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August 2002

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In This Issue:
* Varuna, the Second Stage of proto-Venus
* How Did Jupiter Get So Big? Redux
* Hathor, Hermes, and Mercury

Varuna, the Second Stage of proto-Venus
The earlier deity, Agni ('fire'), faded from dominance when
proto-Venus' eccentricity was reduced sufficiently that its orbit no
longer crossed that of the Earth. But it continued to approach the
vicinity of the Earth every fifteen years for the next three thousand
years, at which times it could clearly be seen as a 'world,' During
this stage it was called by a new name, Varuna. This reflected both
the change in its destructive nature as well as its appearance, due to
the formation of a tenuous crust, that gave it a golden glow. It is
not as though the common identity of Agni and Varuna is without hints
in the Rig Veda:

And now, as I am come before his presence, I take the face of Varuna
for Agni's.1 When God Agni struggles toward the rta he is said in a
remarkable passage to become for the time being God Varuna.."2 
Mitra-Varuna

Varuna is often referred to using a pair of names, Mitra-Varuna. This
has always constituted a mystery for interpreters of ancient myths:

In the hymns addressed to Mitra and Varuna together, almost the same
terms are employed as when Varuna is addressed alone. Both are spoken
of as righteous, and as promoters of religion. They are said to avenge
sin and falsehood.3

We propose that the implied intimate relationship is a clue to the
true cosmic nature of the deity being described. To corroborate the
idea that Mitra and Varuna constitute a unique pair in the scheme of
the Vedas, note the following quotation:

But Varuna is a close partner in a partnership which is expressed in
the dual number. It consists of himself and the god Mitra, who is,
however, little more than a silent partner in the combination. Such
partnerships are frequent in the Veda, but exceedingly rare in the
Persian Avesta. Yet the Avesta, in a matter-of-fact manner, joins
Ahura and Mithra in the same dual partnership as the Veda does Varuna
and Mitra.4

The literal translation of Mitra is 'compact,' and of Varuna is
'envelop' or 'encompass'. Keeping this in mind, consider what was
happening to proto-Venus at this time. As an isolated body in space,
the most likely physical change that would have happened to Agni
(proto-Venus) early in its life would be to form a 'crust,' just as
glowing lava does today on the Earth. There would have been rapid
cooling of the surface due to radiation into space, which is
essentially at absolute zero temperature. As a result its blazing
brightness would have diminished and been replaced by a deeper red
glow. But the initial crust was very thin and fragile. This led to
verses like:

...he watches with a thousand eyes...

The crust was easily ruptured by any tidal distortion due to the
approach of another planet because proto-Venus was still a molten ball
of boiling rock, with no rigidity. Thus when it approached the Earth
its entire shape was distorted by the tidal force of the nearby Earth.
When this happened the magma interior radiated through the myriad of
cracks, which were seen as 'a thousand eyes'. This very theme was
applied in Egyptian myth, where some hieroglyphs for Osiris are
translated 'many eyed'. Upon closer approach, the newly formed crust
was completely torn, causing the proto-planet to again blaze with
fire, and Agni was said to be 'born again'.

In order to understand the pairing of Mitra-Varuna, it is necessary to
introduce a second major Vedic deity, Indra. In addition to the
formation of a crust, there was another major factor which influenced
the evolution of the newly formed proto-Venus at this time. That is,
interactions between proto-Venus and Mars. These occurred
'innumerable' times according to the Vedas, and the notion is
reinforced by the continuing theme of interactions between Varuna and
Indra in many of the hymns. When interactions occurred between
proto-Venus and Mars, the Vedic people saw a 'bridge' of light
material extend between these two deities. Velikovsky cited myths of
other cultures in which this 'bridge' between the two planets is
interpreted as a 'white sword'.

We suggest that what they observed was a portion of the atmosphere of
priori-Mars being drawn off by the tidal force of the more massive
proto-Venus. The water vapor in this atmospheric 'bridge' froze into
ice crystals in the near-absolute zero environment in space, making it
appear white. Thus, proto-Venus began early to form a two layered
atmosphere. The lower atmosphere was the result of emission of gases
from its hot interior and upper atmosphere was the result of the
volatiles captured from priori-Mars. The atmosphere was seen as `a
shining robe.'

Varuna, wearing golden mail, hath clad him in a shining robe.5

In this quotation, lies the explanation for the special pairing of
proto-Venus deity names. Mitra literally meant 'compact'. This was a
reference to the solid `golden mail' body of proto- Venus. Varuna,
meaning 'to envelop' referred to proto-Venus when its 'shining robe'
or atmosphere was visible. As Mitra-Varuna approached the Earth, both
could be clearly seen.

Mitra became the guardian of the day, while Varuna's part was reduced
to the guardianship of the night.6

This statement is particularly significant, and is absolutely
consistent with our hypothesis. The dully glowing body of proto-Venus
could be seen even during the day, but the atmosphere of proto-Venus
could only be seen during the night, because the daylight sky of the
Earth was too bright during the day. Further quotes from the Rig Veda
reinforce our interpretation:

He knows the pathway of the wind, the spreading, high and
mighty wind;
He knows the gods that dwell above.
Varuna, true to holy law, sits down among his people; he
Most wise, sits there to govern all.
Now saw I him whom all may see; I saw his car above the
Earth;
He hath accepted these my songs.
Once more together let us speak, because my meath is
brought priest-like
Thou eatest what is dear to thee.
Thou, O wise god, art lord of all, thou art king of Earth and heaven;
Hear, as thou goest on thy way.
Release us from the upper bond, untie the bond between, and
loose the bonds below, that I may live...

As with the hymns to Agni, there is the idea that 'Varuna knows the
gods' on the one hand and 'sits down' with people on the other. This
reflects the fact that during this period proto- Venus' orbit takes it
far away until it appears as a bright star, and then brings it close
to the Earth. Varuna's appearance is graphically described as wearing
golden mail, covered with a shining robe. This is the still glowing
proto-Venus surrounded by a transparent atmosphere. The phrase 'once
more together' refers to a close approach of proto-Venus (inferior
conjunction) that the hymnist is observing. It is clear that he sees
Varuna's 'car above the Earth' and as 'thou goest thy way' implies
proto-Venus is now moving away from the Earth, but the supplicant asks
at this juncture for Varuna to 'release the bonds'. This describes
scary variations in the rotation rate of the Earth associated with the
tidal force of proto-Venus at close inferior conjunctions. This was
obviously a dangerous time at which great stresses were exerted on the
crust of the Earth, causing continuous earthquakes, very high tides
and even changes in the orientation of the spin axis of the Earth.

This is well explained in the following quotation:

(Varuna) is the conserver of rta, cosmic law and truth. Rta is the
equivalent of the later dharma and is equally difficult to define in
any precise terms. It is the law that governs the universe..., and the
sun, moon, and stars pursue their regular courses in accordance with
his ordinances.7

The mysterious law, or 'rta,' was the gravitational law which is aptly
described by this ancient culture, since it governs the orbits of the
planets and their interactions. Although the priests could not
understand the source of gravity as being due to the mass of the
planets, they witnessed the results of the gravitational law in a much
more impressive way than we ever can, by experiencing continuous
earthquakes and the disruption of the rotation of the Earth as Varuna
approached. `Propping up the heavens' refers to the uplifting of the
Tibetan plateau and the Himalayas by proto-Venus, starting with Agni
and continuing with Varuna. The association with the waters refers to
the melting of mountain glaciers in the Himalayas or to ocean tides,
orders of magnitude greater than what we experience in modern times.
Proto-Venus caused great tectonic activity and drew magma from the
interior toward the surface of the Earth. This was particularly true
in the Himalayas, since they were freshly formed and still unstable,
with innumerable fissures and vents. The resulting heat was strong
enough to partially melt the mountain glaciers, and thereby releasing
the water that had accumulated there.

Although the translator tries to interpret this as having to do with
moral laws, we suggest that the following quote reflects the effect of
Varuna on the capture (`binds') and release (`loose') of priori-Mars:

Sin is the fetter with which Varuna binds men, and as he binds in his
wrath, so can he loose in his loving kindness. 'O Varuna, untie the
upper fetter, untie the middle, untie the lower' (RV,1.24.15), the
sinner cries, 'for we would be sinless in [carrying out thine]
ordinances.' This binding and loosing of the fetters of sin is the
prerogative of Varuna and Mitra alone in the Rigveda; and the awe and
Angst and God-fearing humility that these fetters inspire is unique in
the whole corpus of literature.8

As is revealed in the chapter on Indra, Mars was captured and released
from orbit around the Earth about one hundred times. The captures and
releases occurred at fifteen year intervals at which times proto-Venus
was at its closest point to the Earth. Because priori-Mars'
geosynchronous orbit was locked onto the Tibetan-Himalayan complex,
its capture and release resulted in variations in the spin axis and
rotation rate of the Earth as well as great groaning and howling
sounds from the interior of the Earth. These frightened the people and
caused them to pray to Varuna for mercy, thinking that the 'law' by
which Varuna judged, was unknowable to man.

References
1. Hymns of the Rig Veda, p.20
2. The Religion of the Veda, p.128.
3. Hindu Mythology, Wilkins, W. J., Rupa & Co., New Delhi, India,
1988, p.40
4. The Religion of the Veda, p.121
Hymns from the Rig Veda, p. 5 
Indian Mythology, p. 15
5. Hinduism, pp. 30-32.
6. Hinduism, p. 31

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How Did Jupiter Get So Big? Redux
This is the title of an article published at
www.space.com/scienceastronomy/solarsystem/jupiter_origins_010517-1.ht
ml, in which it is acknowledged that there are "problems" with the
current notion of how Jupiter formed, i.e. that a rocky-iron core some
20 times the size of the Earth formed first, which was massive enough
to attract and hold the hydrogen thought to make up the bulk of the
planet. One problem: This paradigm is inconsistent with observations
of many young stars similar to the Sun, indicating that they lose all
the gaseous hydrogen in their planetary nebulae within about ten
million years. By the time the rocky-iron core would have formed, the
hydrogen would have already been blown right out of the system! The ad
hoc model proposed in the article is one in which the original core
formed very quickly from an `instability' in the solar nebula. This is
imagined to be like a whirlpool that greatly accelerated the initial
accretion, but is strictly a theoretical construct. Even if the core
could have formed in a few millennia, there still would not have been
time (over 100 million years) to capture the gas which was gone in 10
million years.

Another problem arises in explaining the differences in the gas giants
and the ice planets. In a note in the March 2002 edition of Icarus
entitled "Rapid formation of ice giant planets," Alan P. Boss, George
W. Wetherill, and Nader Haghighipour (Carnegie Institute of
Washington) suggest the possibility that all four great planets
initially formed as gas giants like Jupiter and Saturn, but that the
gaseous envelopes of Uranus and Neptune were subsequently blown away
by radiation from a nearby hot luminous type-O star, whereas the part
of the solar system surrounding Jupiter and Saturn was `just dense
enough' to protect them. Admittedly, the type-O star must have gone
supernova or departed the scene before Neptune and Uranus evaporated
completely. In an article in Sky and Telescope, July 2002, Dr. David
Stevenson, a planetary scientists at Caltech, states "That part is a
little bit contrived." - a major understatement. This is yet another
example of the ad hoc patches needed to rescue the current paradigm.
Another fact that is usually glossed over in explaining the dichotomy
of the gas and ice giants is that the average density of Jupiter is
intermediate between those of Uranus and Neptune.

The V/A Explanation

The note by A. P. Boss et al in the March issue of Icarus is an
extreme example of the ad hoc hypotheses required to save the current
paradigm. We propose a much simpler solution, which discards the
notion of gas giant planets, namely that all four giant planets are
solid snow-ice bodies whose different masses are merely the result of
the concentration of particulate matter in the primordial solar
nebula. Our paradigm is consistent with the rapid loss of hydrogen in
young Sun-like stars and infrared observations (IRAS) which indicate
that massive amounts of particulate matter remain in the outer parts
of their nebula long after the hydrogen gas has departed. Because of
the low temperature at the radii of the great planets, the particulate
matter from which they formed comprised primarily ices of water (H2O),
carbon dioxide (CO2), ammonia (NH3) and methane (CH4), to which were
attached grains of refractory minerals. The ices acted as `binders'
making possible the small scale accretion of `snow balls.' Although
the gaseous H2 was quickly lost, the solid particles contained a high
percentage of hydrogen in the ices and to a lesser degree in the
refractory minerals. This is one reason that the average density of
Jupiter is only 1.3 g/cm3.

Jupiter is the most massive because the bulk of the particulate matter
was concentrated at its radius, sometimes called the `snow line.'
Local concentrations of particulate matter facilitated the initial
rapid accretion of the rocky-iron proto-planets, which, as a result,
were hot enough to cause differentiation. But because of the large
orbital radii of the outer planets, the accretion of their bulk
slowed, requiring hundreds of millions of years for the material
originally on the opposite side of the Sun to become incorporated.
This slower stage of accretion involved the same ice particles from
which the proto-planet formed, but because of the great time required,
the accretion of the bulk of these planets was a cold one. As the ice
particles or agglomerations of them (snowballs) encountered the
proto-planet's atmosphere they melted, dissipating their energy, then
re-froze and fell as snow. Thus the bulk of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus
and Neptune formed cold and remain cold to this day. This process
resulted in planets whose rocky-iron cores are not necessarily
compressed by the overlaying mass, due to internal friction, that is,
they are not in hydrostatic equilibrium, for the same reason that it
is virtually impossible to compress a very cold snowball. For this
reason their cores are not compressed to the super high densities.

The currently accepted belief is that the great planets formed hot and
that their interiors are still hot (25,000 K), leading to the notion
that they are gaseous. The hydrogen model of Jupiter was based on the
assumption that any rocky-iron material at its core would be
compressed to such high densities that the observed average density
and moment of inertia factor could not be produced. Seldom discussed
is the fact that hydrogen model failed to produce the observed
parameters, and to overcome this deficiency and supply a nucleus to
attract and hold the hydrogen gas, a `small rocky-iron core' twenty
times the mass of the Earth was added and the hydrogen model was
declared a success. Unfortunately, the ad hoc addition of the core
violated the very assumption underlying the hydrogen model.

The current belief is that the temperature excesses of the great
planets are due to the energy of their formation still `leaking out'
after some 5 billion years. This contention is invalidated by the
simple fact that Uranus has no temperature excess. Although astronomy
books pay lip service to the notion that the great planets act as
shields, protecting the terrestrial planets from large marauding
asteroids, they fail to recognize that they have done exactly that,
only `yesterday,' astronomically speaking. Because of the cold process
by which they formed billions of years ago, the great planets would
all be at temperatures dictated by the incident solar energy, like
Uranus, were it not for the relatively recent high energy impacts of
asteroids, which probably originated outside our solar system. It is
these impacts that have generated the `temperature excesses' measured
on three of the great planets - by virtue of hot gases emanating from
the impact craters in their solid snow-ice surfaces. This warms only
their atmospheres, while the body of the planets are snow/ice.
Material evaporated from these craters also swells and colors their
atmospheres, creating the bands and zones apparent on Jupiter and
Saturn, hiding the surface and further contributing to the notion that
they are gaseous.

The Great Red Spot is the visible manifestation at the cloud-tops of a
`recent' high energy impact, as are the `spots' and `rings' associated
with each of the great planets, thereby accounting for the
theoretically short life of the latter. The historical drift of the
GRS, plotted relative to an assumed constant rotation rate of Jupiter,
is usually invoked to prove it is an atmospheric phenomenon (Figure
1). We maintain the `drift' is actually a record of the monotonic
deceleration of Jupiter's spin due to the great mass of material
continuously ejected from a 6,000 year old impact crater via the GRS,
which only ceased about 1940.

Theoretical, observational and laboratory data support our hypothesis:
The failure of the hydrogen model to produce the correct average
density and moment of inertia factor; The failure of the analysis by
William Hubbard intended to show that the tidal Q of Jupiter is
infinite, the canonical value for a gaseous body, the results of which
are exacerbated by the recent upward revision of the energy output of
Io (Hubbard, W.B.,1984); The failure of the Galileo atmospheric probe
to observe the three cloud layers characteristic of the hot gaseous
model; The lower-than-expected concentration of oxygen in the
atmosphere; The fact that the Great Red Spot is an atmospheric high
and that it has remained at the same latitude,18 degrees South, for
the entire 350 year period it has been observed; The `overnight'
appearance of a great white spot on Saturn in 1990, which generated a
band and a zone to its north and south.

Our paradigm explains why only the impacts of the larger
Shoemaker-Levy 9 fragments produced shock waves and Earth-sized
atmospheric plumes, the infrared radiation of which saturated
Earth-based infrared detectors and emitted the spectra of water, not
seen with the less massive fragments, along with a number of heavy
elements, such as sulfur and metals never before observed on Jupiter.
We also can explain the fact that the plumes did not appear until six
minutes after the original impacts. The only explanation ventured for
the delay came from professor Mordecai MacLow, who suggested that they
were caused by the atoms from the shortlived (10 sec) fireballs
`raining down on the cloud tops.' An explanation which Eugene
Shoemaker termed "Nonsense." We maintain that the larger S-L 9
fragments penetrated the atmosphere and impacted the solid surface
causing enormous explosions and the `mushroom clouds' from them took
six minutes to rise above the cloud tops and become visible. The plume
spectra were those of the elements frozen in the solid surface of
Jupiter.

Laboratory experiments with iron in diamond anvils have shown that
pressure induced chemical changes can profoundly alter the crystal
structure and produce unexpected changes in the physical properties of
iron in the cores of massive planets, such as the density and the
electrical conductivity. In 1991 the compression of iron at 35,000
atmospheres in the presence of hydrogen was discovered to result in an
expansion of the sample by 17% instead of compression (Badding et al.
1991, 1992). This is the result of a rapid and reversible chemical
reaction between the iron sample and hydrogen. An entirely new crystal
structure was measured with hydrogen atoms in layers sandwiched
between layers of iron atoms. In a super high pressure environment
such as the center of a planet, hydrogen, if present, moves easily
into the iron lattice creating an entirely different structure,
causing an expansion of the material instead of the expected
compression, and reducing the density. Because the ratio of hydrogen
to iron atoms is very close to one, this crystal has been designated
iron hydride (FeH). This is another argument against the compression
of materials at the center of Jupiter to super high densities, which
led to the hydrogen model.

Finally, the solid snow-ice composition of the great planets would
also explain the large mass of water being vaporized by the expanding
red giant, CW Leonis, recently reported by astronomer Gary Melnick
(Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics) and his colleagues
working with the Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite.

References
1. Badding, J. V., H. K. Mao, et al. 1992. High-pressure crystal
structure and equation of state of iron hydride: implications for
the Earth's core. High Pressure Research: Application to Earth and
Planetary Sciences.
2. Y. Syono and M. H. Manghnani. Tokyo and Washington, D.C., Terra
Scientific Publishing Company and American Geophysical Union.
Geophysical Monograph 67: 363-371.
3. Hubbard W.B., 1984. Planetary Interiors, Van Nostrand Reinhold
Co., NY, 304-307.

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Hathor, Hermes, and Mercury

In the July 2002 edition of Sky and Telescope, Dr. E. C. Krupp,
Director of the Griffith Observatory, published an article titled
"Message Machine." He is an astronomer with a keen interest in
mythology. Unfortunately, his ability to interpret ancient myth is
constrained by his belief in the current uniformitarian doctrine. He
notes that Hermes' great speed was described by Homer as " ...with the
speed of the wind ..." and that Hermes was referred to by Hesiod as
"The herald of the gods who carried instructions from Zeus. " The
Greeks also claimed that Hermes stretched the seven strings across a
tortoise shell, thereby inventing the lyre. These quotations are from
the 8th century B.C. In the article Dr. Krupp includes a photograph of
a clay relief crafted in the 5th century B.C. which he took, showing
Mercury (Hermes) consorting with Venus. He also refers to the fact
that in the 4th century B.C. the Greeks referred to Mercury as " The
star of Hermes. "

The corresponding Egyptian deity was Hathor. One myth states that as
Ra aged, men failed to respect him, so he turned his terrible gaze on
mankind, the `eye of Ra.' Not satisfied, he sent his eye down among
men as the goddess Hathor, to seek them out in their hiding places and
kill them. Mythologists currently believe that Hathor meant `house of
Horus.' At Denderah, Egypt, Hathor was worshiped as a goddess of
fertility.

Confused as to how these myths fit together? Read the following
section.

The Velikovsky/Angiras scenario of planetary chaos, as presented in
Firmament and Chaos, was derived from mythology, and the myths of
various cultures each give a unique perspective of the same events.
Priori-Mars orbited the Earth geosynchronously over the Himalayas for
15 years at a time and upon the approach of Venus, then in an
eccentric orbit within that of the Earth, broke off the encounter and
entered an orbit around the Sun for 15 years. This process was
repeated one hundred times! The events involving Hermes, Hathor and
Mercury occurred at the end of each `dance encounter.' Priori-Mars
became more and more devastated as each encounter progressed, due to
the tidal force of the nearby Earth and internal convulsions resulting
from alignments with the Moon and Sun. The aged state of Ra refers to
this devastated condition, in which priori-Mars was black and bulging,
with liquid iron from its outer core hanging in space forming weird
shapes in the micro-gravity between the two planets - an ominous
sight. As Venus approached, the glowing solid iron core of priori-Mars
was partly drawn out through its lithosphere, through the Valles
Marineris. This was `the eye of Ra' or `the eye of Horus.' The
hieroglyph for the `eye' is an unmistakeable rendition of the Valles
Marineris on Mars as shown in the figure, except that the `eye' is now
closed. This was also the origin of the one-eyed Cyclops in Greek
myth, which were praised as expert iron-smiths, because some of the
liquid iron fell to the Earth as meteorites, and were termed
`celestial metal' by the Egyptians.

After shining forth through the chasm for a short time, the solid iron
core of priori-Mars exited the lithosphere and went into an
independent orbit around the Earth. The notion that it descended to
kill men or act as the emissary of Zeus, which was the column of smoke
and fire at the north pole of priori-Mars, meant that its orbit was
lower and faster than the shell of the planet, which must have begun
to drift away from the Earth to conserve orbital energy and angular
momentum. Thus the core, called Hermes in Greek myth, appeared `to
move as the wind.' After one orbit it rejoined the lithosphere of
priori-Mars and the pair drifted away from the Earth piggy-back. Once
outside the tidal force of the Earth the core reentered the shell, and
priori-Mars reformed into a nearly spherical body during fifteen years
of `R and R.'
After one hundred such encounters, a unique event occurred. The core
exited as usual but somehow interacted with the Moon, because the
period of the Moon changed from 36 to 28 days at that date, and with
Venus, failing to re-enter the lithosphere. The shell drifted outward
in the solar system and over time collapsed into the small,
low-density planet we call Mars. The core consequently moved into the
inner part of the solar system, and after a period of interaction with
Venus, in which its final orbit was established, moved to an eccentric
orbit about the Sun, forming the solid iron `planet' we now call
Mercury.

As the core exited the lithosphere of priori-Mars the rigid rocks on
the sides of the canyon scratched linear grooves in the planet. These
grooves are still visible today in Mariner 10 images of Mercury, and
are referred to as the Mercurian grid. These linear markings were seen
by the ancients as the strings of the lyre stretched on the (then)
smooth surface of the core. In the 2,700 years since its departure
from priori-Mars, Mercury has been bombarded by myriads of meteorites
ejected from priori-Mars throughout the 3,000 year Vedic period, as
has the Moon. Thus Mercury and the Moon appear superficially similar,
although they are obviously quite different based on their average
densities and magnetic fields.

The correspondence of the dates in Dr. Krupp's article to our scenario
are very interesting. The last encounter of priori-Mars with the Earth
was dated by Velikovsky at 687 B.C., thus the references to Hermes
rapid motion and its action as a herald of Zeus, which occurred in the
8th century B.C., occurred during the Vedic period. The interaction of
Mercury and Venus in the clay relief occurred in the 5th century B.C.,
only a few hundred years after the final encounter, when the two
planets were still interacting. Finally the reference to `the star of
Hermes', referenced in the 4th century B.C. meant that the Greeks had
followed Hermes as it receded from the Earth as then appeared as a
star.

References
1. Hymns of the Rig Veda, p.20
2. The Religion of the Veda, p.128.
3. Hindu Mythology, Wilkins, W. J., Rupa & Co., New Delhi, India,
1988, p.40
4. The Religion of the Veda, p.121
5. Hymns from the Rig Veda, p. 5
Indian Mythology, p. 15 
Hinduism, pp. 30-32.
6. Hinduism, p. 31

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