative scientists. Two common themes, both with venerable histories, keep recurring in the many alternative theories being proposed: (1) Mach's Principle, and (2) toroidal, vortex particles. Matter-based Mach's Principle differs from both space-based universal frames and observer-based Einsteinian relativity. Toroidal particles, in addition to explaining electron spin and the fundamental constants, satisfy the basic requirement of Gauss's misunderstood B Law, that motion itself circulates. Though a comprehensive theory is beyond the scope of this paper, it will suggest alternatives to the long list of assumptions in context. *Reference-Frame Independent Dynamics, Or How to Get Off Einstein's Train* (2009) *Greg Volk * 1153 Tiffany Circle N, Eagan, MN 55123, United States; the.volks@comcast.net , 651-452-5827 /2009, 16th Natural Philosophy Alliance Conference, Storrs, CT, United States/ /2009, Reference Frame Independent Dynamics, Or How to Get Off Einsteins Train, Part 1, United States/ /2009, Reference Frame Independent Dynamics, Or How to Get Off Einsteins Train, Part 2, United States/ *Keywords: Hertzian Electromagnetism* *Lookup :* hertzian electromagnetism (5), electromagnetism (33), hertzian (7) *Abstract:* Einstein spent his life trying to develop a system of dynamics independent of reference frame. But this lofty goal demands a hard look at the very meaning of reference frame, a starting point for this paper. Einstein's fruitless attempts were based on his own observer-based theory of relativity, in turn based on Lorentzian covariant paradigms. Covariant mathematics admits transformations between coordinate systems and reference frames, but does not suggest a path towards invariance. However, the del operator provides a means of expressing spatial derivatives independent of coordinate system. Likewise, if time is independent of space, as this paper suggests, the total time derivative operator, d/dt, is also independent of reference frame. Therefore, physical equations that can be expressed with the del operator and the total time derivative, as opposed to reference-frame dependent partial derivatives, are naturally independent of reference frame. In particular, Maxwell's equations can be correct only if expressible by the del and d/dt operators, as proposed by Hertz and more recently advocated by Phipps. From fluid dynamics, developed by Bernoulli, Euler, Langrange, and many others, over a hundred years before Maxwell, we have the convective or Lagrangian time derivative d/dt = d/dt + v * del. Both sides of this equality are independent of observer, but the two right-hand terms differ in weight depending on how an observer moves with respect to the quantity being differentiated. One observer might see a buildup of material, while another sees an altered flow; one observer might see a changing field, another an acceleration. But the total change, the sum, remains invariant. With the convective derivative, we can readily derive Maxwell's famous "source current" term in Ampere's Law and clear up mysteries surrounding Faraday's Law, particularily relating to unipolar induction and the Sagnac experiment. Invariant Hertzian dynamics provides a means to finally get off Einstein's covariant train. *The Meaning of Maxwell's Equations* (2009) *Greg Volk * 1153 Tiffany Circle N, Eagan, MN 55123, United States; the.volks@comcast.net , 651-452-5827 /2009, 16th Natural Philosophy Alliance Conference, Storrs, CT, United States/ /2010, The Meaning of Maxwell's Equations, Part 1: Gauss D Law, United States/ /2010, The Meaning of Maxwell's Equations, Part 2: Ampere's Law, United States/ *Keywords: Maxwell's Equations* *Lookup :* maxwell equations (9), equations (52), maxwell (22) *Abstract:* If Maxwell's Equations are fundamental, and this paper suggests they are, then they must correspond to the most fundamental notions in our 3D physical universe. Why are there exactly four fundamental physical transformations (reflection, translation, rotation, and scale)? Why are there four basic forms of energy (potential [eV], translational [mc2], rotational [hv], thermal [kT])? Why do unit systems require five independent properties (SI: mass, charge [current], length, time, temperature). Can a natural unit system correspond with Maxwell's Equations? Why do physical systems conserve five properties (energy, charge, linear momentum, angular momentum, and something else [parity? spin? what?])? Why is space 3D? What do divergence and curl mean? Why does complex algebra describe physical systems so well? Do the Gauss Laws really operate independent of time? What form of Ampere's and Faraday's Laws are fundamental? Are integral or derivative forms more fundamental? How do we derive other laws from these four? If Maxwell's Equations really are fundamental, we should demand more from them. They will not disappoint. *The Nature of Eynptor (Entropy)* (2009) *Greg Volk * 1153 Tiffany Circle N, Eagan, MN 55123, United States; the.volks@comcast.net , 651-452-5827 /2009, 16th Natural Philosophy Alliance Conference, Storrs, CT, United States/ *Keywords: Entropy* *Lookup :* entropy (6) *Abstract:* A tremendous amount of confusion surrounds the physical understanding of entropy. How can an inequality (the Second Law) be derived from equalities (Maxwell's Equations)? The resolution comes from realizing that electrodynamics, in particular div *B* = 0, demands that matter (charge) flows in closed loops or circuits. Therefore particles themselves must be composed of tiny circuits of flowing charge. Now ultimately all energy is "interaction" between elements of matter, however the vast majority of physical energy stems from interactions between elements within the same circulating particle. This "self energy" exists independent of other particles, and has several names, such as "inertial energy" or "zero point energy" (ZPE). Any system of particles also contains interactions between particles, and the question now becomes, "How much of the total energy represents interactions /between/ particles and how much the self energy /within/ or /of/ the particles?" We already have a quantity that has unknowingly answered this important question for us: entropy. Entropy is thus defined as the amount of interaction (or energy) between components of a system divided by the total interactions (energy) of the system. Boltzmann's constant is merely a scaling factor for physical systems, denoting the maximum that a particle can be "entangled" with its environment. This simple, but powerful definition applies to any system composed of discreet units, and explains why entropy is a fundamentally quantum concept. It is meaningless without discreet units of something. The Second Law can now be understood as either as an increase in interaction energy (/between/ particles) or a decrease in self energies (/of/ particles). Radiating particles generally (but not always) expand, and thus lose self energy and obey the Second Law. However, under specific resonant conditions particles can contract, and thus gain self energy and defy the Second Law. Since discreet units (particles, molecules, or planets) can build higher-level discreet units (atoms, organisms, or solar systems), the measure of entropy also depends on the level or scale at which you examine a system. Since all energy is ultimately interaction energy, at the level of the infinitessimal the Universe in a certain sense has constant entropy. Stated another way, the Universe is now and always has been in a state of perfect equilibrium. *The Convergence of New Physics Paradigms: Unity in Diversity* (2011) *Greg Volk * 1153 Tiffany Circle N, Eagan, MN 55123, United States; the.volks@comcast.net , 651-452-5827 /(6 pages)/ /2011, 18th Natural Philosophy Alliance Conference, College Park, MD, United States/ *Abstract:* The sections in this paper were originally written for the website of the newly forming Global Science Foundation (GSF) [1], to introduce non-technical readers to the various categories of research among independent scientists today. Now they can also be found under the ?Topics? heading of the World Science Database (WSD) [2]. Their second purpose is to expose researchers in each individual area to work arising from other areas, encouraging them to recognize common ground with research in completely different disciplines. Indeed the convergence of key ideas across disciplinary boundaries is striking, strengthening the conviction that the paradigms emerging among independents today are both profound and unifying. However, just as for decades individuals have developed theories in isolation, so entire communities of independent scientists have emerged in complete ignorance of the larger community of paradigm challengers. Today the WSD and GSF are committed to breaking down these walls of isolation. Thus, in celebration of the fact that the ?Electric Universe? community will join the Natural Philosophy Alliance (NPA-18) at its annual conference in July 2011, this paper collects the various short essays into a single unit. Hopefully, the reader can sense the full weight of paradigms poised to change the face of science drastically and forever. While the various categories could be categorized in a number of ways, topics here include: Cold Fusion, Cosmology, Electric Universe, Electrodynamics, Aether, Expansion Tectonics, Gravity, New Energy, Quantum Mechanics, Relativity, Structure, Tesla Technologies, and Uni-fied Theory. *Pseudovectors and Pseudoscalars, or Reflections on Reflection* (2010) *Greg Volk * 1153 Tiffany Circle N, Eagan, MN 55123, United States; the.volks@comcast.net , 651-452-5827 /Proceedings of the NPA , Volume 7, No. Volume 7, pp. 585-5, pp. 585-590/ /2010, 17th Natural Philosophy Alliance Conference, Long Beach, CA, United States/ *Abstract:* The Natural Philosophy Alliance (NPA) sponsors regular international conferences for presenting high-quality papers discussing aspects of philosophy in the sciences. Many papers offer challenges to accepted orthodoxy in the sciences, especially in physics. Everything from the micro-physics of quantum mechanics to the macro-physics of cosmology is entertained. Though the main interest of the NPA is in challenging orthodoxy in the sciences, it will also feature papers defending such orthodoxy. Our ultimate purpose is to enable participants to articulate their own understanding of the truth. All papers are reviewed by society officers, and sometimes by other members, before presentation in conferences, and they are edited, sometimes very significantly, prior to publication in the Proceedings of the NPA. NPA is, in turn, the only component of the non-profit corporation: The Natural Philosophy Foundation, Inc., (NPF). The NPF was incorporated in the State of Maryland on July 17, 1995 with the intent to become a long-term science fostering charity organization *Toroids, Vortices, Knots, Topology and Quanta* (2010) *Greg Volk * 1153 Tiffany Circle N, Eagan, MN 55123, United States; the.volks@comcast.net , 651-452-5827 /2010, ExtraOrdinary Technology Conference, Albuquerque, NM, United States/ /2011, 18th Natural Philosophy Alliance Conference, College Park, MD, United States/ *Abstract:* What causes matter to bind together into the clusters we call particles? At every location within every stable particle there must exist a balance between the natural repulsion of like elements and the attraction due to parallel motions. For continuums of matter, every moving element within a structure must be immediately replaced by another, creating a circuit. Now if circuits form the basis for the structure of matter itself, then analysis of the most fundamental form of circuit, the toroid, is a worthy subject. I explore many interesting features of toroidal coordinates, the relationship toroids have with vortices, and the intimate connection between toroid knots and topology. Real stable 3D particles must contain circulations both around the toroid of radius R and the cross-section of radius r, so that for every m times an element circulates around the toroid, it circulates n times around the torus. This integer relationship changes instantly when the relative phases exceed 360. The quantum jump we observe at this point equates to the ?strobe effect?, seen in a Las Vegas roulette wheel, wagon wheels in old westerns, and Lissajous patterns. Backed by a physical demonstration, I argue that these quantum jumps correspond precisely with the absorption and emission of photons. Finally I examine the increasingly popular Rodin coil, as a toroid case study. *The Rodin Number Map and Rodin Coil* (2010) *Marko Rodin * 44299 Dakota Trail, Indian Wells, CA 92210, United States; islands@gmail.com , 760-270-9690 *Greg Volk * 1153 Tiffany Circle N, Eagan, MN 55123, United States; the.volks@comcast.net , 651-452-5827 /Proceedings of the NPA , Volume 7, pp. 437-443/ /2010, 17th Natural Philosophy Alliance Conference, Long Beach, CA, United States/ *Abstract:* The Natural Philosophy Alliance (NPA) sponsors regular international conferences for presenting high-quality papers discussing aspects of philosophy in the sciences. Many papers offer challenges to accepted orthodoxy in the sciences, especially in physics. Everything from the micro-physics of quantum mechanics to the macro-physics of cosmology is entertained. Though the main interest of the NPA is in challenging orthodoxy in the sciences, it will also feature papers defending such orthodoxy. Our ultimate purpose is to enable participants to articulate their own understanding of the truth. All papers are reviewed by society officers, and sometimes by other members, before presentation in conferences, and they are edited, sometimes very significantly, prior to publication in the Proceedings of the NPA. NPA is, in turn, the only component of the non-profit corporation: The Natural Philosophy Foundation, Inc., (NPF). The NPF was incorporated in the State of Maryland on July 17, 1995 with the intent to become a long-term science fostering charity organization *A Matter of Definition* (2011) *Greg Volk * 1153 Tiffany Circle N, Eagan, MN 55123, United States; the.volks@comcast.net , 651-452-5827 /(16 pages)/ /2011, Space, Propulsion & Energy Sciences International Forum 2011, College Park, MD, United States/ /2011, A Matter of Definition, United States/ *Abstract:* Many significant problems in physics remain unsolved not merely for lack of clever mathematics or even a good theory, but for lack of a proper paradigm behind the mathematics. Therefore, this paper examines the definitions of several fundamental properties such as space, time, energy, field, force, mass, entropy and temperature, suggesting fundamentally new ways of understanding them all. Also the quadratic nature of energy defined as relationship naturally leads to a distinction between self energy within objects and interaction energy between objects. This distinction admits new definitions of entropy and temperature, based on the unavoidable cross terms inherent in any quadratic formulation. Further, the foundational concepts of the circuit and rotation are shown to be intimately connected with the very existence of particles and their structure. Certainly rotation plays a foundational and still overlooked role in explaining the energy relation E = mc^2 as well as the very nature of light as an interaction between particles.